The IZA Discussion Paper Series (ISSN: 2365-9793) disseminates high-quality research by IZA network members to the scientific community and the interested public worldwide before they are later published in academic journals. Comprising more than 17,000 papers, IZA's publication flagship is the most influential working paper series in labor economics.

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1,396 IZA Discussion Papers
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17282
He Said, She Said: Who Gets Believed When Spreading (Mis)Information
Nuzaina Khan, David Rand, Olga Shurchkov
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17281
Aggregate Implications of Barriers to Female Entrepreneurship
Gaurav Chiplunkar, Pinelopi Koujianou Goldberg
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17271
Gender Role Models in Education
Sofoklis Goulas, Bhagya N. Gunawardena, Rigissa Megalokonomou, Yves Zenou
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17267
Evaluating Yourself and Your Peers
Mingye Ma, Gerhard Riener, Youzong Xu
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17261
The Impact of Role Models on Youths' Aspirations, Gender Attitudes and Education in Somalia
Elijah Kipchumba, Catherine Porter, Danila Serra, Munshi Sulaiman
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17255
The Gender Wage Gap across Life: Effects of Genetic Predisposition Towards Higher Educational Attainment
Alex Bryson, Tim Morris, David Bann, David Wilkinson
forthcoming in: Economics and Human Biology
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17245
Measuring Bias in Job Recommender Systems: Auditing the Algorithms
Shuo Zhang, Peter J. Kuhn
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17240
Gendered Language in Academic Evaluations: Evidence from the Italian University System
Matilde Casamonti, Natalia Zinovyeva
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17219
Closing the Gender Gap: Promoting Labour Market Participation
Jorgen M. Harris, Eleonora Patacchini
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17219
Closing the Gender Gap: Promoting Labour Market Participation
Jorgen M. Harris, Eleonora Patacchini
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17216
Beyond the Degree: Fertility Outcomes of 'First in Family' Graduates
Anna Adamecz, Anna Lovász, Suncica Vujic
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17210
Parental Leave: Economic Incentives and Cultural Change
James Albrecht, Per-Anders Edin, Raquel Fernández, Jiwon Lee, Peter Skogman Thoursie, Susan Vroman
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17196
The Effect of Export Market Access on Labor Market Power: Firm-Level Evidence from Vietnam
Trang Hoang, Devashish Mitra, Hoang Pham
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17170
The Long Run Gender Origins of Entrepreneurship: Evidence from Australia's Convict History
Sefa Awaworyi Churchill, Simon Chang, Russell Smyth, Trong-Anh Trinh
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17151
Gender Gaps in Time Use: Pan-European Evidence from School Closures during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Benjamin Elsner, Manvi Jindal, Massimiliano Mascherini, Sanna Nivakoski
forthcoming in: Economic and Social Review
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17134
Separate Housework Spheres
Jonas Jessen, Sebastian Schweighofer-Kodritsch, Felix Weinhardt, Jan Berkes
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17127
Effects of Parental Death on Labor Market Outcomes and Gender Inequalities
Mathias Fjællegaard Jensen, Ning Zhang
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17126
The Labor Market Effects of Drug-Related Violence in a Transit Country
Andres Ham Gonzalez, Juanita Ruiz
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17123
Beyond Borders: Do Gender Norms and Institutions Affect Female Businesses?
Holger Görg, Ina C. Jäkel
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17122
Education, Gender, and Family Formation
Hanna Virtanen, Mikko Silliman, Tiina Kuuppelomäki, Kristiina Huttunen
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17115
The #Metoo Movement and Judges' Gender Gap in Decisions
Xiqian Cai, Shuai Chen, Zhengquan Cheng
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17105
ICT Skills and Labor Market Outcomes in India: Evidence from Cell Tower Expansion
Mehtabul Azam, M. Shahe Emran, Forhad Shilpi
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17103
Gender Gaps across the Spectrum of Development: Local Talent and Firm Productivity
Nava Ashraf, Oriana Bandiera, Virginia Minni, Víctor Quintas-Martínez
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17081
Gender Bias in the Reelection of Politicians (When a Crisis Strikes)
Zohal Hessami, Temurbek Khasanboev
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17077
Decoding Gender Bias: The Role of Personal Interaction
Abdelrahman Amer, Ashley C Craig, Clémentine Van Effenterre
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17063
The Gender Pay Gap at the Early Stages of Academic Careers
Iga Magda, Jacek Bieliński, Marzena Feldy, Anna Knapińska
published online in: Journal of Economic Inequality, 27 January 2025
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17054
Teacher Value-Added and the Test Score Gender Gap
Andrés García-Echalar, Sebastián Poblete, Tomas Rau
published in: Labour Economics, 2024, 89, 102588
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17050
The Effects of Compulsory Schooling on Health and Hospitalization over the Life Cycle
Markus Gehrsitz, Morgan C. Williams, Jr.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17033
The Underconfidence Wage Penalty
Anna Adamecz, Nikki Shure
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17033
The Underconfidence Wage Penalty
Anna Adamecz, Nikki Shure
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17029
Do Female Experts Face an Authority Gap? Evidence from Economics
Hans Henrik Sievertsen, Sarah Smith
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17018
Family and Career: An Analysis across Europe and North America
Luis Guirola, Laura Hospido, Andrea Weber
published in: Fiscal Studies, 2024, 45 (2), 243 - 257
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17016
The Economics of Gender-Specific Minimum Wage Legislation
Riccardo Marchingiglio, Mikhail Poyker
forthcoming in: Journal of Labor Economics
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16990
Effects of Mandatory Residencies on Female Physicians' Specialty Choices: Evidence from Japan's New Medical Residency Program
Tsunao Okumura, Yuko Ueno, Emiko Usui
published in: Labour Economics, 2024, 90, 102566
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16980
Half Empty and Half Full? Women in Economics and the Rise in Gender-Related Research
Francisca M. Antman, Kirk Doran, Xuechao Qian, Bruce A. Weinberg
published in: AEA Papers and Proceedings, 2024, 114, 226-231
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16977
The Parental Wage Gap and the Development of Socio-Emotional Skills in Children
Paul Hufe
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16959
Is There Really a Child Penalty in the Long Run? New Evidence from IVF Treatments
Petter Lundborg, Erik Plug, Astrid Würtz Rasmussen
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16955
Are Parents an Obstacle to Gender-Atypical Occupational Choices?
Stefan C. Wolter, Thea Zöllner
forthcoming in: Journal of Population Economics, 2025
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16954
Honesty of Groups: Effects of Size and Gender Composition
Gerd Muehlheusser, Timo Promann, Andreas Roider, Niklas Wallmeier
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16950
What Works in Supporting Women-Led Businesses?
Diego Ubfal
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16941
Do Female–Owned Employment Agencies Mitigate Discrimination and Expand Opportunity for Women?
Jennifer Hunt, Carolyn Moehling
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16938
Meritocracy across Countries
Oriana Bandiera, Ananya Kotia, Ilse Lindenlaub, Christian Moser, Andrea Prat
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16918
Gender Differences in Graduate Degree Choices
Judith M. Delaney, Paul J. Devereux
published in: Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 2025, 230, 106882
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16918
Gender Differences in Graduate Degree Choices
Judith M. Delaney, Paul J. Devereux
published in: Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 2025, 230, 106882
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16907
Well-Being throughout the COVID-19 Pandemic in Germany: Gendered Effects of Daycare and School Closures
Mathias Huebener, Sevrin Waights, C. Katharina Spieß
published in: K. Couch (ed.), Handbook of Inequality and COVID-19, Edward Elgar Publishing, 2025, 183 - 197
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16896
The Gender Division of Work across Countries
Charles Gottlieb, Cheryl Doss, Douglas Gollin, Markus Poschke
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16896
The Gender Division of Work across Countries
Charles Gottlieb, Cheryl Doss, Douglas Gollin, Markus Poschke
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16890
There and Back Again: Women's Marginal Commuting Costs
Annette Bergemann, Stephan Brunow, Isabel Stockton
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16890
There and Back Again: Women's Marginal Commuting Costs
Annette Bergemann, Stephan Brunow, Isabel Stockton
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16871
Child Penalties and the Gender Gap in Home Production and the Labor Market
Pim Koopmans, Max van Lent, Jim Been
published in: Journal of Economic Literature, 2023, 61 (4), 1359–1409
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16860
Gender Disparities in Inflation during the Cost-of-Living Crisis in Europe: A Novel Decomposition
Denisa Maria Sologon, Karina Doorley, Cathal O'Donoghue
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16860
Gender Disparities in Inflation during the Cost-of-Living Crisis in Europe: A Novel Decomposition
Denisa Maria Sologon, Karina Doorley, Cathal O'Donoghue
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16852
Gender Difference in Household Consumption: Some Convergence over Three Decades
Cathal O'Donoghue, Karina Doorley, Denisa Maria Sologon
published in: Economic and Social Review, 2024, 55(3), 357-386
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16845
Do Recruiters Penalize Men Who Prefer Low Hours? Evidence from Online Labor Market Data
Daniel Kopp
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16820
The Gendered Nature of the Cost-of-Living Crisis in Europe
Denisa Maria Sologon, Karina Doorley, Cathal O'Donoghue, Eugenio Peluso
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16820
The Gendered Nature of the Cost-of-Living Crisis in Europe
Denisa Maria Sologon, Karina Doorley, Cathal O'Donoghue, Eugenio Peluso
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16820
The Gendered Nature of the Cost-of-Living Crisis in Europe
Denisa Maria Sologon, Karina Doorley, Cathal O'Donoghue, Eugenio Peluso
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16820
The Gendered Nature of the Cost-of-Living Crisis in Europe
Denisa Maria Sologon, Karina Doorley, Cathal O'Donoghue, Eugenio Peluso
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16818
Disparities in Psychological Traits and Income: Race, Ethnicity, and Gender in the U.S.
Aurelie Dariel, John C. Ham, Nikos Nikiforakis, Jan Stoop
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16800
The Labour Market Returns to Graduation: Reconciling Administrative and Survey Data Estimates
Anna Adamecz, Matt Dickson, Nikki Shure
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16782
Do Women Fare Worse When Men Are Around? Quasi-Experimental Evidence
Marcela Gomez-Ruiz, María Cervini-Plá, Xavier Ramos
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16772
Nursing before and after COVID-19: Outflows, Inflows and Self-Employment
Guyonne Kalb, Jordy Meekes
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16762
The Cost of Following Traditional Gender Norms: Evidence from a Paid Leave for Seriously Ill Children
Valentina Paredes, Francisca Perez, Francisco J. Pino, Patricia Olmedo Cortés
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16762
The Cost of Following Traditional Gender Norms: Evidence from a Paid Leave for Seriously Ill Children
Valentina Paredes, Francisca Perez, Francisco J. Pino, Patricia Olmedo Cortés
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16760
Household Decisions and the Gender Gap in Job Satisfaction
Christian Bredemeier, Patrick Ndlovu, Suncica Vujic, Roland Winkler
published in: Scottish Journal of Political Economy, 2025, 72 (1), e12403
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16756
The Long-Run Effects of California's Paid Family Leave Act On Women's Careers and Childbearing: New Evidence from a Regression Discontinuity Design and U.S. Tax Data
Martha J. Bailey, Tanya Byker, Elena Patel, Shanthi Ramnath
published in: American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, 2025, 17 (1), 401–431
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16756
The Long-Run Effects of California's Paid Family Leave Act On Women's Careers and Childbearing: New Evidence from a Regression Discontinuity Design and U.S. Tax Data
Martha J. Bailey, Tanya Byker, Elena Patel, Shanthi Ramnath
published in: American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, 2025, 17 (1), 401–431
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16754
Who Makes It to the Top? Differential Rewards to Personality across Gender and Occupation in the UK
Cecily Josten, Grace Lordan
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16752
Human Capital by Gender: A G20 and Selected Geographies Perspective
Barbara M. Fraumeni, Gang Liu, Shunsuke Managi
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16751
Working from Home and Job Satisfaction: The Role of Gender and Personality Traits
Piero Esposito, Silvia Mendolia, Sergio Scicchitano, Cristina Tealdi
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16743
Baby Bumps in the Road: The Impact of Parenthood on Job Performance, Human Capital, and Career Advancement
Olivia Healy, Jennifer A. Heissel
published online in: Review of Economics and Statistics, 22 August 2024
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16729
How Daycare Quality Shapes Norms around Daycare Use and Parental Employment: Experimental Evidence from Germany
Marie-Fleur Philipp, Silke Büchau, Pia S. Schober, Viktoria Werner, C. Katharina Spieß
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16721
Birds of a Feather Earn Together. Gender and Peer Effects at the Workplace
Julián Messina, Anna Sanz-de-Galdeano, Anastasia Terskaya
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16700
How the 1963 Equal Pay Act and 1964 Civil Rights Act Shaped the Gender Gap in Pay
Martha J. Bailey, Thomas Helgerman, Bryan Andrew Stuart
published in: Quarterly Journal of Economics, 2024, 139 (3), 1827–1878,
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16695
Automation and Gender: Implications for Occupational Segregation and the Gender Skill Gap
Patricia Cortes, Ying Feng, Nicolás Guida-Johnson, Jessica Pan
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16695
Automation and Gender: Implications for Occupational Segregation and the Gender Skill Gap
Patricia Cortes, Ying Feng, Nicolás Guida-Johnson, Jessica Pan
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16689
Female Classmates, Disruption, and STEM Outcomes in Disadvantaged Schools: Evidence from a Randomized Natural Experiment
Sofoklis Goulas, Rigissa Megalokonomou, Yi Zhang
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16686
Gender-Specific Application Behavior, Matching, and the Residual Gender Earnings Gap
Benjamin Lochner, Christian Merkl
published online in: Economic Journal, 29 May 2025
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16669
Motherhood and the Cost of Job Search
Arnaud Philippe, Daphné Skandalis
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16639
Can Effective Policy Implementation Alter Political Selection? Evidence from Female Legislators in India
S Anukriti, Rossella Calvi, Abhishek Chakravarty
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16635
Gender Differences in Teacher Judgement of Comparative Advantage
Judith M. Delaney, Paul J. Devereux
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16634
Subjective Gender-Based Patterns in ADHD Diagnosis
Marco Bertoni, Blas A. Marin-Lopez, Anna Sanz-de-Galdeano
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16631
Gender Diversity and Diversity of Ideas
Michèle Belot, Madina Kurmangaliyeva, Johanna Reuter
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16628
Gender Gaps in Financial Literacy: A Multi-Arm RCT to Break the Response Bias in Surveys
Laura Hospido, Nagore Iriberri, Margarita Machelett
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16625
Strength in Numbers? Gender Composition, Leadership, and Women's Influence in Teams
Christopher F. Karpowitz, Stephen D. O'Connell, Jessica Preece, Olga B. Stoddard
published in: Journal of Political Economy, 2024, 132 (9), 3077–3114
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16622
Life-Cycle Effects of Comprehensive Sex Education
Volha Lazuka, Annika Elwert
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16617
Female Board Representation and Corporate Performance: A Review and New Estimates for Australia
Nicholas Bayly, Robert Breunig, Chris Wokker
published in: Economic Record, 2024, 100 (330), 386-417
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16615
The "Demise of the Caregiving Daughter"? Gender Employment Gaps and the Use of Formal and Informal Care in Europe
Eric Bonsang, Joan Costa-Font
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16613
Gender Pay Gaps across STEM Fields of Study
Tomasz Zając, Iga Magda, M. Bożykowski, Agnieszka Chłoń-Domińczak, M. Jasiński
published in: Studies in Higher Education, 2025, 50 (1), 126-139
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16612
What Explains the Growing Gender Education Gap? The Effects of Parental Background, the Labor Market and the Marriage Market on College Attainment
Zvi Eckstein, Michael P. Keane, Osnat Lifshitz
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16593
Using Domain-Specific Word Embeddings to Examine the Demand for Skills
Sugat Chaturvedi, Kanika Mahajan, Zahra Siddique
published in: B. Elsner and S. W. Polachek (eds.), Big Data Applications in Labor Economics (Research in Labor Economics Vol. 52B), Emerald, 2024, 171-223
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16584
Gender Differences in High School Choices: Do Math and Language Skills Play a Role?
Dalit Contini, Maria Laura Di Tommaso, Anna Maccagnan, Silvia Mendolia
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16577
Gender Differences in Reservation Wages in Search Experiments
Andrew McGee, Peter McGee
published in: Labour Economics, 2025, 94, 102698
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16565
Understanding the Impacts of Paid Maternity Leave on Women's Labor Market Outcomes
Lillian Bates, Oliver Hall, Pamela Jakiela
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16558
How and Why the Gender Pension Gap in Urban China Decreased between 1988 and 2018
Björn Anders Gustafsson, Peng Zhang, Hanrui Jia
published in: Economic Development and Cultural Change, 2025, 73 (2), 651–678
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16557
Does the Child Penalty Strike Twice, and If So Why?
Mette Gørtz, Sarah Sander, Almudena Sevilla
published as 'Does the Child Penalty Strike Twice?' in: European Economic Review, 2025, 172, 104942
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16546
Exports to Improve Women's Economic Opportunities in Morocco
Jaime Alfonso Roche Rodriguez, Raymond Robertson, Gladys Lopez-Acevedo, Daniela Ruiz Zárate
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16530
Allocation of Female Talent and Cross-Country Productivity Differences
Munseob Lee
published in: Economic Journal, 2024, 134 (665), 3333–3359
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16461
Explaining Gender Differences in Migrant Sorting: Evidence from Canada-US Migration
David Escamilla-Guerrero, Miko Lepistö, Chris Minns
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16459
The Parenthood Penalty in Mental Health: Evidence from Austria and Denmark
Alexander Ahammer, Ulrich Glogowsky, Martin Halla, Timo Hener
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