IZA Discussion Papers

forthcoming in: Randall Akee, Lawrence F. Katz, and Mark Loewenstein (eds.), Race, Ethnicity, and Economic Statistics for the 21st Century, University of Chicago Press, 2026

IZA Discussion Paper No. 17184

Sink or Swim: Testing the Roles of Science and Religion in Raising Environmental Awareness in Indonesia

Armand Sim, Sarah Gultom, Alyas Widita, Wang-Sheng Lee, Umair Khalil

IZA Discussion Paper No. 17170

The Long Run Gender Origins of Entrepreneurship: Evidence from Australia's Convict History

Sefa Awaworyi Churchill, Simon Chang, Russell Smyth, Trong-Anh Trinh

IZA Discussion Paper No. 17138

Prison Norms and Society beyond Bars

Maxim Ananyev, Mikhail Poyker

IZA Discussion Paper No. 17137

Impact of Prison Experience on Anti-gay Sentiments: Longitudinal Analysis of Inmates and Their Families

Maxim Ananyev, Mikhail Poyker

IZA Discussion Paper No. 17113

Spillovers in Criminal Networks: Evidence from Co-offender Deaths

Matthew J. Lindquist, Eleonora Patacchini, Michael Vlassopoulos, Yves Zenou

IZA Discussion Paper No. 17110

Aggregate Shocks and the Formation of Preferences and Beliefs

Paola Giuliano, Antonio Spilimbergo

published in: Journal of Economic Literature, 2025, 62 (2), 542–597

IZA Discussion Paper No. 17012

The Relationship between Social Capital and Migrant Integration, Ethnic Diversity, and Spatial Sorting

Matthew Roskruge, Jacques Poot

published online as 'Evidence of the effects of ethnic diversity, years of residence, and location on migrant bridging, bonding, and linking, social capital: a New Zealand synthesis' in: Asia-Pacific Journal of Regional Science, 29 June 2025

IZA Discussion Paper No. 17010

The Modification of Social Space as a Tool for Lowering Social Stress

Oded Stark

published in: Economics & Human Biology. 2024, 53, 101349

IZA Discussion Paper No. 16947

On the Post-Enlightenment Evolution of Moral Universalism

Michael Jetter

advanced version published online in: Economic Journal, 18 June 2025

IZA Discussion Paper No. 16833

Moving Out of the Comfort Zone: How Cultural Norms Affect Attitudes toward Immigration

Yvonne Giesing, Björn Kauder, Lukas Mergele, Niklas Potrafke, Panu Poutvaara

IZA Discussion Paper No. 16830

Peer Effects on Violence: Experimental Evidence from El Salvador

Lelys Dinarte Diaz

IZA Discussion Paper No. 16739

Ethnic Identity and Educational Outcomes

Teresa Randazzo, Matloob Piracha

IZA Discussion Paper No. 16703

The Behavioral, Economic, and Political Impact of the Internet and Social Media: Empirical Challenges and Approaches

Fabio Sabatini

revised version published in: Journal of Economic Surveys, 2025, 39 (3), 1000-1036

IZA Discussion Paper No. 16674

Enlightenment Ideals and Belief in Progress in the Run-up to the Industrial Revolution: A Textual Analysis

Ali Almelhem, Murat Iyigun, Austin Kennedy, Jared Rubin

IZA Discussion Paper No. 16633

The Heritability of Economic Preferences

Nathan Kettlewell, Agnieszka Tymula, Hong Il Yoo

IZA Discussion Paper No. 16622

Life-Cycle Effects of Comprehensive Sex Education

Volha Lazuka, Annika Elwert

IZA Discussion Paper No. 16599

Stigma and Take-up of Labor Market Assistance: Evidence from Two Field Experiments

Adam Osman, Jamin D. Speer

published in: Economica, 2024, 91 (361), 123-141

IZA Discussion Paper No. 16590

Human Capital Affects Religious Identity: Causal Evidence from Kenya

Livia Alfonsi, Michal Bauer, Julie Chytilová, Edward Miguel

published in: Journal of Development Economics, 2024, 167, 103215

IZA Discussion Paper No. 16586

Foreshadowing Mars: Religiosity and Pre-enlightenment Warfare

Luke Barber, Michael Jetter, Tim Krieger

IZA Discussion Paper No. 16538

From the Death of God to the Rise of Hitler

Sascha O. Becker, Hans-Joachim Voth

IZA Discussion Paper No. 16494

Religion and Growth

Sascha O. Becker, Jared Rubin, Ludger Woessmann

published in: Journal of Economic Literature, 2024, 62 (3), 1094–1142

IZA Discussion Paper No. 16458

Can Patience Account For Subnational Differences in Student Achievement? Regional Analysis with Facebook Interests

Eric A. Hanushek, Lavinia Kinne, Pietro Sancassani, Ludger Woessmann

published online as 'Patience and Subnational Differences in Human Capital: Regional Analysis with Facebook Interests' in: Economic Journal, 2025

IZA Discussion Paper No. 16354

Towards a General Theory of Peer Effects

Vincent Boucher, Michelle Rendall, Philip Ushchev, Yves Zenou

published in: Econometrica, 2024, 92 (2), 543-565

IZA Discussion Paper No. 16282

Illicit Shadows: An Economic Analysis of Trade Gaps in Cultural Goods through the Italian Market

Elia Acciai, Michele Belloni, Marina Della Giusta, Giovanna Segre

IZA Discussion Paper No. 16264

Covid-19 and Income Inequality in OECD Countries: A Methodological Comment

Oded Stark

published in: European Journal of Health Economics, 2023, 24, 1235–1237

IZA Discussion Paper No. 16249

The Fast and the Studious? Ramadan Observance and Student Performance

Kyra Hanemaaijer, Olivier Marie, Marco Musumeci

IZA Discussion Paper No. 16210

Roots of Inequality

Oded Galor, Marc Klemp, Daniel Crisóstomo Wainstock

IZA Discussion Paper No. 16193

Entitled to Property: How Breaking the Gender Barrier Improves Child Health in India

Md Shahadath Hossain, Plamen Nikolov

IZA Discussion Paper No. 16164

Are Immigrants More Left Wing than Natives?

Simone Moriconi, Giovanni Peri, Riccardo Turati

published as 'Analyzing political preferences of second-generation immigrants across the rural–urban divide', in: Journal of Urban Economics, 2025, 146, 103740.

IZA Discussion Paper No. 16159

Religion, Ideology and Fertility

Kazuhiro Kumo, Cristiano Perugini

published as 'Religion, Gender Norms and Fertility in Muslim Post-Communist Economies' in: Post-Communist Economies, 2024, 36 (8), 1035–1065.

IZA Discussion Paper No. 16130

On a Tendency in Health Economics to Dwell on Income Inequality and Underestimate Social Stress

Oded Stark

published in: Economics & Human Biology, 2023, 49, 101232

IZA Discussion Paper No. 16107

Minimum Wage and Tolerance for High Incomes

Andrea Fazio, Tommaso G. Reggiani

published in: European Economic Review, 2023, 155, 104445

IZA Discussion Paper No. 16097

Marriage versus Cohabitation: How Specialization and Time Use Differ by Relationship Type

Leslie S. Stratton

published in: Research in Labor Economics: Time Use in Economics, 2023, 51, 187-218

IZA Discussion Paper No. 16068

The Impact of the Prehistoric Out of Africa Migration on Cultural Diversity

Oded Galor, Marc Klemp, Daniel Crisóstomo Wainstock

IZA Discussion Paper No. 16058

What We Teach about Race and Gender: Representation in Images and Text of Children's Books

Anjali Adukia, Alex Eble, Emileigh Harrison, Hakizumwami Birali Runesha, Teodora Szasz

published in: Quarterly Journal of Economics, 2023, 138 (4), 2225 - 2285

IZA Discussion Paper No. 16051

Religious Barriers to Birth Control Access

Olivier Marie, Esmée Zwiers

IZA Discussion Paper No. 16026

Religion and Cooperation across the Globe

Felipe Valencia Caicedo, Thomas Dohmen, Andreas Pondorfer

published in: Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 2023, 215, 479–489.

IZA Discussion Paper No. 16006

Social Norms and Female Labor Force Participation in Bangladesh: The Role of Social Expectations and Reference Networks

Luna Bellani, Kumar Biswas, Sebastian Fehrler, Paul Marx, Shwetlena Sabarwal, Syed Rashed Al-Zayed Josh

IZA Discussion Paper No. 15969

Does War Foster Cooperation or Parochialism? Evidence from a Natural Experiment among Turkish Conscripts

Arzu Kıbrıs, Resul Cesur

IZA Discussion Paper No. 15961

Health System Trust and Compliance with COVID-19 Restrictions

Joan Costa-Font, Cristina Vilaplana-Prieto

published ' in: Economics and Human Biology, 2023, 49, 101235

IZA Discussion Paper No. 15923

A Pure Theory of Population Distribution When Preferences Are Ordinal

Holger Stark, Grzegorz Kosiorowski

IZA Discussion Paper No. 15904

Explaining Happiness Trends in Europe

Richard A. Easterlin, Kelsey J. O'Connor

published in: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2022, 119 (37), e2210639119.

IZA Discussion Paper No. 15861

American Indian Casinos and Native American Self-Identification

Francisca M. Antman, Brian Duncan

published in: Journal of the European Economic Association, 2023, 21 (6), 2547 - 2585

IZA Discussion Paper No. 15697

Who Protests, What Do They Protest, and Why?

Erica Chenoweth, Barton H. Hamilton, Hedwig Lee, Nicholas W. Papageorge, Stephen Roll, Matthew V. Zahn

IZA Discussion Paper No. 15613

Preference for Redistribution during Structural Change with Labor Mobility Frictions

Krzysztof Makarski, Joanna Tyrowicz

published in: European Journal of Political Economy, 2023, 77, 102316

IZA Discussion Paper No. 15584

Choosing or Inheriting the Joneses: The Origins of Reference Groups

Martin Leites, Camila Paleo, Xavier Ramos, Gonzalo Salas

IZA Discussion Paper No. 15570

Is Secessionism Mostly about Income or Identity? A Global Analysis of 3,003 Subnational Regions

Klaus Desmet, Ignacio Ortuño Ortín, Ömer Özak

published in: Economic Journal, 2025, 135 (668), 1261–1299

IZA Discussion Paper No. 15501

Famous after Death: The Effect of a Writer's Death on Book Sales

Michela Ponzo, Vincenzo Scoppa

published in: Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 2023, 210, 210-225.

IZA Discussion Paper No. 15431

Stigma in Welfare Programs

Pablo Celhay, Bruce D. Meyer, Nikolas Mittag

IZA Discussion Paper No. 15381

Bring a Friend: Strengthening Women's Social Networks and Reproductive Autonomy in India

S Anukriti, Catalina Herrera-Almanza, Mahesh Karra

IZA Discussion Paper No. 15376

Spatial Interactions

Jun Sung Kim, Eleonora Patacchini, Pierre M. Picard, Yves Zenou

published in: Quantitative Economics, 2023, 14 (4), 1295-1335

IZA Discussion Paper No. 15374

Traditional Norms, Access to Divorce and Women's Empowerment

Olivier B. Bargain, Jordan Loper, Roberta Ziparo

IZA Discussion Paper No. 15360

Occupational Status and Life Satisfaction in the UK: The Miserable Middle?

Yannis Georgellis, Andrew E. Clark, Emmanuel Apergis, Catherine Robinson

published in: Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 2022, 204, 509-527

IZA Discussion Paper No. 15348

Millet, Rice, and Isolation: Origins and Persistence of the World's Most Enduring Mega-State

James Kai-sing Kung, Ömer Özak, Louis Putterman, Shuang Shi

IZA Discussion Paper No. 15212

Does Social Capital Matter? A Study of Hit-and-Run in US Counties

Stefano Castriota, Sandro Rondinella, Mirco Tonin

published in: Social Science & Medicine, 2023, 329, 116011

IZA Discussion Paper No. 15179

Developmental Losses in Young Children from Pre-primary Program Closures during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Alejandra Abufhele, David Bravo, Florencia López Bóo, Pamela Soto-Ramirez

published in: Comparative Education Review, 2024, 68 (3), 423 -442

IZA Discussion Paper No. 15166

The Shadow of the Neolithic Revolution on Life Expectancy: A Double-Edged Sword

Raphaël Franck, Oded Galor, Omer Moav, Ömer Özak

IZA Discussion Paper No. 15132

The Impacts of a Prototypical Home Visiting Program on Child Skills

Jin Zhou, James J. Heckman, Bei Liu, Mai Lu

earlier version of this paper available as IZA DP No. 13346.

IZA Discussion Paper No. 15130

Social Networks and Surviving the Holocaust

Matěj Bělín, Tomáš Jelínek, Štepán Jurajda

part of the paper published as 'Preexisting social ties among Auschwitz prisoners support Holocaust survival' in: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), 2023, 120 (29), e2221654120

IZA Discussion Paper No. 15078

The Political Economy of Propaganda: Evidence from US Newspapers

Sebastian Ottinger, Max Posch

IZA Discussion Paper No. 15054

Culture, Gender, and Financial Literacy

Maddalena Davoli, Núria Rodríguez-Planas

IZA Discussion Paper No. 15042

Strangers and Foreigners: Trust and Attitudes toward Citizenship

Graziella Bertocchi, Arcangelo Dimico, Gian Luca Tedeschi

published in: World Bank Economic Review, 2025, 39, 42-60

IZA Discussion Paper No. 14989

Can Schools Change Religious Attitudes? Evidence from German State Reforms of Compulsory Religious Education

W. Benjamin Arold, Ludger Woessmann, Larissa Zierow

published online in: Journal of Human Resources, 2025

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