Discussion Papers

IZA Discussion Paper No. 16267

Variable Payment Schemes and Productivity: Do Individual-Based Schemes Really Have a Stronger Influence than Collective Ones?

Uwe Jirjahn, Jens Mohrenweiser

revised version published in: Kyklos, 2025, 78, 1316-1332

IZA Discussion Paper No. 16262

Labor Market Regulation and Firm Adjustments in Skill Demand

Anna Bottasso, Massimiliano Bratti, Gabriele Cardullo, Maurizio Conti, Giovanni Sulis

revised version published as 'Labor Market Regulations and Firm Adjustments in Skill Demand' in: Journal of Public Economics, 2025, 242, 105292

IZA Discussion Paper No. 16261

When Are Employers Interested in Electronic Performance Monitoring? Results from a Factorial Survey Experiment

Luisa Wieser, Martin Abraham, Claus Schnabel, Cornelia Niessen, Mauren Wolff

slightly revised version published as 'Employers’ Muted Interest in Electronic Performance Monitoring (EPM)' in: S. Pfeiffer et al. (eds.), Digitalisierung der Arbeitswelten, SpringerNature. Springer VS, Wiesbaden 2024, 181-202

IZA Discussion Paper No. 16150

Improving Health and Safety in the Informal Sector: Evidence from a Randomized Trial in Bangladesh

Asadul Islam, Wang-Sheng Lee, Margaret Triyana, Xing Xia

IZA Discussion Paper No. 16147

Helping and Antisocial Behavior in the Workplace

Michael Haylock, Patrick Kampkötter, Michael Kosfeld, Ferdinand von Siemens

IZA Discussion Paper No. 16123

Incentivizing Team Leaders: A Firm-Level Experiment on Subjective Performance Evaluation of Leadership Skills

Thomas Gall, Xiaocheng Hu, Michael Vlassopoulos

IZA Discussion Paper No. 16083

Employers' Demand for Personality Traits

Vera Brenč ič , Andrew McGee

IZA Discussion Paper No. 16042

Monetary Rewards, Hierarchy Level and Working Hours as Drivers of Employees' Self-Evaluations

Christian Grund, Alexandra Soboll

published in: Review of Managerial Science, 2025, 19, 729–756

IZA Discussion Paper No. 16025

Tournament Incentives Affect Perceived Stress and Hormonal Stress Responses

Thomas Dohmen, Ingrid M.T. Rohde, Tom Stolp

published in: Experimental Economics, 2023, 26 (4), 955–985.

IZA Discussion Paper No. 15980

Remote Work across Jobs, Companies, and Space

Stephen Hansen, Peter John Lambert, Nicholas Bloom, Steven J. Davis, Raffaella Sadun, Bledi Taska

IZA Discussion Paper No. 15964

Does the Closeness of Peers Matter? An Investigation Using Online Training Platform Data and Survey Data

Xin Gu, Haizheng Li

IZA Discussion Paper No. 15956

Works Councils as Gatekeepers: Codetermination, Monitoring Practices, and Job Satisfaction

Christian Grund, Dirk Sliwka, Krystina Titz

published in: Labour Economics, 2024, 90, 102563

IZA Discussion Paper No. 15902

Train Drain? Access to Foreign Workers and Firms' Provision of Training

Maria Esther Oswald-Egg, Michael Siegenthaler

published in: Labour Economics, 2023, 85, 102436

IZA Discussion Paper No. 15875

Training in Late Careers: A Structural Approach

Teresa Backhaus

IZA Discussion Paper No. 15781

The Gender Pay Gap in the CEOs' Labor Market

Massimiliano Tani, Andrew Valentine, Kieran Sharpe

IZA Discussion Paper No. 15724

Firm Consolidation and Labor Market Outcomes

Sabien Dobbelaere, Grace McCormack, Daniel Prinz, Sandor Sovago

published in: Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 2025, 235: 107036

IZA Discussion Paper No. 15715

Teleworking and Life Satisfaction during COVID-19: The Importance of Family Structure

Claudia Senik, Andrew E. Clark, Conchita D'Ambrosio, Anthony Lepinteur, Carsten Schröder

published in: Journal of Population Economics, 2024, 37 (1), Article 8

IZA Discussion Paper No. 15704

Social Norms and Gendered Occupational Choices of Men and Women: Time to Turn the Tide?

Patricia Palffy, Patrick Lehnert, Uschi Backes-Gellner

published in: Industrial Relations, 2023, 62 (4), 380-410

IZA Discussion Paper No. 15694

IT Skills, Occupation Specificity and Job Separations

Christian Eggenberger, Uschi Backes-Gellner

published in: Economics of Education Review, 2023, 92, 102333

IZA Discussion Paper No. 15691

Gender Diversity, Labour in the Boardroom and Gender Quotas

Astrid Kunze, Katrin Scharfenkamp

substantially changed version published online as 'The Importance of Codetermination for Gender Diversity in the Boardroom' in: Industrial Relations, 16 June 2025

IZA Discussion Paper No. 15688

Different Degrees of Skill Obsolescence across Hard and Soft Skills and the Role of Lifelong Learning for Labor Market Outcomes

Tobias Schultheiss, Uschi Backes-Gellner

published in: Industrial Relations, 2023, 62 (3), 257 - 287

IZA Discussion Paper No. 15619

'The Double Dividend of Training' – Labor Market Effects of Work-Related Continuous Education in Switzerland

Stefan Denzler, Jens Ruhose, Stefan C. Wolter

published as 'Labour market effects of work-related continuous education in Switzerland – evidence from administrative data' in: Economics of Education Review, 2025, 107, 102683

IZA Discussion Paper No. 15599

Mystery Shopping as a Strategic Management Practice in Multi-Site Firms

Sidney T. Block, Guido Friebel, Matthias Heinz, Nick Zubanov

IZA Discussion Paper No. 15554

Organisational Leadership: How Much Does It Matter?

Getinet Astatike Haile

published in: British Journal of Industrial Relations, 2023, 61 (3), 653 - 673

IZA Discussion Paper No. 15532

Gender, Motivation, and Self-Selection into Teaching

Francesca Barigozzi, Jaai Parasnis, Massimiliano Tani

IZA Discussion Paper No. 15521

International Assortative Matching in the European Labor Market

Thomas Peeters, Jan C. van Ours

IZA Discussion Paper No. 15496

Social Preferences and Rating Biases in Subjective Performance Evaluations

David Kusterer, Dirk Sliwka

IZA Discussion Paper No. 15491

Information and Communication Technology, Hierarchy, and Job Design

Elisa Gerten, Michael Beckmann, Matthias Kräkel

IZA Discussion Paper No. 15455

The Impact of Absent Coworkers on Productivity in Teams

Sam Hoey, Thomas Peeters, Jan C. van Ours

published in: Labour Economics, 2023, 83, 102400

IZA Discussion Paper No. 15358

Heterogeneous Returns to Active Labour Market Programs for Indigenous Populations

Donn. L. Feir, Kelly Foley, Maggie E. C. Jones

IZA Discussion Paper No. 15343

Corporate Training and Skill Gaps: Did COVID-19 Stem EU Convergence in Training Investments?

Konstantinos Pouliakas, Patricia Wruuck

also available as: European Investment Bank (EIB) Economics Working Papers 2022/07

IZA Discussion Paper No. 15341

Who Benefits from Meritocracy?

Diana B. Moreira, Santiago Perez

IZA Discussion Paper No. 15204

Improving Entrepreneurs' Digital Skills and Firms' Digital Competencies through Business Apps Training: A Study of Small Firms

Nick Drydakis

published in: Sustainability, 2022, 14 (8), 4417.

IZA Discussion Paper No. 15131

Peer Effects in the Workplace: A Network Approach

Matthew J. Lindquist, Jan Sauermann, Yves Zenou

revised version available here

IZA Discussion Paper No. 15000

Performance-Related Pay and Objective Measures of Health after Correcting for Sample Selection

Nicole Andelic, Julia Allan, Keith A. Bender, Daniel Powell, Ioannis Theodossiou

published as 'Performance-related Pay, Mental and Physiological Health' in: Industrial Relations, 2024, 63 (1), 3-25.

IZA Discussion Paper No. 14986

Does Group-Based Incentive Pay Lead To Higher Productivity? Evidence from a Complex and Interdependent Industrial Production Process

Anders Frederiksen, Daniel Baltzer Schjødt Hansen, Colleen Flaherty Manchester

published as ' Group-based incentives and individual performance: Unpacking the effort response' in: ILR Review, 2024, 77 (2), 273-293.

IZA Discussion Paper No. 14922

The Effect of Age Diversity in Groups on Peer Evaluations and Individual Performance

Katja Görlitz, Tim Sels

IZA Discussion Paper No. 14873

Personnel Adjustments during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Did Co-Determination Make a Difference?

Daniel Fackler, Claus Schnabel, Jens Stegmaier

published in: Journal for Labour Market Research, 2024, 58, 4 (2024)

IZA Discussion Paper No. 14855

Shining with the Stars: Competition, Screening, and Concern for Coworkers' Quality

Francesca Barigozzi, Helmuth Cremer

published in: Games and Economic Behavior, 2024, 144, 250-283.

IZA Discussion Paper No. 14836

Mission of the Company, Prosocial Attitudes and Job Preferences: A Discrete Choice Experiment

Arjan Non, Ingrid M.T. Rohde, Andries de Grip, Thomas Dohmen

published in: Labour Economics, 74, 2022, 102087

IZA Discussion Paper No. 14835

Reference Points and the Tradeoff between Risk and Incentives

Thomas Dohmen, Arjan Non, Tom Stolp

published in: Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 2021, 192, 813–831

IZA Discussion Paper No. 14831

Preferences, Selection, and the Structure of Teacher Pay

Andrew C. Johnston

published in: American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 2025, 17 (3), 310–346

IZA Discussion Paper No. 14799

Interview Sequences and the Formation of Subjective Assessments

Jonas Radbruch, Amelie Schiprowski

substantially revised version published online in: Review of Economic Studies, 10 April 2024

IZA Discussion Paper No. 14732

Working Time Mismatch and Job Satisfaction - The Role of Employees' Time Autonomy and Gender

Christian Grund, Katja Rebecca Tilkes

published in: International Journal of Human Resource Management, 2023, 34, 4003-4025.

IZA Discussion Paper No. 14726

Improving Workplace Climate in Large Corporations: A Clustered Randomized Intervention

Sule Alan, Gozde Corekcioglu, Matthias Sutter

published in: Quarterly Journal of Economics, 2023, 138 (1), 151-203

IZA Discussion Paper No. 14706

Footsie, Yeah! Share Prices and Worker Wellbeing

Alex Bryson, Andrew E. Clark, Colin P. Green

published in: Journal of Participation and Employee Ownership, 2022, 4 (3), 197-211

IZA Discussion Paper No. 14697

The Role of the Workplace in Ethnic Wage Differentials

John Forth, Nikos Theodoropoulos, Alex Bryson

published in: British Journal of Industrial Relations, 2023, 61 (2), 259-290

IZA Discussion Paper No. 14694

Complementarity in Employee Participation Systems: International Evidence

Gabriel Burdin, Takao Kato

revised version published as 'Complementarity in Employee Participation Systems' in: Zimmermann K. (ed.) Handbook of Labor, Human Resources and Population Economics. Springer Nature, 2022

IZA Discussion Paper No. 14637

Internal Labor Markets: A Worker Flow Approach

Ingrid Huitfeld, Andreas Ravndal Kostøl, Jan Sebastian Nimczik, Andrea Weber

published in: Journal of Econometrics, 2023, 233 (2), 661-688

IZA Discussion Paper No. 14622

Preference Signaling and Worker-Firm Matching: Evidence from Interview Auctions

Ron A. Laschever, Russell Weinstein

IZA Discussion Paper No. 14595

Incentives, Self-Selection, and Coordination of Motivated Agents for the Production of Social Goods

Kevin Bauer, Michael Kosfeld, Ferdinand von Siemens

IZA Discussion Paper No. 14465

What Does Codetermination Do?

Simon Jäger, Shakked Noy, Benjamin Schoefer

published in: ILR Review, 2022, 75 (4), 857-890.

IZA Discussion Paper No. 14455

Complex Job Design and Layers of Hierarchy

Giovanni Russo, Gijs Van Houten

published in: Polachek, S.W., Tatsiramos, K., Russo, G. and van Houten, G. (eds.), Workplace Productivity and Management Practices (Research in Labor Economics, Vol. 49), Emerald Publishing Limited, 2021, 85-106.

IZA Discussion Paper No. 14437

An Optimal Split of School Classes

Oded Stark

published in: Economic Analysis and Policy, 2021, 69, 668-675

IZA Discussion Paper No. 14435

Outcome Mechanisms for Improved Employment and Earnings through Screened Job Training: Evidence from an RCT

Matthew Baird, John Engberg, Italo A. Gutierrez

IZA Discussion Paper No. 14432

Can You Teach an Old Dog New Tricks? New Evidence on the Impact of Tenure on Productivity

Nicola Gagliardi, Elena Grinza, François Rycx

published as 'Workers' Tenure and Firm Productivity: New Evidence from Matched Employer-employee Data' in: Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society, 2023, 62 (1), 3-33

IZA Discussion Paper No. 14427

Can Information about Jobs Improve the Effectiveness of Vocational Training? Experimental Evidence from India

Bhaskar Chakravorty, Wiji Arulampalam, Apurav Yash Bhatiya, Clement Imbert, Roland Rathelot

This version: April 2023

IZA Discussion Paper No. 14425

Immigration and the UK Economy after Brexit

Jonathan Portes

published in: Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 2022, 38 (1), 82-96,

IZA Discussion Paper No. 14409

Post-merger Restructuring of the Labor Force

Britta Gehrke, Ernst Maug, Stefan Obernberger, Christoph Schneider

IZA Discussion Paper No. 14336

Work from Home & Productivity: Evidence from Personnel & Analytics Data on IT Professionals

Michael Gibbs, Friederike Mengel, Christoph Siemroth

published in: Journal of Political Economy: Microeconomics, 2023, 1 (1), 7 - 41

IZA Discussion Paper No. 14285

Job Design, Learning & Intrinsic Motivation

Michael Gibbs

IZA Discussion Paper No. 14284

Dodging a Draft: Gary Becker's Lost Paper on Conscription

Michael Gibbs, Tim Perri

published in: Willieam Taylor (ed.), The All-Volunteer Force: Fifty Years of History, University of Kansas Press, 2023

IZA Discussion Paper No. 14242

Incentives for Cooperation in Teams: Sociality Meets Decision Rights

Britta Butz, Pablo Guillen Alvarez, Christine Harbring

published in: Review of Managerial Science, 2024, 18, 2925 - 2951

IZA Discussion Paper No. 14239

Do You Really Want to Share Everything? The Wellbeing of Work-Linked Couples

Juliane Hennecke, Clemens Hetschko

revised version published in: Oxford Economic Papers, 2025, 77 (2), 516–536

IZA Discussion Paper No. 14199

Information Provision, Incentives, and Attention: A Field Experiment on Facilitating and Influencing Managers' Decisions

Kathrin Manthei, Dirk Sliwka, Timo Vogelsang

IZA Discussion Paper No. 14174

Gender and Psychological Pressure in Competitive Environments

Alison L. Booth, Patrick J. Nolen

published in: Economica, 2022, 89 (S1), S71-S85

IZA Discussion Paper No. 14153

Employee Training and Firm Performance: Evidence from ESF Grant Applications

Pedro S. Martins

published in: Labour Economics, 2021, 72, 102056

IZA Discussion Paper No. 14148

Culture as a Hiring Criterion: Systemic Discrimination in a Procedurally Fair Hiring Process

Dominique Meurs, Patrick A. Puhani

published in: Labour Economics, 2024, 87, 102482

IZA Discussion Paper No. 14125

Non-linear Incentives, Worker Productivity, and Firm Profits: Evidence from a Quasi-Experiment

Richard B. Freeman, Wei Huang, Teng Li

IZA Discussion Paper No. 14083

Breaking Gender Barriers: Experimental Evidence on Men in Pink-Collar Jobs

Alexia Delfino

published in: Amercian Economic Review, 2024, 114 (6), 1816 -1853

IZA Discussion Paper No. 14067

Who Benefits from Corporate Social Responsibility? Reciprocity in the Presence of Social Incentives and Self-Selection

Guglielmo Briscese, Nick Feltovich, Robert Slonim

IZA Discussion Paper No. 14050

Turning Relative Deprivation into a Performance Incentive Device

Oded Stark, Grzegorz Kosiorowski

published in: Journal of Mathematical Sociology, 2021, 45 (1), 22-36

IZA Discussion Paper No. 14040

Academic Careers and Fertility Decisions

Maria De Paola, Roberto Nistico, Vincenzo Scoppa

published in: D. Checchi, T. Jappelli, A. Uricchio (eds.), Teaching, Research and Academic Careers, Springer, 2022, 135 -161

IZA Discussion Paper No. 14029

Escaping Social Pressure: Fixed-Term Contracts in Multi-Establishment Firms

Andrea Bassanini, Eve Caroli, Francois Fontaine, Antoine Rebérioux

published in: Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 2021, 188, 697-715

IZA Discussion Paper No. 14024

Job Placement via Private vs. Public Employment Agencies: Investigating Selection Effects and Job Match Quality in Germany

Adam Ayaita, Christian Grund, Lisa Pütz

published in: Schmalenbach Journal of Business Research, 2022, 74 (2), 137-162

IZA Discussion Paper No. 14014

The Distinct Impact of Information and Incentives on Cheating

Julien Benistant, Fabio Galeotti, Marie Claire Villeval

revised version published as 'Competition, information, and the erosion of morals' in: Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 2022, 204, 148-163,

IZA Discussion Paper No. 13898

Workplace Incentives and Organizational Learning

Francesco Amodio, Miguel A. Martinez-Carrasco

published in: Journal of Labor Economics 2023, 41 (2), 453-478

IZA Discussion Paper No. 13860

Labor-Market Conditions and Leadership Styles

Robert Dur, Ola Kvaløy, Anja Schöttner

revised version published in: Management Science, 2022, 68 (4), 3150-3168

IZA Discussion Paper No. 13840

Don't Downsize This! Social Reactions to Mass Dismissals on Twitter

Andrea Bassanini, Eve Caroli, Bruno Chaves Ferreira, Antoine Rebérioux

IZA Discussion Paper No. 13809

Whoever You Want Me to Be: Personality and Incentives

Andrew McGee, Peter McGee

published in: Economic Inquiry, 2024, 64 (3), 1268 - 1291

IZA Discussion Paper No. 13789

Assessing Selection Bias in Non-Experimental Estimates of the Returns to Workplace Training

Jan Sauermann, Anders Stenberg

revised version available here

IZA Discussion Paper No. 13733

Do Recruiters Select Workers with Different Personality Traits for Different Tasks? A Discrete Choice Experiment

Caroline Wehner, Andries de Grip, Harald Pfeifer

published in: Labour Economics, 2022, 78, 102186

IZA Discussion Paper No. 13696

Recruitment, Effort, and Retention Effects of Performance Contracts for Civil Servants: Experimental Evidence from Rwandan Primary Schools

Clare Leaver, Owen Ozier, Pieter Serneels, Andrew Zeitlin

published in: American Economic Review 2021, 111 (7), 2213 - 2246

IZA Discussion Paper No. 13669

Teacher Allocation and School Performance in Italy

Alex Bryson, Lorenzo Corsini, Irene Martelli

published in: Labour, 2022, 36 (4), 409 - 423

IZA Discussion Paper No. 13624

Employee Identification and Wages: On the Economics of 'Affective Commitment'

Patrick Kampkötter, Lea Petters, Dirk Sliwka

published in: Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 2021, 188, 608-626

IZA Discussion Paper No. 13596

Competition and Career Advancement: The Hidden Costs of Paid Leave

Julian V. Johnsen, Hyejin Ku, Kjell G. Salvanes

latest version published online as 'Competition and Career Advancement' in: Review of Economic Studies, 13 October 2024

IZA Discussion Paper No. 13595

Social Pressure in the Stadiums: Do Agents Change Behavior without Crowd Support?

Vincenzo Scoppa

published in: Journal of Economic Psychology, 2021, 82, 102344.

IZA Discussion Paper No. 13583

Trustworthiness in the Financial Industry

Andrej Gill, Matthias Heinz, Heiner Schumacher, Matthias Sutter

revised version published as 'Social Preferences of Young Professionals and the Financial Industry' in: Management Science, 2023, 69 (7), 3905-3919.

IZA Discussion Paper No. 13548

Are Estimates of Non-Standard Employment Wage Penalties Robust to Different Wage Measures? The Case of Zero Hours Contracts in the UK

Egidio Farina, Colin P. Green, Duncan McVicar

published in: Industrial Relations, 2021, 60 (3), 370 - 399

IZA Discussion Paper No. 13504

Job Satisfaction and Work-Life Balance: Differences between Homework and Work at the Workplace of the Company

Lutz Bellmann, Olaf Hübler

published in: International Journal of Manpower, 2021, 42 (3), 424-441

IZA Discussion Paper No. 13498

Team Incentives, Social Cohesion, and Performance: A Natural Field Experiment

Josse Delfgaauw, Robert Dur, Oke Onemu, Joeri Sol

published in: Management Science, 2022, 68 (1), 230-256

IZA Discussion Paper No. 13491

Cognitive Performance in the Home Office - Evidence from Professional Chess

Steffen Künn, Christian Seel, Dainis Zegners

published in: Economic Journal, 2022, 132 (643), 1218 - 1232

IZA Discussion Paper No. 13369

Does Minimum Wage Increase Labor Productivity? Evidence from Piece Rate Workers

Hyejin Ku

published in: Journal of Labor Economics, 2022, 40 (2), 325-359

IZA Discussion Paper No. 13368

The Effect of Business Cycle Expectations on the German Apprenticeship Market: Estimating the Impact of COVID-19

Samuel Mühlemann, Harald Pfeifer, Bernhard Wittek

published in: Empirical Research in Vocational Education and Training, 2020, 12, Article 8 (2020)

IZA Discussion Paper No. 13358

The Bonding Effect of Deferred Compensation: Worker Separations from a Large Firm in Early Transition Russia

Mikhail Ananyev, Thomas Dohmen, Hartmut Lehmann

IZA Discussion Paper No. 13285

Management Practices, Worker Commitment, and Workplace Representation

John T. Addison, Paulino Teixeira

IZA Discussion Paper No. 13218

Innovation and Communication Media in Virtual Teams – An Experimental Study

Nicola Grözinger, Bernd Irlenbusch, Katharina Laske, Marina Schröder

revised & extended version published in: Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 2020, 180, 201-218

IZA Discussion Paper No. 13216

Gender-Specific Duration of Parental Leave and Current Earnings

Benedikt Gerst, Christian Grund

published in: Work, Employment & Society, 2023, 37, 215 - 235

IZA Discussion Paper No. 13201

Two Field Experiments on Self-Selection, Collaboration Intensity, and Team Performance

Mira Fischer, Rainer Michael Rilke, B. Burcin Yurtoglu

IZA Discussion Paper No. 13174

Gender Differences in Professional Career Dynamics: New Evidence from a Global Law Firm

Ina Ganguli, Ricardo Hausmann, Martina Viarengo

published in: Economica, 2021, 88 (349), 104 - 128