The IZA Discussion Paper Series (ISSN: 2365-9793) disseminates high-quality research by IZA network members to the scientific community and the interested public worldwide before they are later published in academic journals. Comprising more than 17,000 papers, IZA's publication flagship is the most influential working paper series in labor economics.

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2,292 IZA Discussion Papers
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15068
Do Wages Grow with Experience? Deciphering the Russian Puzzle
Eugenia Chernina, Vladimir Gimpelson
published in: Journal of Comparative Economics, 2023, 51 (2), 545-563
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15068
Do Wages Grow with Experience? Deciphering the Russian Puzzle
Eugenia Chernina, Vladimir Gimpelson
published in: Journal of Comparative Economics, 2023, 51 (2), 545-563
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15060
Spatial Wage Curves for Formal and Informal Workers in Turkey
Badi H. Baltagi, Yusuf Soner Baskaya
published in Journal of Spatial Econometrics, 2022, 3, Article 3
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15048
What's the Risk from Competing? Competition Aversion and the Gender Wage Gap
Chung Choe, SeEun Jung, Ronald L. Oaxaca
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15048
What's the Risk from Competing? Competition Aversion and the Gender Wage Gap
Chung Choe, SeEun Jung, Ronald L. Oaxaca
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15045
Migration on the Rise, a Paradigm in Decline: The Last Half-Century of Global Mobility
Michael A. Clemens
published in: AEA Papers and Proceedings, 2022, 112, 257-261
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15033
The Unequal Cost of Job Loss across Countries
Antoine Bertheau, Edoardo Acabbi, Cristina Barcelo, Andreas Gulyas, Stefano Lombardi, Raffaele Saggio
published in: American Economic Review: Insights, 2023, 5 (3), 393-408
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15028
Selection and the Distribution of Female Hourly Wages in the U.S.
Iván Fernández-Val, Aico van Vuuren, Francis Vella, Franco Peracchi
published as 'Selection and the distribution of female real hourly wages in the United States' in: Quantitative Economics, 2023, 14 (2), 571-607
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15028
Selection and the Distribution of Female Hourly Wages in the U.S.
Iván Fernández-Val, Aico van Vuuren, Francis Vella, Franco Peracchi
published as 'Selection and the distribution of female real hourly wages in the United States' in: Quantitative Economics, 2023, 14 (2), 571-607
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14992
Hours Constraints and Wage Differentials across Firms
Claudio Labanca, Dario Pozzoli
published online in: Journal of Human Resources, 07 November 2023,
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14990
Health and Labor Market Impacts of Twin Birth: Evidence from a Swedish IVF Policy Mandate
Sonia R. Bhalotra, Damian Clarke, Hanna Mühlrad, Mårten Palme
revised version available from the authors
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14963
Worker Beliefs about Outside Options
Simon Jäger, Christopher Roth, Nina Roussille, Benjamin Schoefer
published online in: Quarterly Journal of Economics, 10 January 2024
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14960
Firm Productivity and Immigrant-Native Earnings Disparity
Olof Aslund, Cristina Bratu, Stefano Lombardi, Anna Thoresson
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14956
How Does the Position in Business Group Hierarchies Affect Workers' Wages?
Hartmut Egger, Elke J. Jahn, Stefan Kornitzky
revised version published in: Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 2022, 194 (2), 244-263
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14943
Minimum Wages and Insurance within the Firm
Effrosyni Adamopoulou, Francesco Manaresi, Omar Rachedi, Emircan Yurdagul
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14942
Flexible Wages and the Costs of Job Displacement
Sofía Fernández Guerrico, Ilan Tojerow
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14935
Uncovering the Roots of Obesity-Based Wage Discrimination: The Role of Job Characteristics
Juan J. Dolado, Airam Guerra
published in: Labour Economics, 2023, 85, 102425
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14929
COVID-19 Government Responses to Labour Market Disruptions and Economic Impacts: The New Zealand Model
Sholeh A. Maani
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14926
Did the Minimum Wage Reduce the Gender Wage Gap in Germany?
Marco Caliendo, Linda Wittbrodt
published in: Labour Economics, 2022, 78, 102228
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14926
Did the Minimum Wage Reduce the Gender Wage Gap in Germany?
Marco Caliendo, Linda Wittbrodt
published in: Labour Economics, 2022, 78, 102228
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14919
Willingness to Pay for Workplace Safety
Massimo Anelli, Felix Koenig
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14914
Trade and Inequality in Europe and the US
David Dorn, Peter Levell
published in: Oxford Open Economics, 2024, 3, 1042-1068
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14912
Labor Market Concentration and Stayers' Wages: Evidence from France
Andrea Bassanini, Cyprien Batut, Eve Caroli
updated and replaced by 'Labour Market Concentration and Wages: Incumbents versus New Hires', IZA Discussion Paper 15910
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14906
The Gender Application Gap: Do Men and Women Apply for the Same Jobs?
Jonas Fluchtmann, Anita Marie Glenny, Nikolaj Harmon, Jonas Maibom
published in: American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, 2024, 16 (2), 182–219
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14906
The Gender Application Gap: Do Men and Women Apply for the Same Jobs?
Jonas Fluchtmann, Anita Marie Glenny, Nikolaj Harmon, Jonas Maibom
published in: American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, 2024, 16 (2), 182–219
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14897
Gender Discrimination
Kailing Shen
published online in: Handbook of Labor, Human Resources and Population Economics, Springer, Cham, 28 January 2022
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14859
Did the Australian Jobkeeper Program Save Jobs by Subsidizing Temporary Layoffs?
Jeff Borland, Jennifer Hunt
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14827
Telework and Time Use
Sabrina Wulff Pabilonia, Victoria Vernon
published online in: Handbook of Labor, Human Resources, and Population Economics, 2023
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14813
Wage Effects of Educational Mismatch According to Workers' Origin: The Role of Demographics and Firm Characteristics
Valentine Jacobs, François Rycx, Mélanie Volral
published in: De Economist, 2022, 170 (4), 459-501
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14798
The Persistence of Wages
Anabela Carneiro, Pedro Portugal, Pedro Raposo, Paulo M. M. Rodrigues
published in: Journal of Econometrics, 2023, 233 (2), 596 - 611
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14793
What Works for Whom? Youth Labour Market Policy in Poland
Karol Madoń, Iga Magda, Marta Palczyńska, Mateusz Smoter
published in: Gospodarka Narodowa / Polish Journal of Economics. 2024, 318 (2), 1-34.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14764
Do Workers Share in Firm Success? Pass-through Estimates for New Zealand
Corey Allan, David C. Maré
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14747
The Heterogeneous Effects of Large and Small Minimum Wage Changes: Evidence over the Short and Medium Run Using a Pre-analysis Plan
Jeffrey Clemens, Michael R. Strain
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14700
Adverse Working Conditions and Immigrants' Physical Health and Depression Outcomes: A Longitudinal Study in Greece
Nick Drydakis
published in: International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 2022, 95 (2), 539 - 556
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14697
The Role of the Workplace in Ethnic Wage Differentials
John Forth, Nikolaos Theodoropoulos, Alex Bryson
published in: British Journal of Industrial Relations, 2023, 61 (2), 259-290
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14696
Wage Differences According to Workers' Origin: The Role of Working More Upstream in GVCs
Valentine Fays, Benoît Mahy, François Rycx
published in: Labour: Review of Labour Economics and Industrial Relations, 2023, 37 (2), 319-342
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14683
Who Benefits from Tax Incentives? The Heterogeneous Wage Incidence of a Tax Credit
Clément Carbonnier, Clément Malgouyres, Loriane Py, Camille Urvoy
published in: Journal of Public Economics, 2022, 206, 104577
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14671
Sexual Orientation Discrimination in the Labor Market against Gay Men
Nick Drydakis
published in:Review of Economics of the Household, 2022, 20, 1027 - 1058
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14637
Internal Labor Markets: A Worker Flow Approach
Ingrid Huitfeld, Andreas Ravndal Kostøl, Jan Sebastian Nimczik, Andrea Weber
published in: Journal of Econometrics, 2023, 233 (2), 661-688
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14626
How Do Workers Adjust When Firms Adopt New Technologies?
Sabrina Genz, Terry Gregory, Markus Janser, Florian Lehmer, Britta Matthes
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14581
Teacher Compensation and Structural Inequality: Evidence from Centralized Teacher School Choice in Perú
Matteo Bobba, Tim Ederer, Gianmarco Leon Ciliotta, Christopher A. Neilson, Marco Nieddu
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14578
Temporal Flexibility, Breaks at Work, and the Motherhood Wage Gap
José Ignacio Gimenez-Nadal, José Alberto Molina, Almudena Sevilla
published in: J.A. Molina (ed.), Mothers in the Labor Market, Springer, 2022, 83-105
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14558
Does Educational Mismatch Affect Emigration Behaviour?
Philippe Wanner, Marco Pecoraro, Massimiliano Tani
published in: European Journal of Population, 2021, 37, 959 - 995
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14548
Too Family Friendly? The Consequences of Parent Part-Time Working Rights
Daniel Fernández-Kranz, Núria Rodríguez-Planas
published in: Journal of Public Economics, 2021, 197, 104407
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14538
Migration and Labor Market Integration in Europe
David Dorn, Josef Zweimüller
published in: Journal of Economic Perspectives, 2021, 35(2), 49-76
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14535
Self-Employment in Rural China: Its Development, Characteristics, and Relation to Income
Björn Anders Gustafsson, Yudan Zhang
published in: China & World Economy, 2022, 30 (1), 136-165
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14532
Firms' Margins of Adjustment to Wage Growth: The Case of Italian Collective Bargaining
Francesco Devicienti, Bernardo Fanfani
published in: Economica, 2025, 92 (365), 107 - 149
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14529
Job Search and Hiring with Two-Sided Limited Information about Workseekers' Skills
Eliana Carranza, Robert Garlick, Kate Orkin, Neil Rankin
published in: American Economic Review, 2022, 112 (11), 3547 - 3583
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14511
Skill Demand and Wages. Evidence from Linked Vacancy Data
Lennart Ziegler
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14492
Return Migrants and the Wage Premium: Does the Legal Status of Migrants Matter?
Nelly Elmallakh, Jackline Wahba
published in: Journal of Population Economics, 2022, 35, 1631-1685
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14474
Does Compliance with Financial Fair Play Rules Improve the Football Clubs' Sport Performance and Their Chances to Reach UEFA Competitions?
Pedro Garcia-del-Barrio, Pablo Agnese
published as 'To comply or not to comply? How a UEFA wage-to-revenue requirement might affect the sport and managerial performance of soccer clubs' in: Managerial and Decision Economics, 2023, 44 (2), 767 - 786
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14470
Are There No Wage Returns to Compulsory Schooling in Germany? A Reassessment
Kamila Cygan-Rehm
published in: Journal of Applied Econometrics, 2022, 37 (1), 218 - 223
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14456
Turning a "Blind Eye"? Compliance with Minimum Wage Standards and Employment
Andrea Garnero, Claudio Lucifora
published in: Economica, 2022, 89 (356), 884-907
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14446
'It Ain't Where You're from, It's Where You're At': Hiring Origins, Firm Heterogeneity, and Wages
Sabrina Di Addario, Patrick Kline, Raffaele Saggio, Mikkel Sølvsten
published in: Journal of Econometrics, 2023, 233 (2), 340-374
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14446
'It Ain't Where You're from, It's Where You're At': Hiring Origins, Firm Heterogeneity, and Wages
Sabrina Di Addario, Patrick Kline, Raffaele Saggio, Mikkel Sølvsten
published in: Journal of Econometrics, 2023, 233 (2), 340-374
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14421
The Creativity Premium
David Gill, Victoria L. Prowse
published as 'The Creativity Premium: Exploring the Link between Childhood Creativity and Life Outcomes' in: Journal of Political Economy Microeconomics, 2024, 2 (3), 495–526
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14398
Five Decades of Union Wages, Nonunion Wages, and Union Wage Gaps at Unionstats.com
David A. Macpherson, Barry Hirsch
published as 'Five decades of CPS wages, methods, and union-nonunion wage gaps at Unionstats.com' in: Industrial Relations, 2023, 62 (4), 439-452
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14394
Gender Wage and Longevity Gaps and the Design of Retirement Systems
Francesca Barigozzi, Helmuth Cremer, Jean-Marie Lozachmeur
published in: Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 209, 2023, 263-287.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14391
Sectoral Wage Gaps and Gender in Rural India
Joshua D. Merfeld
published in: American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 2023, 105 (2), 434-452
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14374
Do International Study Programmes Pay off for Local Students?
Zhiling Wang, Francesco Pastore, Bas Karreman, Frank van Oort
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14352
Effects of Mandatory Military Service on Wages and Other Socioeconomic Outcomes
Patrick A. Puhani, Margret K. Sterrenberg
revised version published as 'Effects of Mandatory Military and Alternative Community Service on Wages and Other Socioeconomic outcomes' in: Kyklos, 2022, 75 (3), 488 - 507
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14335
The Impact of Selection into the Labor Force on the Gender Wage Gap
Francine D. Blau, Lawrence M. Kahn, Nikolai Boboshko, Matthew Comey
published in: Journal of Labor Economics, 2024, 42 (2), 1093–1133
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14325
The Return to Hours Worked within and across Occupations: Implications for the Gender Wage Gap
Jeffrey T. Denning, Brian A. Jacob, Lars Lefgren, Christian vom Lehn
published in: ILR Review, 2022, 75 (5), 1321 - 1347
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14325
The Return to Hours Worked within and across Occupations: Implications for the Gender Wage Gap
Jeffrey T. Denning, Brian A. Jacob, Lars Lefgren, Christian vom Lehn
published in: ILR Review, 2022, 75 (5), 1321 - 1347
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14302
Minimum Wages in New Zealand: Policy and Practice in the 21st Century
David C. Maré, Dean R. Hyslop
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14283
Wage Flexibility under Sectoral Bargaining
David Card, Ana Rute Cardoso
published in: Journal of the European Economic Association, 2022, 20 (5), 2062 - 2097
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14276
The Changing Distribution of the Male Ethnic Wage Gap in Great Britain
Ken Clark, Steve Nolan
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14267
Development Level of Hosting Areas and the Impact of Refugees on Natives' Labor Market Outcomes
Doğu Tan Aracı, Murat Demirci, Murat Güray Kirdar
published in: European Economic Review, 2022, 145, 104132.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14261
Gender, Selection into Employment, and the Wage Impact of Immigration
George J. Borjas, Anthony Edo
forthcoming in: Journal of Labor Economics, 2026
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14223
From Mancession to Shecession: Women's Employment in Regular and Pandemic Recessions
Titan Alon, Sena Coskun, Matthias Doepke, David Koll, Michèle Tertilt
published in: NBER Macroeconomics Annual, 2022, 362022, 83–151
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14206
The Austrian Pay Transparency Law and the Gender Wage Gap
René Böheim, Sarah Gust
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14206
The Austrian Pay Transparency Law and the Gender Wage Gap
René Böheim, Sarah Gust
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14178
Minimum Wage Effects on Human Capital Accumulation: Evidence from Canadian Data
Diana Alessandrini, Joniada Milla
published in: Journal of Human Capital, 2024, 18 (2), 346 - 376
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14177
The Gender Pay Gap in UK Medicine
Melanie K. Jones, Ezgi Kaya
published as 'The gender pay gap in medicine: evidence from Britain' in: Oxford Economic Papers, 2024, 76 (4), 1033 - 1051
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14177
The Gender Pay Gap in UK Medicine
Melanie K. Jones, Ezgi Kaya
published as 'The gender pay gap in medicine: evidence from Britain' in: Oxford Economic Papers, 2024, 76 (4), 1033 - 1051
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14158
The Role of Labor Market Institutions in the Impact of Immigration on Wages and Employment
Mette Foged, Linea Hasager, Vasil Yasenov
published in: Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 2022, 124 (1), 164-213
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14143
Wage Determination in the Shadow of the Law: The Case of Works Councilors in Germany
Laszlo Goerke, Markus Pannenberg
substantially revised version published in: Economic and Industrial Democracy, 2024, 45 (1), 38 - 115
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14124
Wages, Minimum Wages, and Price Pass-through: The Case of McDonald's Restaurants
Orley Ashenfelter, Štepán Jurajda
published in: Journal of Labor Economics (special issue in honor of Alan Krueger), 2022, 40 (S1), S179 - S201
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14123
Ethnic Identity and Immigrants' Labour Market Outcomes
Matloob Piracha, Massimiliano Tani, Zhiming Cheng, Ben Zhe Wang
revised version published as 'Social Assimilation and Immigrants' Labour Market Outcomes' in: Journal of Population Economics, 2023, 36, 37 - 67
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14112
Wage Inequality and Labor Rights Violations
Ioana E. Marinescu, Yue Qiu, Aaron Sojourner
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14110
The Gender Wage Gap Among University Vice Chancellors in the UK
Ray Bachan, Alex Bryson
published in: Labour Economics, 2022, 78, 102230
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14108
The COVID-19 Pandemic's Evolving Impacts on the Labor Market: Who's Been Hurt and What We Should Do
Brad J. Hershbein, Harry J. Holzer
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14086
Estimating the Effects of the Minimum Wage Using the Introduction of Indexation
Daiji Kawaguchi, Yuko Mori
published in: Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 2021, 184, 388-408.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14031
Does Online Search Improve the Match Quality of New Hires?
Nicole Gürtzgen, Benjamin Lochner, Laura Pohlan, Gerard J. van den Berg
published in: Labour Economics, 2021, 70, 101981
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14027
When Opportunity Knocks: Confronting Theory and Empirics about Dynamics of Gender Wage Inequality
Joanna Tyrowicz, Lucas van der Velde
published in:Social Indicators Research, 2021, 155, 837 - 864
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14017
The Recovery from the Great Recession: A Long, Evolving Expansion
Jay C. Shambaugh, Michael R. Strain
published in: Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 2021, 695 (1), 24 - 28
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13982
The Impact of Age-Specific Minimum Wages on Youth Employment and Education: A Regression Discontinuity Analysis
Meltem Dayioglu-Tayfur, Muserref Kucukbayrak, Semih Tumen
published in: International Journal of Manpower, 2022, 43 (6), 1352-1377
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13979
Uncovering the Mechanism(s): Financial Constraints and Wages
Hamzeh Arabzadeh, Almut Balleer, Britta Gehrke
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13942
Worker Flows and Wage Dynamics: Estimating Wage Growth without Composition Effects
Raquel Carrasco, J. Ignacio Garcia Perez, Juan F. Jimeno
published in: Oxford Economic Papers, 2024, 76 (1), 94–114
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13934
Gender Wage Gap - A Matching Analysis for Three MENA Countries: Egypt, Jordan and Turkey
Ömer Tuğsal Doruk, Francesco Pastore
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13909
Organised Labour, Labour Market Imperfections, and Employer Wage Premia
Sabien Dobbelaere, Boris Hirsch, Steffen Müller, Georg Neuschaeffer
substantially revised version published in: Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 2024, 77 (3), 396 - 427
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13909
Organised Labour, Labour Market Imperfections, and Employer Wage Premia
Sabien Dobbelaere, Boris Hirsch, Steffen Müller, Georg Neuschaeffer
substantially revised version published in: Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 2024, 77 (3), 396 - 427
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13909
Organised Labour, Labour Market Imperfections, and Employer Wage Premia
Sabien Dobbelaere, Boris Hirsch, Steffen Müller, Georg Neuschaeffer
substantially revised version published in: Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 2024, 77 (3), 396 - 427
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13909
Organised Labour, Labour Market Imperfections, and Employer Wage Premia
Sabien Dobbelaere, Boris Hirsch, Steffen Müller, Georg Neuschaeffer
substantially revised version published in: Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 2024, 77 (3), 396 - 427
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13907
What Is the Role of Firm-Specific Pay Policies on the Gender Earnings Gap in Canada?
Jiang Li, Benoit Dostie, Gaëlle Simard-Duplain
published as 'Firm Pay Policies and the Gender Earnings Gap: The Mediating Role of Marital and Family Status', in: ILR Review, 2023, 76 (1), 160-188
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13901
Cognitive Skills, Strategic Sophistication, and Life Outcomes
Eduardo Fe, David Gill, Victoria L. Prowse
published in: Journal of Political Economy, 2022, 130 (10), 2643–2704
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13883
Demographic Change and Regional Labour Markets
Michael Johannes Böhm, Terry Gregory, Pamela Qendrai, Christian Siegel
published in: Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 2021, 7 (1), 113 - 131
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13880
Working Time Reduction and Employment in a Finite World
Jean-François Fagnart, Marc Germain, Bruno Van der Linden
published in: Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 2023, 125 (1), 170 – 20.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13878
The Impact of Minimum Wages on Wages, Wage Spillovers, and Employment in China: Evidence from Longitudinal Individual-Level Data
Tony Fang, Morley Gunderson, Carl Lin
published in: Review of Development Economics, 2021, 25 (2), 854–877
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13878
The Impact of Minimum Wages on Wages, Wage Spillovers, and Employment in China: Evidence from Longitudinal Individual-Level Data
Tony Fang, Morley Gunderson, Carl Lin
published in: Review of Development Economics, 2021, 25 (2), 854–877
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