The IZA Discussion Paper Series (ISSN: 2365-9793) disseminates high-quality research by IZA network members to the scientific community and the interested public worldwide before they are later published in academic journals. Comprising more than 17,000 papers, IZA's publication flagship is the most influential working paper series in labor economics.

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432 IZA Discussion Papers
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17727
Managing Skills in Organizations - Evidence from a Field Experiment
Leonhard Grabe, Dirk Sliwka
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17703
Math Exposure and University Performance: Causal Evidence from Twins
Graziella Bertocchi, Luca Bonacini, Majlinda Joxhe, Giuseppe Pignataro
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17643
Degrees of Deception: How Score Manipulation Mitigates Temperature's Impact on Student Performance
Rosario Maria Ballatore, Alessandro Palma, Daniela Vuri
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17623
TV Digital Transition in Italy and the Impact on Pupils' Academic Performance
Andrea Caria, Daniele Checchi, Dimitri Paolini
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17607
Are Artificial Intelligence (AI) Skills a Reward or a Gamble? Deconstructing the AI Wage Premium in Europe
Konstantinos Pouliakas, Giulia Santangelo
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17516
Small Enterprises' Digital Competencies and Financial Performance
Nick Drydakis
forthcoming in: V. Aranitou, A. Angelakis, and M. Manioudis (eds), The Economic Impact of Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises Analytical Approaches to Growth and Innovation Challenges Amid Crises in Europe, Palgrave Macmillan, London, 2025
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17346
Do Big Inequalities in Executive Pay Hurt Firm Performance?
Richard Yiu-Ming Chung, Jed DeVaro, Scott Fung
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17234
Working from Home and Performance Pay: Individual or Collective Payment Schemes?
Uwe Jirjahn, Cinzia Rienzo
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17229
Brexit Had No Measurable Effect on Irish Exporters
Benjamin Elsner, Eoin T. Flaherty, Stefanie Haller
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17220
Do Contract Remedies Affect Efficient Renegotiation? An Experiment
Maria Bigoni, Stefania Bortolotti, Francesco Parisi, Xin Zhang
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17125
The Role of Flexible Wage Components in Gender Wage Difference
István Boza, Balázs Reizer
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17123
Beyond Borders: Do Gender Norms and Institutions Affect Female Businesses?
Holger Görg, Ina C. Jäkel
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17119
Making the Right Call: The Heterogeneous Effects of Individual Performance Pay on Productivity
Marco Clemens, Jan Sauermann
published in: Labour Economics, 2025, 94, 102694
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17084
Single-Sex vs. Coeducational Schooling and STEM: Comparing Australian Students with Similar University Admission Scores
Wang-Sheng Lee
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17082
The Impact of Peer Performance and Relative Rank on Managerial Career Attainment: Evidence from College Students
Rafael Perez Ribas, Breno Sampaio, Giuseppe Trevisan
pubished online in: Management Science, 13 Sep 2024
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17031
Do Politicians Affect Firm Outcomes? Evidence from Connections to the German Federal Parliament
André Diegmann, Laura Pohlan, Andrea Weber
find an updated version of the paper here
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16901
Parental and School Responses to Student Performance: Evidence from School Entry Rules
Peter Fredriksson, Björn Öckert, Lucas Tilley
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16892
Country Statistical Capacity: A Recent Assessment Tool and Further Reflections on the Way Forward
Hai-Anh H Dang, Dean Jolliffe, Umar Serajuddin, Brian Stacy
published in: Statistical Journal of the IAOS, 2024, 40 (2), 211–225
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16886
Does How You Get Paid at Work Affect Your Time off Work? The Relationship between Performance-Related Employment Contracts and Leisure Activities
Nicole Andelic, Julia Allan, Keith A. Bender, Daniel Powell, Ioannis Theodossiou
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16883
The Use of Performance Appraisals and Employees' Presenteeism Behavior
Christian Grund, Anna Nießen
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16883
The Use of Performance Appraisals and Employees' Presenteeism Behavior
Christian Grund, Anna Nießen
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16851
School Starting Age and the Social Gradient in Educational Outcomes
Yuejun Zhao, Simen Markussen, Knut Røed
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16828
Refugees' Economic Integration and Firms
Matthew A. Cole, Liza Jabbour, Ceren Ozgen, Hiromi Yumoto
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16812
Multi-Rater Performance Evaluations and Incentives
Axel Ockenfels, Dirk Sliwka, Peter Werner
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16782
Do Women Fare Worse When Men Are Around? Quasi-Experimental Evidence
Marcela Gomez-Ruiz, María Cervini-Plá, Xavier Ramos
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16745
Reviewing Assessment Tools for Measuring Country Statistical Capacity
Hai-Anh H Dang, John Pullinger, Umar Serajuddin, Brian Stacy
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16739
Ethnic Identity and Educational Outcomes
Teresa Randazzo, Matloob Piracha
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16617
Female Board Representation and Corporate Performance: A Review and New Estimates for Australia
Nicholas Bayly, Robert Breunig, Chris Wokker
published in: Economic Record, 2024, 100 (330), 386-417
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16606
System Relevance and Firm Performance Due to COVID-19
Michael Johannes Böhm, Pamela Qendrai
published in: German Economic Review, 2023, 24 (4), 349-410
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16584
Gender Differences in High School Choices: Do Math and Language Skills Play a Role?
Dalit Contini, Maria Laura Di Tommaso, Anna Maccagnan, Silvia Mendolia
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16443
Divergent Thinking and Post-Launch Entrepreneurial Outcomes: Non-Linearities and the Moderating Role of Experience
Marco Caliendo, Daniel Rodriguez
published in: Small Business Economics, 2024, 62, 1523-1553
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16431
The Impact of High Temperatures on Performance in Work-Related Activities
Matteo Picchio, Jan C. van Ours
published in: Labour Economics, 2024, 87, 102509
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16413
Performance Costs and Benefits of Collective Turnover: A Theory-Driven Measurement Framework and Applications
Nick Zubanov, Elena Shakina
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16380
Do Teachers' Labor Contracts Matter?
Ainoa Aparicio Fenoll, Roberto Quaranta
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16267
Variable Payment Schemes and Productivity: Do Individual-Based Schemes Really Have a Stronger Influence than Collective Ones?
Uwe Jirjahn, Jens Mohrenweiser
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16267
Variable Payment Schemes and Productivity: Do Individual-Based Schemes Really Have a Stronger Influence than Collective Ones?
Uwe Jirjahn, Jens Mohrenweiser
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16261
When Are Employers Interested in Electronic Performance Monitoring? Results from a Factorial Survey Experiment
Luisa Wieser, Martin Abraham, Claus Schnabel, Cornelia Niessen, Mauren Wolff
slightly revised version published as 'Employers’ Muted Interest in Electronic Performance Monitoring (EPM)' in: S. Pfeiffer et al. (eds.), Digitalisierung der Arbeitswelten, SpringerNature. Springer VS, Wiesbaden 2024, 181-202
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16028
Overexertion of Effort under Working Time Autonomy and Feedback Provision
Thomas Dohmen, Elena Shvartsman
published in: Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 2023, 212, 255-1266
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15988
Educational Consequences of a Sibling's Disability: Evidence from Type 1 Diabetes
Tine Louise Mundbjerg Eriksen, Amanda Gaulke, Niels Skipper, Jannet Svensson, Peter Rønø Thingholm
published in: Economics of Education Review, 2023, 94, 102407
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15956
Works Councils as Gatekeepers: Codetermination, Monitoring Practices, and Job Satisfaction
Christian Grund, Dirk Sliwka, Krystina Titz
published in: Labour Economics, 2024, 90, 102563
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15927
Parental Unemployment and Adolescents' Academic Performance
Nick Drydakis
published in: International Journal of Manpower, 2023, 44 (7), 1362-1381.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15848
Self-Efficacy and Entrepreneurial Performance of Start-Ups
Marco Caliendo, Alexander S. Kritikos, Daniel Rodriguez, Claudia Stier
published in: Small Business Economics, 2023, 61, 1027–1051
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15773
Gender Stereotypes in the Family
Cheti Nicoletti, Almudena Sevilla, Valentina Tonei
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15723
Keep Calm and Carry On: The Short- vs. Long-Run Effects of Mindfulness Meditation on (Academic) Performance
Lea Cassar, Mira Fischer, Vanessa Valero
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15676
Management and Performance in the Public Sector: Evidence from German Municipalities
Florian Englmaier, Gerd Muehlheusser, Andreas Roider, Niklas Wallmeier
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15617
Employer Cooperation, Productivity, and Wages: New Evidence from Inter-Firm Formal Network Agreements
Francesco Devicienti, Elena Grinza, Alessandro Manello, Davide Vannoni
published in: Economica, 2025, 92 (365), 1 - 41
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15554
Organisational Leadership: How Much Does It Matter?
Getinet Astatike Haile
published in: British Journal of Industrial Relations, 2023, 61 (3), 653 - 673
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15529
Dynamics of First-Time Patenting Firms
Øivind Anti Nilsen, Arvid Raknerud
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15496
Social Preferences and Rating Biases in Subjective Performance Evaluations
David Kusterer, Dirk Sliwka
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15474
Does Performance Pay Influence Hours of Work?
Colin P. Green, John S. Heywood
published as 'Performance pay, work hours and employee health in the UK' in: Labour Economics, 2023, 84, 102387
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15456
COVID-19 and the Gender Gap in University Student Performance
Massimiliano Bratti, Enrico Lippo
revised version forthcoming as: 'Effects of COVID-19 on Gender Gaps in Educational Outcomes of College Students in Italy' in: K. Couch (ed.), Handbook of Inequality and COVID-19, Edward Elgar, 2015
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15432
Reaping the Rewards Later: How Education Improves Old-Age Cognition in South Africa
Plamen Nikolov, Steve Yeh
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15412
Performance Pay and Work Hours: US Survey Evidence
Benjamin Artz, John S. Heywood
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15249
Who Wins and Who Loses from State Subsidies?
Jun Du, Sourafel Girma, Holger Görg, Ignat Stepanok
published in: Canadian Journal of Economics, 2023, 56 (3), 1007-1031
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15156
State-Level Economic Policy Uncertainty
Scott R. Baker, Steven J. Davis, Jeffrey A. Levy
published in: Journal of Monetary Economics, 2022, 132, 81-99
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15147
Employee Health and Firm Performance
Daniel A. Rettl, Alexander Schandlbauer, Mircea Trandafir
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15123
Place-Based Policies and Agglomeration Economies: Firm-Level Evidence from Special Economic Zones in India
Holger Görg, Alina Mulyukova
published in: European Economic Review, 2024, 165, 104752
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15031
Online Teaching, Procrastination and Students’ Achievement: Evidence from COVID-19 Induced Remote Learning
Maria De Paola, Francesca Gioia, Vincenzo Scoppa
published in: Economics of Education Review, 2023, 94, 102378.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15000
Performance-Related Pay and Objective Measures of Health after Correcting for Sample Selection
Nicole Andelic, Julia Allan, Keith A. Bender, Daniel Powell, Ioannis Theodossiou
published as 'Performance-related Pay, Mental and Physiological Health' in: Industrial Relations, 2024, 63 (1), 3-25.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14986
Does Group-Based Incentive Pay Lead To Higher Productivity? Evidence from a Complex and Interdependent Industrial Production Process
Anders Frederiksen, Daniel Baltzer Schjødt Hansen, Colleen Flaherty Manchester
published as ' Group-based incentives and individual performance: Unpacking the effort response' in: ILR Review, 2024, 77 (2), 273-293.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14986
Does Group-Based Incentive Pay Lead To Higher Productivity? Evidence from a Complex and Interdependent Industrial Production Process
Anders Frederiksen, Daniel Baltzer Schjødt Hansen, Colleen Flaherty Manchester
published as ' Group-based incentives and individual performance: Unpacking the effort response' in: ILR Review, 2024, 77 (2), 273-293.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14939
Worker Stress and Performance Pay: German Survey Evidence
Mehrzad B. Baktash, John S. Heywood, Uwe Jirjahn
revised version published in: Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 2022, 201, 276-291
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14922
The Effect of Age Diversity in Groups on Peer Evaluations and Individual Performance
Katja Görlitz, Tim Sels
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14896
Does Multitasking Affect Students' Academic Performance? Evidence from a Longitudinal Study
Simon Amez, Stijn Baert, Emily Heydencamp, Joey Wuyts
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14806
Does Gender Matter? The Effect of High Performing Peers on Academic Performances
Francesca Modena, Enrico Rettore, Giulia Tanzi
published as 'Asymmetries in the gender effect of high-performing peers: Evidence from tertiary education' in: Labour Economics, 2022, 78, 102225
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14803
The Market for CEOs: Building Legacy and Feeling Empowered Matter
Arnaud Dupuy, John Kennes, Ran Sun Lyng
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14694
Complementarity in Employee Participation Systems: International Evidence
Gabriel Burdin, Takao Kato
revised version published as 'Complementarity in Employee Participation Systems' in: Zimmermann K. (ed.) Handbook of Labor, Human Resources and Population Economics. Springer Nature, 2022
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14547
Deteriorated Sleep Quality Does Not Explain the Negative Impact of Smartphone Use on Academic Performance
Simon Amez, Suncica Vujic, Margo Abrath, Stijn Baert
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14439
Peer Gender and Schooling: Evidence from Ethiopia
Daniel Borbely, Jonathan Norris, Agnese Romiti
published in: Journal of Human Capital, 2023, 17 (2), 207–249
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14437
An Optimal Split of School Classes
Oded Stark
published in: Economic Analysis and Policy, 2021, 69, 668-675
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14437
An Optimal Split of School Classes
Oded Stark
published in: Economic Analysis and Policy, 2021, 69, 668-675
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14290
Worker Commitment and Establishment Performance
John T. Addison, Paulino Teixeira
revised version published as 'Worker Commitment and Establishment Performance in Europe' in: Manchester School, 2024, 92 (1), 40-66.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14285
Job Design, Learning & Intrinsic Motivation
Michael Gibbs
published in: Tor Eriksson (ed.), Elgar Encyclopedia of Labour Studies, Edward Elgar, 2023, 86–90
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14275
Do Parents Expect Too Much or Is It All about Grades? The Discrepancy between Parents' Aspirations and Child's Academic Performance, and Parental Satisfaction with the School
Stefani Milovanska-Farrington
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14207
Does the Legal Form Matter for Firm Performance in the MENA Region?
Issam Abdo Ahmad, Ali Fakih
published in: Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics, 2022, 93 (2), 342-358
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14205
Performance Pay and Alcohol Use in Germany
Mehrzad B. Baktash, John S. Heywood, Uwe Jirjahn
revised version published in: Industrial Relations, 2022, 61, 353-383
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14199
Information Provision, Incentives, and Attention: A Field Experiment on Facilitating and Influencing Managers' Decisions
Kathrin Manthei, Dirk Sliwka, Timo Vogelsang
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14184
Teacher Characteristics and Student Performance: Evidence from Random Teacher-Student Assignments in China
Wei Huang, Teng Li, Yinghao Pan, Jinyang Ren
published in: Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 2023, 214, 747-781
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14113
COVID-19 and College Academic Performance: A Longitudinal Analysis
Núria Rodríguez-Planas
substantially revised version published as 'COVID-19, College Academic Performance, and the Flexible Grading Policy: A Longitudinal Analysis' in: Journal of Public Economics, 2022, 207, 104606
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14104
Special Ones? The Effect of Head Coaches on Football Team Performance
Alex Bryson, Babatunde Buraimo, Alex Farnell, Rob Simmons
published in: Scottish Journal of Political Economy, 2024, 71 (3), 295-322
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14104
Special Ones? The Effect of Head Coaches on Football Team Performance
Alex Bryson, Babatunde Buraimo, Alex Farnell, Rob Simmons
published in: Scottish Journal of Political Economy, 2024, 71 (3), 295-322
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14097
Can Mentoring Alleviate Family Disadvantage in Adolescence? A Field Experiment to Improve Labor-Market Prospects
Sven Resnjanskij, Jens Ruhose, Simon Wiederhold, Ludger Woessmann
published in: Journal of Political Economy, 2024, 132 (3), 1013-1062
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14050
Turning Relative Deprivation into a Performance Incentive Device
Oded Stark, Grzegorz Kosiorowski
published in: Journal of Mathematical Sociology, 2021, 45 (1), 22-36
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14033
The Effects of Free Secondary School Track Choice: A Disaggregated Synthetic Control Approach
Aderonke Osikominu, Gregor Pfeifer, Kristina Strohmaier
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13992
Urgent Care Centers, Hospital Performance and Population Health
Sonia R. Bhalotra, Letícia Nunes, Rudi Rocha
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13981
Managerial Performance of a Female-Owned and Home-Based Firm
Oluwasheyi S. Oladipo, Katarzyna Platt, Hyoung Suk Shim
published online in: Small Business Economics, 17 January 2023
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13953
Consequences of a Massive Refugee Influx on Firm Performance and Market Structure
Yusuf Emre Akgündüz, Yusuf Kenan Bağır, Seyit Mümin Cilasun, Murat Güray Kirdar
published in: Journal of Development Economics, 2023, 162, 103081.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13838
What Is at Stake without High-Stakes Exams? Students' Evaluation and Admission to College at the Time of COVID-19
Andreu Arenas, Caterina Calsamiglia, Annalisa Loviglio
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13738
Financial Distress and the Role of Management in Micro and Small-Sized Firms
Fernando Alexandre, Sara Cruz, Miguel Portela
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13721
First in Their Families at University: Can Non-cognitive Skills Compensate for Social Origin?
Rebecca Edwards, Rachael Gibson, Colm P. Harmon, Stefanie Schurer
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13705
What Do Employers' Associations Do?
Pedro S. Martins
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13696
Recruitment, Effort, and Retention Effects of Performance Contracts for Civil Servants: Experimental Evidence from Rwandan Primary Schools
Clare Leaver, Owen Ozier, Pieter Serneels, Andrew Zeitlin
published in: American Economic Review 2021, 111 (7), 2213 - 2246
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13669
Teacher Allocation and School Performance in Italy
Alex Bryson, Lorenzo Corsini, Irene Martelli
published in: Labour, 2022, 36 (4), 409 - 423
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13595
Social Pressure in the Stadiums: Do Agents Change Behavior without Crowd Support?
Vincenzo Scoppa
published in: Journal of Economic Psychology, 2021, 82, 102344.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13498
Team Incentives, Social Cohesion, and Performance: A Natural Field Experiment
Josse Delfgaauw, Robert Dur, Oke Onemu, Joeri Sol
published in: Management Science, 2022, 68 (1), 230-256
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13285
Management Practices, Worker Commitment, and Workplace Representation
John T. Addison, Paulino Teixeira
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13201
Two Field Experiments on Self-Selection, Collaboration Intensity, and Team Performance
Mira Fischer, Rainer Michael Rilke, B. Burcin Yurtoglu
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13188
When Goal-Setting Forges Ahead but Stops Short
Asadul Islam, Sungoh Kwon, Eema Masood, Nishith Prakash, Shwetlena Sabarwal, Deepak Saraswat
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13029
Value of Publicly Available, Textual and Non-textuThe al Information for Startup Performance Prediction
Ulrich Kaiser, Johan Moritz Kuhn
published in: Journal of Business Venturing Insights, 2020, 14, e00179
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12996
Class Size Effects in Higher Education: Differences across STEM and Non-STEM Fields
Elif Kara, Mirco Tonin, Michael Vlassopoulos
substantially revised version published in: Economics of Education Review, 2021, 82, 102104
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