Discussion Papers

IZA Discussion Paper No. 13201

Two Field Experiments on Self-Selection, Collaboration Intensity, and Team Performance

Mira Fischer, Rainer Michael Rilke, B. Burcin Yurtoglu

IZA Discussion Paper No. 13174

Gender Differences in Professional Career Dynamics: New Evidence from a Global Law Firm

Ina Ganguli, Ricardo Hausmann, Martina Viarengo

published in: Economica, 2021, 88 (349), 104 - 128

IZA Discussion Paper No. 13154

Apprenticeship and Youth Unemployment

Pierre Cahuc, Jeremy Hervelin

published as 'The effect of workplace vs school-based vocational education on youth unemployment: Evidence from France' in: European Economic Review, 2024, 162, 104637

IZA Discussion Paper No. 13123

Macroeconomic Conditions When Young Shape Job Preferences for Life

Maria Cotofan, Lea Cassar, Robert Dur, Stephan Meier

published in: Review of Economics and Statistics, 2023, 105 (2), 467–473

IZA Discussion Paper No. 13121

Teacher Preferences, Working Conditions, and Compensation Structure

Andrew C. Johnston

IZA Discussion Paper No. 13116

Is Precarious Employment Bad for Worker Health? The Case of Zero Hours Contracts in the UK

Egidio Farina, Colin P. Green, Duncan McVicar

published as 'Zero hours contracts and self-reported (mental) health in the UK' in: BJIR, 2024, 62 (1), 50-71

IZA Discussion Paper No. 13112

What Makes Work Meaningful and Why Economists Should Care about It

Milena Nikolova, Femke Cnossen

published in: Labour Economics, 2020, 65, 101847

IZA Discussion Paper No. 13033

Does Working at a Start-Up Pay Off?

Daniel Fackler, Lisa Hölscher, Claus Schnabel, Antje Weyh

published in: Small Business Economics, 2022, 58 (4), 2211-2233

IZA Discussion Paper No. 12992

Working Too Much for Too Little: Stochastic Rewards Cause Work Addiction

Brice Corgnet, Simon Gächter, Roberto Hernán González

revised version published online as 'No rest for the weary: Pay uncertainty reduces engagement in recovery' in: Journal of Applied Psychology, 2025

IZA Discussion Paper No. 12991

Fertility Decisions and Employment Protection: The Unintended Consequences of the Italian Jobs Act

Maria De Paola, Roberto Nistico, Vincenzo Scoppa

published as 'Employment protection and fertility decisions: the unintended consequences of the Italian Jobs Act' in: Economic Policy, 2021, 36 (108), 735 - 773

IZA Discussion Paper No. 12959

Do Women Shy Away from Public Speaking? A Field Experiment

Maria De Paola, Rosetta Lombardo, Valeria Pupo, Vincenzo Scoppa

published in: Labour Economics, 2021, 70, 102001

IZA Discussion Paper No. 12912

The Effect of Unfair Chances and Gender Discrimination on Labor Supply

Nickolas Gagnon, Kristof Bosmans, Arno Riedl

IZA Discussion Paper No. 12907

When Do Teachers Respond to Student Feedback? Evidence from a Field Experiment

Margaretha Buurman, Josse Delfgaauw, Robert Dur, Robin Zoutenbier

published in: Labour Economics, 2020, 65, 101858

IZA Discussion Paper No. 12905

When Too Good Is Too Much: Social Incentives and Job Selection

Tommaso G. Reggiani, Rainer Michael Rilke

revised version online as 'Designing Donation Incentive Contracts for Online Gig Workers' in: Journal of Business Ethics, 2024, 190, 553 - 568

IZA Discussion Paper No. 12902

Gender Promotion Gaps: Career Aspirations and Workplace Discrimination

Ghazala Azmat, Vicente Cuñat, Emeric Henry

IZA Discussion Paper No. 12840

Inputs, Incentives, and Self-Selection at the Workplace

Francesco Amodio, Miguel A. Martinez-Carrasco

IZA Discussion Paper No. 12821

Firms' Wage Structures, Workers' Fairness Perceptions, Job Satisfaction and Turnover Intentions: Evidence from Linked Employer-Employee Data

Jens Mohrenweiser, Christian Pfeifer

IZA Discussion Paper No. 12773

Employment Protection and Firm-Provided Training: Quasi-Experimental Evidence from a Labour Market Reform

Massimiliano Bratti, Maurizio Conti, Giovanni Sulis

revised version published as 'Employment Protection and Firm-provided Training in Dual Labour Markets' in: Labour Economics, 2021, 69, 101972

IZA Discussion Paper No. 12767

Owners, External Managers, and Industrial Relations in German Establishments

Arnd Kölling, Claus Schnabel

substantially revised version published in: British Journal of Industrial Relations, 2022, 60 (2), 424-443

IZA Discussion Paper No. 12762

Money for Something: Braided Funding and the Structure and Output of Research Groups

Russell J. Funk, Britta Glennon, Julia Lane, Raviv Murciano-Goroff, Matthew B. Ross

IZA Discussion Paper No. 12736

Visible Minorities and Job Mobility: Evidence from a Workplace Panel Survey

Mohsen Javdani

published in: Journal of Economic Inequality, 2020, 18, 491–524

IZA Discussion Paper No. 12670

Works Councils and Performance Appraisals

Christian Grund, Dirk Sliwka, Krystina Titz

published in: Journal of Participation & Employee Ownership, 2020, 3, 29-50

IZA Discussion Paper No. 12667

Paying Gig Workers – Evidence from a Field Experiment

Sebastian Butschek, Roberto González Amor, Patrick Kampkötter, Dirk Sliwka

published as "Motivating gig workers - evidence from a field experiment" in Labour Economics, 2022

IZA Discussion Paper No. 12657

Are Women Doing It For Themselves? Gender Segregation and the Gender Wage Gap

Nikos Theodoropoulos, John Forth, Alex Bryson

published in: Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 2022, 84 (6), 1329-1355

IZA Discussion Paper No. 12600

Teacher Performance Pay and Student Learning: Evidence from a Nationwide Program in Peru

Cristina Bellés Obrero, María Lombardi

published in: Economic Development and Cultural Change, 2022, 70 (4), 1631–1669

IZA Discussion Paper No. 12598

Does Employing Older Workers Affect Workplace Performance?

Alex Bryson, John Forth, Helen Gray, Lucy Stokes

published in: Industrial Relations, 2020, 59 (4), 532 - 562,

IZA Discussion Paper No. 12587

Why Join a Team?

David J. Cooper, Krista Saral, Marie Claire Villeval

revised version published in: Management Science, 2021, 67 (11), 6980-6997

IZA Discussion Paper No. 12540

The Role of Leaders in Inducing and Maintaining Cooperation: The CC Strategy

Michael Kosfeld

published in: Leadership Quarterly, 2020, 31 (3), 101292

IZA Discussion Paper No. 12527

The Impact of High-Performance Work Systems on Employees: A Sectoral Comparison

Michael White, Alex Bryson

published in: Labour, 2024, 38 (1), 102-121

IZA Discussion Paper No. 12517

High Performance Work Systems and Public Sector Workplace Performance in Britain

Michael White, Alex Bryson

published in: Oxford Economic Papers, 2021,73 (3), 1057-1076

IZA Discussion Paper No. 12513

Decisions on Extending Group Membership: Evidence from a Public Good Experiment

Christian Grund, Christine Harbring, Kirsten Thommes, Katja Rebecca Tilkes

published in: Games, 2020, 11 (4), 61

IZA Discussion Paper No. 12511

Immigrants and Workplace Training: Evidence from Canadian Linked Employer Employee Data

Benoit Dostie, Mohsen Javdani

published in: Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy & Society, 2020, 59 (2), 275-315.

IZA Discussion Paper No. 12497

Who Is a Passive Saver under Opt-In and Auto-Enrollment?

Gopi Shah Goda, Matthew R. Levy, Colleen Flaherty Manchester, Aaron Sojourner, Joshua Tasoff

published in: Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 2020, 173, 301-321

IZA Discussion Paper No. 12479

Open Labor Markets and Firms’ Substitution between Training Apprentices and Hiring Workers

Manuel Aepli, Andreas Kuhn

revised version published in: Labour Economics, 2021, 70, 101979

IZA Discussion Paper No. 12447

Training, Soft Skills and Productivity: Evidence from a Field Experiment

Maria Prada, Graciana Rucci, Sergio Urzua

IZA Discussion Paper No. 12446

Talking about Performance or Paying for it? Evidence from a Field Experiment

Kathrin Manthei, Dirk Sliwka, Timo Vogelsang

published as 'Talking About Performance or Paying for It? A Field Experiment on Performance Reviews and Incentives' in: Management Science, 2023, 69 (4), 2198-2216

IZA Discussion Paper No. 12305

The Effect of Employment Protection on Firms' Worker Selection

Sebastian Butschek, Jan Sauermann

published online in: Journal of Human Resources, 09 May 2022

IZA Discussion Paper No. 12291

Zero Hours Contracts and Their Growth

Egidio Farina, Colin P. Green, Duncan McVicar

published in: British Journal of Industrial Relations, 2020, 58(3), 507-531

IZA Discussion Paper No. 12267

Helping under a Combination of Team and Tournament Incentives

Anastasia Danilov, Bernd Irlenbusch, Christine Harbring

published in: in: Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 2019, 162, 120-135

IZA Discussion Paper No. 12264

Responding to Regulation: The Effects of Changes in Mandatory Retirement Laws on Firm-Provided Incentives

Anders Frederiksen, Colleen Flaherty Manchester

published as 'Personnel Practices and Regulation: How Firm-Provided Incentives Respond to Changes in Mandatory Retirement Law' in: Journal of Labor Economics, 2021, 39 (4), 1011-1042

IZA Discussion Paper No. 12253

Advanced Counter-Biasing

Jeffrey P. Carpenter, Kevin Benscheidt

IZA Discussion Paper No. 12252

Spillovers and Substitutability in Production

Kerry L. Papps, Alex Bryson

published in: Economic Inquiry, 2026 https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fecin.70038

IZA Discussion Paper No. 12182

Girls' and Boys' Performance in Competitions: What We Can Learn from a Korean Quiz Show

Alison L. Booth, Jungmin Lee

published in: Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 2021, 187, 431-447.

IZA Discussion Paper No. 12120

Unethical Behavior and Group Identity in Contests

Julien Benistant, Marie Claire Villeval

revised version published in: Journal of Economic Psychology, 2019, 72, 128-155

IZA Discussion Paper No. 11970

Effects of Timing and Reference Frame of Feedback: Evidence from a Field Experiment

Mira Fischer, Valentin Wagner

IZA Discussion Paper No. 11965

HPWS in the Public Sector: Are There Mutual Gains?

Michael White, Alex Bryson

published in: F. Origio and S. Tomelleri (eds.), Rethinking entrepreneurial human capital, Springer, 2018, 43-62

IZA Discussion Paper No. 11927

Socially Useless Jobs

Robert Dur, Max van Lent

published in: Industrial Relations, 2019, 58 (1), 3-16

IZA Discussion Paper No. 11919

Competing on the Holodeck: The Effect of Virtual Peers and Heterogeneity in Dynamic Tournaments

Frederik Graff, Christian Grund, Christine Harbring

published in: Journal of Behavioral & Experimental Economics 2021, 90, 101596

IZA Discussion Paper No. 11889

Employee Absence: An Organizational Perspective

Jacob Kjær Eskildsen, Anders Frederiksen, Ann-Kristina Løkke

published as 'Employee Absence in Public and Private Organizations' in: Applied Economics, 2021, 53 (21), 2416-2432

IZA Discussion Paper No. 11861

Teamwork, Leadership and Gender

Maria De Paola, Francesca Gioia, Vincenzo Scoppa

published as 'Female leadership: effectiveness and perception' in: Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 2022, 201, 134-162.

IZA Discussion Paper No. 11859

Performance Pay and Prior Learning: Evidence from a Retail Chain

Kathrin Manthei, Dirk Sliwka, Timo Vogelsang

IZA Discussion Paper No. 11854

The Wider Benefits of Adult Learning: Work-Related Training and Social Capital

Jens Ruhose, Stephan L. Thomsen, Insa Weilage

published in: Economics of Education Review, 2019, 72, 166-186,

IZA Discussion Paper No. 11833

The Impact of Migration on Productivity and Native-Born Workers' Training

Francesco Campo, Giuseppe Forte, Jonathan Portes

IZA Discussion Paper No. 11825

How Common Are Bad Bosses?

Benjamin Artz, Amanda H. Goodall, Andrew J. Oswald

published in: Industrial Relations, 2020, 59 (1), 3-39

IZA Discussion Paper No. 11789

Prosocial Managers, Employee Motivation, and the Creation of Shareholder Value

Agne Kajackaite, Dirk Sliwka

published in: Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 2020, 172, 217-235

IZA Discussion Paper No. 11788

The Impact of Employment Protection on the Industrial Wage Structure

John S. Heywood, Mary O'Mahony, W. Stanley Siebert, Ana Rincon-Aznar

IZA Discussion Paper No. 11761

Choking under Pressure: Evidence of the Causal Effect of Audience Size on Performance

René Böheim, Dominik Grübl, Mario Lackner

published in: Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 2019, 168, 76–93

IZA Discussion Paper No. 11731

Who Teaches the Teachers? A RCT of Peer-To-Peer Observation and Feedback in 181 Schools

Richard J. Murphy, Felix Weinhardt, Gill Wyness

published in: Economics of Education Review, 2021, 82, 102091

IZA Discussion Paper No. 11696

Flexible Work Organization and Employer Provided Training: Evidence from German Linked Employer-Employee Data

Annika Campaner, John S. Heywood, Uwe Jirjahn

revised version published in: Kyklos, 2022, 75 (1), 3-29

IZA Discussion Paper No. 11675

Working Hours and Top Management Appointments: Evidence from Linked Employer-Employee Data

Anders Frederiksen, Takao Kato, Nina Smith

revised version published online as 'Working Hours, Top Management Appointments, and Gender: Evidence from Linked Employer-Employee Data' in: Journal of Labor Economics, 2024

IZA Discussion Paper No. 11674

Paying for What Kind of Performance? Performance Pay and Multitasking in Mission-Oriented Jobs

Daniel Jones, Mirco Tonin, Michael Vlassopoulos

substantially revised version published in: Games and Economic Behavior, 2023, 142, 480-507

IZA Discussion Paper No. 11671

Does Employee Stock Ownership Work? Evidence from Publicly-Traded Firms in Japan

Takao Kato, Hideaki Miyajima, Hideo Owan

IZA Discussion Paper No. 11617

Where Does Profit Sharing Work Best? A Meta-Analysis on the Role of Unions, Culture, and Values

Chris Doucouliagos, Patrice Laroche, Douglas L. Kruse, T. D. Stanley

IZA Discussion Paper No. 11581

Multitasking and Subjective Performance Evaluations: Theory and Evidence from a Field Experiment in a Bank

Kathrin Manthei, Dirk Sliwka

published in: Management Science, 2019, 65 (12), 5449-5956

IZA Discussion Paper No. 11580

The Timing of Discretionary Bonuses: Effort, Signals, and Reciprocity

Luke Boosey, Sebastian J. Goerg

published in: Games and Economic Behavior, 2020, 124, 254-280.

IZA Discussion Paper No. 11574

Gay Glass Ceilings: Sexual Orientation and Workplace Authority in the UK

Christopher S. Carpenter, Jeff Frank, Cevat Giray Aksoy, Matt L. Huffman

revised version published in: Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 2019, 159, 167-180

IZA Discussion Paper No. 11556

Do Startups Provide Employment Opportunities for Disadvantaged Workers?

Daniel Fackler, Michaela Fuchs, Lisa Hölscher, Claus Schnabel

published in: Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 2019, 72 (5), 1123-1148

IZA Discussion Paper No. 11543

The Impact of Sickness Absenteeism on Productivity: New Evidence from Belgian Matched Panel Data

Elena Grinza, François Rycx

published in: Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society, 2020, 59 (1), 150-194

IZA Discussion Paper No. 11523

Performance Pay and Enterprise Productivity: The Details Matter

Takao Kato, Antti Kauhanen

published in: Journal of Participation and Employee Ownership, 2018, 1 (1), 61-73

IZA Discussion Paper No. 11479

Organisational Accreditation and Worker Upskilling in Britain

Getinet Astatike Haile

published as 'Organisational accreditation, workforce training and perceptions of performance' in: Industrial Relations Journal, 2021, 52 (4), 291-314

IZA Discussion Paper No. 11403

Further Training and Affective Commitment

Christian Grund, Krystina Titz

revised version published as 'Affective Commitment through Further Training: The Roles of Firm Provision and Employee Participation' in: Review of Managerial Science, 2022, 16, 1195-1226.

IZA Discussion Paper No. 11399

The Impact of Management Practices on SME Performance

John Forth, Alex Bryson

published as 'Management practices and SME performance' in: Scottish Journal of Political Economy, 2019, 66 (4), 527 - 558

IZA Discussion Paper No. 11352

Health Workers' Behavior, Patient Reporting and Reputational Concerns: Lab-in-the-Field Experimental Evidence from Kenya

Isaac M. Mbiti, Danila Serra

IZA Discussion Paper No. 11339

Employment Protection, Temporary Contracts and Firm-Provided Training: Evidence from Italy

Massimiliano Bratti, Maurizio Conti, Giovanni Sulis

revised version published as 'Employment Protection and Firm-provided Training in Dual Labour Market' in: Labour Economics, 2021, 69, 101972

IZA Discussion Paper No. 11289

Empowerment and the Dark Side of Delegation

Matthias Kräkel

IZA Discussion Paper No. 11229

The Motivation of Temporary Agency Workers: An Empirical Analysis

Christian Grund, Axel Minten, Nevena Toporova

revised version published as 'Motivation assessments of temporary agency workers - an empirical analysis based on appraisals compiled by hiring companies' in: management revue - Socio-Economic Studies, 2019, 30, 5-39

IZA Discussion Paper No. 11228

Team Incentives, Task Assignment, and Performance: A Field Experiment

Josse Delfgaauw, Robert Dur, Michiel Souverijn

published in: The Leadership Quarterly, 2020, 31 (3), 101241

IZA Discussion Paper No. 11223

The Twin Track Model of Employee Voice: An Anglo-American Perspective on Union Decline and the Rise of Alternative Forms of Voice

Alex Bryson, Richard B. Freeman, Rafael Gomez, Paul Willman

published in: Holland, P., Teicher, J. and Donaghey, J. (eds.) Employee Voice at Work, Springer, 2019

IZA Discussion Paper No. 11215

Beyond Conflict: Long-Term Labour Market Integration of Internally Displaced Persons in Post-Socialist Countries

Artjoms Ivlevs, Michail Veliziotis

published in: Journal of Vocational Behavior, 2018, 105, 131-146

IZA Discussion Paper No. 11203

Intentions for Doing Good Matter for Doing Well: The (Negative) Signaling Value of Prosocial Incentives

Lea Cassar, Stephan Meier

published in: Economic Journal, 2021, 131(637), 1988-2017

IZA Discussion Paper No. 11112

Mutual Gains? Is There a Role for Employee Engagement in the Modern Workplace?

Alex Bryson

published in: Bosio, G., Minola, T., Origio, F., and Tomelleri, S. (eds), Rethinking Entrepreneurial Human Capital, Springer, 2018

IZA Discussion Paper No. 11108

Not for the Profit, but for the Training? Gender Differences in Training in the For-Profit and Non-Profit Sectors

Benoit Dostie, Mohsen Javdani

published in: British Journal of Industrial Relations, 2020, 58 (3), 644-689.

IZA Discussion Paper No. 11095

Serving the Public Interest in Several Ways: Theory and Empirics

Robert Dur, Max van Lent

published in: Labour Economics, 2018, 51, 13-24

IZA Discussion Paper No. 11066

Nonunion Employee Representation: Theory and the German Experience with Mandated Works Councils

Uwe Jirjahn, Stephen C. Smith

published in: Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics, 2018, 89 (1), 201-234

IZA Discussion Paper No. 11065

Antecedents of Overtime Work: The Case of Junior Academics

Irina Frei, Christian Grund

published in: German Journal of Human Resource Management, 2020, 34, 371-397

IZA Discussion Paper No. 11054

Product Market Competition and Employer Provided Training in Germany

John S. Heywood, Uwe Jirjahn, Annika Pfister

revised version published in: Industrial and Corporate Change, 2020, 29 (2), 533-556

IZA Discussion Paper No. 11040

The Role of Caseworkers in Unemployment Insurance: Evidence from Unplanned Absences

Amelie Schiprowski

substantially revised version published in: Journal of Labor Economics, 2020, 38 (4), 1189 - 1225

IZA Discussion Paper No. 10932

Gender Stereotyping and Self-Stereotyping Attitudes: A Large Field Study of Managers

Tor Eriksson, Nina Smith, Valdemar Smith

published as 'Gender stereotyping and self-stereotyping among Danish managers' in: Gender in Management: An International Journal, 2021, 36 (5), 622-639

IZA Discussion Paper No. 10912

Employer Screening Costs, Recruiting Strategies, and Labor Market Outcomes: An Equilibrium Analysis of On-Campus Recruiting

Russell Weinstein

published in: Labour Economics, 2018, 55, 282-299

IZA Discussion Paper No. 10844

Does Random Selection of Commissioners Improve the Quality of Selected Candidates? An Investigation in the Italian Academia

Daniele Checchi, Silvia De Poli, Enrico Rettore

published in: Italian Economic Journal, 2018, 4 (2), 211-247

IZA Discussion Paper No. 10835

Training Contracts, Employee Turnover, and the Returns from Firm-Sponsored General Training

Mitchell Hoffman, Stephen V. Burks

IZA Discussion Paper No. 10794

Worker Overconfidence: Field Evidence and Implications for Employee Turnover and Returns from Training

Mitchell Hoffman, Stephen V. Burks

revised version published in: Quantitative Economics, 2020, 11(1), 315-348

IZA Discussion Paper No. 10788

Women in the Workplace and Management Practices: Theory and Evidence

Takao Kato, Naomi Kodama

published in: Susan L. Averett, Laura M. Argys and Saul D. Hoffman (eds.), Oxford Handbook on the Economics of Women, New York: OUP, 2018

IZA Discussion Paper No. 10755

Do Tournaments with Superstars Encourage or Discourage Competition?

Michael Babington, Sebastian J. Goerg, Carl Kitchens

published in: Journal of Sports Economics, 2020, 21 (1), 44-63.

IZA Discussion Paper No. 10737

HRM and Small-Firm Employee Motivation: Before and after the Recession

Alex Bryson, Michael White

published in: Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 2019, 72, 3: 749-773

IZA Discussion Paper No. 10725

Supervisors and Performance Management Systems

Anders Frederiksen, Lisa B. Kahn, Fabian Lange

published in: Journal of Political Economy, 2020, 128 (6), 2123-2187

IZA Discussion Paper No. 10722

Working Hours and Productivity

Marion Collewet, Jan Sauermann

published in: Labour Economics, 2017, 47, 96-106

IZA Discussion Paper No. 10713

Career Interruptions and Current Earnings: The Role of Interruption Type, Compensation Component, and Gender

Benedikt Gerst, Christian Grund

published in: International Journal of Manpower 2019, 40 , 850–878

IZA Discussion Paper No. 10671

Past, Present and Future Compensation Research: Economist Perspectives

Michael Gibbs

published in: Compensation & Benefits Review, 2017, 48 (1-2), 3-16

IZA Discussion Paper No. 10644

The Selection and Causal Effects of Work Incentives on Labor Productivity: Evidence from a Two-Stage Randomized Controlled Trial in Malawi

Hyuncheol Bryant Kim, Seonghoon Kim, Thomas T. Kim

published as ' The Role of Career and Wage Incentives in Labor Productivity: Evidence from a Two-Stage Field Experiment in Malawi ' in: Review of Economics and Statistics, 2020, 102 (5), 839-851