The IZA Discussion Paper Series (ISSN: 2365-9793) disseminates high-quality research by IZA network members to the scientific community and the interested public worldwide before they are later published in academic journals. Comprising more than 17,000 papers, IZA's publication flagship is the most influential working paper series in labor economics.

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676 IZA Discussion Papers
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18191
The Moderating Role of Job Autonomy in the Relationship between the Use of Performance Appraisals and Job Satisfaction
Christian Grund, Anna Nießen
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18187
Working from Home and Mental Health: Giving Employees a Choice Does Make a Difference
Uwe Jirjahn, Cinzia Rienzo
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18181
Performance Pay and Happiness: Work vs. Home?
Mehrzad B. Baktash, John S. Heywood, Uwe Jirjahn
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18137
Making the Invisible Hand Visible: Managers and the Allocation of Workers to Jobs
Virginia Minni
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18127
Workplace Peer Effects in Fertility Decisions
Maria De Paola, Roberto Nistico, Vincenzo Scoppa
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18096
Unfair Chances and Labor Supply
Nickolas Gagnon, Kristof Bosmans, Arno Riedl
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18075
Facing Inflated Rules – Experimental Evidence from Threshold Public Goods Games
Christian Grund, Philipp Monschau
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18059
Management Practices, Workplace Health Promotion and Productivity
Uwe Jirjahn, Jens Mohrenweiser
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18058
The Effect of Visual Openness in Meeting Rooms on Team Productivity and Communication Quality: Evidence from a Randomized Controlled Trial
Shinsuke Asakawa, Akinori Shimono, Mikiko Takahashi, Shoko Yamane, Masaru Sasaki
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18047
Does High Involvement Management Drive Affective Commitment? Causal Tests on System Coherence and Complementarity
Michael Beckmann, Philipp Grunau, Tobias Kretschmer, Elena Shvartsman
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18019
When Managers Choose: Gender Disparities in Employer Training Provision
Marco Caliendo, Deborah A. Cobb-Clark, Katrin Huber, Harald Pfeifer, Arne Uhlendorff, Sophie Wagner
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17987
The Value of Bonding at Work: Evidence from a Field Experiment
Michèle Belot, Rustamdjan Hakimov
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17975
A New Equilibrium: COVID-19 Lockdowns and WFH Persistence
Laura Ketter, Todd Morris, Lizi Yu
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17921
The Managerial Labor Market and Gender Gaps in Beliefs About Own Ability
Tor Eriksson, Nina Smith
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17904
Meaning at Work
Nava Ashraf, Oriana Bandiera, Virginia Minni, Luigi Zingales
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17877
Gender Differences in Performance Evaluations
Katja Görlitz, Tim Sels
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17848
From Followers to Leaders: The Career Impact of High-Quality Managers
Yuyu Chen, Lukas Hensel, Xinjue Yao
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17778
On the Role of Legislation as a Driver of Incentive Management Practices in Europe
John T. Addison, Paulino Teixeira
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17762
Firms’ Beliefs About Wage Setting
Antoine Bertheau, Christian Philip Hoeck
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17737
Where the Rubber Meets the Road: Examining Efficiency and Equity in Designing Summer Youth Employment Programs
Alicia Sasser Modestino, Mindy Marks, Hanna Hoover, Hitanshu Pandit
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17727
Managing Skills in Organizations - Evidence from a Field Experiment
Leonhard Grabe, Dirk Sliwka
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17724
The Relative Importance of the Establishment in the Determination of Job Quality
Alex Bryson, John Forth, Francis Green
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17721
Too Much of a Good Thing? Telework Intensity and Workplace Experiences
Eline Moens, Louis Lippens, Kathleen Vangronsvelt, Ans De Vos, Stijn Baert
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17693
Assessing the Value of Incomplete University Degrees: Experimental Evidence from HR Recruiters
Andrea Diem, Christian Gschwendt, Stefan C. Wolter
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17673
Unpacking the Child Penalty Using Personnel Data: How Promotion Practices Widen the Gender Pay Gap
Yoko Okuyama, Takeshi Murooka, Shintaro Yamaguchi
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17668
Work from Home, Management, and Technology
Ryo Kambayashi, Atsushi Ohyama
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17660
Youth Homelessness, Support Services, and Employment in England
Nick Drydakis
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17655
Workers' Job Prospects and Young Firm Dynamics
Seula Kim
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17614
Monopsony in the New Zealand Labour Market: First Estimates from Administrative Data
Corey Allan, David C. Maré, Dean R. Hyslop
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17607
Are Artificial Intelligence (AI) Skills a Reward or a Gamble? Deconstructing the AI Wage Premium in Europe
Konstantinos Pouliakas, Giulia Santangelo
published online in: Eurasian Business Review, 11 March 2025
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17605
Long-Run Career Outcomes of Multiple Job Holding
Johanna Muffert, Regina T. Riphahn
forthcoming in: Industrial and Labor Relations Review
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17532
Hope, Noise, and the Efficiency of Perfect Meritocracy
Luca Beltrametti, Gabriele Cardullo
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17516
Small Enterprises' Digital Competencies and Financial Performance
Nick Drydakis
published in: V. Aranitou, A. Angelakis, and M. Manioudis (eds), The Economic Impact of Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises Analytical Approaches to Growth and Innovation Challenges Amid Crises in Europe, Palgrave Macmillan, London, 2025, 55–68
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17480
Designing Gender Equity: Evidence from Hiring Practices
Tatiana Mocanu
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17478
Sharing the Fame but Taking the Blame: When Declaring a Single Person Responsible Solves a Free Rider Problem
Xinyu Li, Wendelin Schnedler
published online in: Management Science, 24 January 2025
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17468
Trusted from Home: Managerial Beliefs and Workers' Spatial Autonomy
Adam Gill, Oskar Nordström Skans
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17449
Optimal Compensation in Competitive Labor Markets with Heterogeneous Employers and Workers
Samuel Häfner, Niklas Haeusle, Winfried Koeniger, Alexander Braun
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17401
Do Women on Boards Matter? Network and Spillover Effects on Gender Gaps within Firms
Emma von Essen, Nina Smith
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17367
AI Adoption and Workplace Training
Samuel Mühlemann
substantially revised version published as 'Artifical intelligence adoption and workplace training' in: Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 2025, 238, 107206.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17350
Employee Performance and Mental Well-Being: The Mitigating Effects of Transformational Leadership During Crisis
Kristina Czura, Florian Englmaier, Hoa Ho, Lisa Spantig
published online in: Management Science, 6 Aug 2025
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17304
Internal Promotion or External Hire? Staffing Management Positions When Employees Have a Seat in the Boardroom
Aleksandra Gregoric, Takao Kato, Casper B.L. Larsen
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17280
Personality, Weak Signals, and Workplace Relevant Morality
David L. Dickinson, David Masclet
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17260
Non-compete Agreements, Tacit Knowledge and Market Imperfections
Eric Bartelsman, Sabien Dobbelaere, Alessandro Zona Mattioli
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17258
An Experiment on Creativity in Virtual Teams
Christian Grund, Christine Harbring, Lisa Klinkenberg
forthcoming in: Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17245
Measuring Bias in Job Recommender Systems: Auditing the Algorithms
Shuo Zhang, Peter J. Kuhn
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17240
Gendered Language in Academic Evaluations: Evidence from the Italian University System
Matilde Casamonti, Natalia Zinovyeva
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17234
Working from Home and Performance Pay: Individual or Collective Payment Schemes?
Uwe Jirjahn, Cinzia Rienzo
revised version forthcoming in: British Journal of Industrial Relations
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17182
Work Meaningfulness and Effort
Femke Cnossen, Milena Nikolova
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17165
How Do You Find a Good Manager?
Ben Weidmann, Joseph Vecci, Farah Said, David Deming, Sonia R. Bhalotra
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17119
Making the Right Call: The Heterogeneous Effects of Individual Performance Pay on Productivity
Marco Clemens, Jan Sauermann
published in: Labour Economics, 2025, 94, 102694
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17103
Gender Gaps across the Spectrum of Development: Local Talent and Firm Productivity
Nava Ashraf, Oriana Bandiera, Virginia Minni, Víctor Quintas-Martínez
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17093
Do Gig Workers Prefer Money to Flexibility? Insights from a Discrete-Choice Experiment in Malaysia
Yashodhan Ghorpade, Alyssa Jasmin, Amanina Abdur Rahman
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17082
The Impact of Peer Performance and Relative Rank on Managerial Career Attainment: Evidence from College Students
Rafael Perez Ribas, Breno Sampaio, Giuseppe Trevisan
pubished in: Management Science, 2025, 71 (5), 4510–4531
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17077
Decoding Gender Bias: The Role of Personal Interaction
Abdelrahman Amer, Ashley C Craig, Clémentine Van Effenterre
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17065
The Gender Disclosure Gap: Salary History Bans Unravel When Men Volunteer Their Income
Bo Cowgill, Amanda Agan, Laura Katherine Gee
published in: Organization Science, 2024, 35 (5), 1571–1588
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17061
Work Schedules
Jed DeVaro
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17006
Proud to Belong: The Impact of Ethics Training on Police Officers in Ghana
Donna Harris, Oana Borcan, Danila Serra, Henry Telli, Bruno Schettini, Stefan Dercon
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17005
The Demise of Works Councils in Germany
Susanne Kohaut, Claus Schnabel
forthcoming in: Industrielle Beziehungen (German Journal of Industrial Relations), 2025
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17004
Delegation in Hiring: Evidence from a Two-Sided Audit
Bo Cowgill, Patryk Perkowski
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17000
Monitoring and Prudence
Luca Beltrametti, Gabriele Cardullo
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16986
Stable Matching on the Job? Theory and Evidence on Internal Talent Markets
Bo Cowgill, Jonathan Davis, B. Pablo Montagnes, Patryk Perkowski
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16960
Loud or Quiet Quitting? The Influence of Work Orientations on Effort and Turnover
Milena Nikolova
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16903
Application Flows
Steven J. Davis, Brenda Samaniego de la Parra
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16883
The Use of Performance Appraisals and Employees' Presenteeism Behavior
Christian Grund, Anna Nießen
forthcoming: British Journal of Industrial Relations
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16876
Complements or Substitutes? Examining the Relationship between Teamwork and Selection Intensity
Alberto Bayo-Moriones, Jose Enrique Galdon-Sanchez, Sara Martinez-de-Morentin
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16845
Do Recruiters Penalize Men Who Prefer Low Hours? Evidence from Online Labor Market Data
Daniel Kopp
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16840
Competitive Job Seekers: When Sharing Less Leaves Firms at a Loss
Gaurav Chiplunkar, Erin Kelley, Gregory Lane
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16836
Strategic Behaviours in a Labour Market with Mobility-Restricting Contractual Provisions: Evidence from the National Hockey League
Luca Fumarco, Neil Longley, Alberto Palermo, Giambattista Rossi
revised version published in: Oxford Economic Papers, 2024, 76 (4), 1189–1203
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16812
Multi-Rater Performance Evaluations and Incentives
Axel Ockenfels, Dirk Sliwka, Peter Werner
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16748
Heavy Is the Crown: CEOs' Social Interactions and Layoff Decisions
Andrea Bassanini, Eve Caroli, Kevin Geay, Antoine Rebérioux
published in: Industrial and Corporate Change, 2024, 33 (5), 1253–1270
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16721
Birds of a Feather Earn Together. Gender and Peer Effects at the Workplace
Julián Messina, Anna Sanz-de-Galdeano, Anastasia Terskaya
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16705
The Role of Trainee Selection in the Effectiveness of Vocational Training: Evidence from a Randomized Controlled Trial in Nepal
Shyamal Chowdhury, Syed Hasan, Uttam Sharma
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16682
Occupational Job Ladders within and between Firms
Eliza Forsythe
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16659
Technological Change and Returns to Training
Roman Klauser, Marcus Tamm
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16656
Robots, Meaning, and Self-Determination
Milena Nikolova, Femke Cnossen, Boris Nikolaev
published in: Research Policy, 2024, 53 (5), 104987
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16643
Human Values and Selection into Supervisory Positions: Evidence from Nine European Countries
Mihails Hazans, Jaan Masso, Per Botolf Maurseth
revised version published online in International Journal of Manpower, 9 September 2025
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16623
The Hidden Costs of Choice in the Labor Market
Pak Hung Au, King King Li, Qing Zhang, Rong Zhu
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16621
Minimum Wage Non-compliance: The Role of Co-determination
Laszlo Goerke, Markus Pannenberg
substantially revised version published online in: European Journal of Law and Economics, 14 September 2024,
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16610
Just Another Cog in the Machine? A Worker-Level View of Robotization and Tasks
Milena Nikolova, Anthony Lepinteur, Femke Cnossen
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16576
Demand for Personality Traits, Tasks, and Sorting
Vera Brenčič, Andrew McGee
published in: Elsner, B. and Polachek, S.W. (eds.), Big Data Applications in Labor Economics, Part A (Research in Labor Economics, 52A), Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, 2024, 161-211
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16560
So, Dear Applicant, Do You Mean Working from Home or Shirking from Home?
Eline Moens, Elsy Verhofstadt, Luc Van Ootegem, Stijn Baert
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16537
Job Training and Job Search Assistance Policies in Developing Countries
Eliana Carranza, David McKenzie
published in: Journal of Economic Perspectives, 2024, 38 (1), 221–244
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16443
Divergent Thinking and Post-Launch Entrepreneurial Outcomes: Non-Linearities and the Moderating Role of Experience
Marco Caliendo, Daniel Rodriguez
published in: Small Business Economics, 2024, 62, 1523-1553
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16436
The Evolution of Work from Home
José María Barrero, Nicholas Bloom, Steven J. Davis
published in: Journal of Economic Perspectives, 2023, 37 (4), 23 - 50
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16424
The Micro-Foundations of Employment Systems: An Empirical Case Study of Britain and France
Thomas Amossé, Alex Bryson, John Forth, Héloïse Petit
published in: British Journal of Industrial Relations, 2025, 63 (1), 3 - 29
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16362
Contested Transparency: Digital Monitoring Technologies and Worker Voice
Filippo Belloc, Gabriel Burdin, Stefano Dughera, Fabio Landini
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16361
Are Managers More Machiavellian than Other Employees?
Mehrzad B. Baktash, Uwe Jirjahn
revised version forthcoming in: Industrial and Labor Relations Review
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16333
Outside Options and Worker Motivation
Alexander Ahammer, Matthias Fahn, Flora Stiftinger
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16283
Persistent Overconfidence and Biased Memory: Evidence from Managers
David B. Huffman, Collin Raymond, Julia Shvets
published in: American Economic Review, 2022, 112 (10), 3141–3175
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16278
Closing the Gender Gap in Salary Increases: Evidence from a Field Experiment on Promoting Pay Equity
Jakob Alfitian, Marvin Deversi, Dirk Sliwka
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16267
Variable Payment Schemes and Productivity: Do Individual-Based Schemes Really Have a Stronger Influence than Collective Ones?
Uwe Jirjahn, Jens Mohrenweiser
revised version published online in: Kyklos, 25 May 2025
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16262
Labor Market Regulation and Firm Adjustments in Skill Demand
Anna Bottasso, Massimiliano Bratti, Gabriele Cardullo, Maurizio Conti, Giovanni Sulis
revised version published as 'Labor Market Regulations and Firm Adjustments in Skill Demand' in: Journal of Public Economics, 2025, 242, 105292
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16261
When Are Employers Interested in Electronic Performance Monitoring? Results from a Factorial Survey Experiment
Luisa Wieser, Martin Abraham, Claus Schnabel, Cornelia Niessen, Mauren Wolff
slightly revised version published as 'Employers’ Muted Interest in Electronic Performance Monitoring (EPM)' in: S. Pfeiffer et al. (eds.), Digitalisierung der Arbeitswelten, SpringerNature. Springer VS, Wiesbaden 2024, 181-202
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16150
Improving Health and Safety in the Informal Sector: Evidence from a Randomized Trial in Bangladesh
Asadul Islam, Wang-Sheng Lee, Margaret Triyana, Xing Xia
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16147
Helping and Antisocial Behavior in the Workplace
Michael Haylock, Patrick Kampkötter, Michael Kosfeld, Ferdinand von Siemens
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16123
Incentivizing Team Leaders: A Firm-Level Experiment on Subjective Performance Evaluation of Leadership Skills
Thomas Gall, Xiaocheng Hu, Michael Vlassopoulos
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16083
Employers' Demand for Personality Traits
Vera Brenčič, Andrew McGee
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16042
Monetary Rewards, Hierarchy Level and Working Hours as Drivers of Employees' Self-Evaluations
Christian Grund, Alexandra Soboll
published in: Review of Managerial Science, 2025, 19, 729–756
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16025
Tournament Incentives Affect Perceived Stress and Hormonal Stress Responses
Thomas Dohmen, Ingrid M.T. Rohde, Tom Stolp
published in: Experimental Economics, 2023, 26 (4), 955–985.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15980
Remote Work across Jobs, Companies, and Space
Stephen Hansen, Peter John Lambert, Nicholas Bloom, Steven J. Davis, Raffaella Sadun, Bledi Taska
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