The IZA Discussion Paper Series (ISSN: 2365-9793) disseminates high-quality research by IZA network members to the scientific community and the interested public worldwide before they are later published in academic journals. Comprising more than 17,000 papers, IZA's publication flagship is the most influential working paper series in labor economics.

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75 IZA Discussion Papers
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17755
The Learning Crisis in the United States Three Years After COVID-19
Harry Anthony Patrinos, Maciej Jakubowski, Tomasz Gajderowicz
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17550
The Learning Crisis: Three Years After COVID-19
Tomasz Gajderowicz, Maciej Jakubowski, Alec Kennedy, Christian Christrup, Harry Anthony Patrinos, Rolf Strietholt
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17313
The Returns to Education over Time and the Effect of COVID-19
Harry Anthony Patrinos, Angelica Rivera-Olvera
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17223
Loneliness during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Evidence from Five European Countries
Anthony Lepinteur, Alessio Rebechi, Andrew E. Clark, Conchita D'Ambrosio, Nicholas Rohde, Claus Vögele
published in: Economics and Human Biology, 2024, 55, 101427
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17139
Pandemic Layoffs and the Role of Stay-at-Home Orders
Marianna Kudlyak, Erin L. Wolcott
published in: Economics Letters, 2024, 242, 111894
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16636
Two Pandemic Years Greatly Reduced Young People's Life Satisfaction: Evidence from a Comparison with Pre-COVID-19 Panel Data
Martin Neugebauer, Alexander Patzina, Hans Dietrich, Malte Sandner
published in: European Sociological Review, 2024, 40 (5), 872 - 886
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16592
School Closures, Mortality, and Human Capital: Evidence from the Universe of Closures during the 1918 Pandemic in Sweden
Christian M. Dahl, Casper W. Hansen, Peter S. Jensen, Martin Karlsson, Daniel Kühnle
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16531
COVID-19 and the European Education Performance Decline: A Focus on Primary School Children's Reading Achievement between 2016 and 2021
Sylke V. Schnepf, Silvia Granato
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16412
The Impacts of COVID-19 on Racial Inequality in Business Earnings
Robert W. Fairlie
published in: Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 2024, 43 (1), 258 - 288
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16291
The Political Effects of the 1918 Influenza Pandemic in Weimar Germany
Stefan Bauernschuster, Matthias Blum, Erik Hornung, Christoph Koenig
published in: Explorations in Economic History, 2025, 96, 101648.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16265
State-Level Trucking Employment and the COVID-19 Pandemic in the U.S: Understanding Heterogenous Declines and Rebounds
Jonathan Phares, Jason W. Miller, Stephen V. Burks
revised version published as 'Shedding light on truck driver supply and demand: Heterogeneous state-level recovery of trucking employment following the COVID-19 employment shock' in: Transportation Journal, 2025, 65 (1), e12038
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16265
State-Level Trucking Employment and the COVID-19 Pandemic in the U.S: Understanding Heterogenous Declines and Rebounds
Jonathan Phares, Jason W. Miller, Stephen V. Burks
revised version published as 'Shedding light on truck driver supply and demand: Heterogeneous state-level recovery of trucking employment following the COVID-19 employment shock' in: Transportation Journal, 2025, 65 (1), e12038
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16062
The Pandemic Push: Digital Technologies and Workforce Adjustments
Christina Gathmann, Christian Kagerl, Laura Pohlan, Duncan H.W. Roth
revised version published in: Labour Economics, 2024, 89, 102541
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15980
Remote Work across Jobs, Companies, and Space
Stephen Hansen, Peter John Lambert, Nicholas Bloom, Steven J. Davis, Raffaella Sadun, Bledi Taska
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15929
Trust and Social Preferences in Times of Acute Health Crisis
Fortuna Casoria, Fabio Galeotti, Marie Claire Villeval
revised version published in: Annals of Economics and Statistics, 2023, 154, 5-50
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15835
In Need of a Roof: Pandemic and Housing Vulnerability
Kusum Mundra, Ruth Uwaifo Oyelere
published in: Journal of Economics, Race, and Policy, 2024, 7, 27 - 44
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15762
Creative Disruption: Technology Innovation, Labour Demand and the Pandemic
Erling Barth, Alex Bryson, Harald Dale-Olsen
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15703
The COVID-19 Baby Bump: The Unexpected Increase in U.S. Fertility Rates in Response to the Pandemic
Martha J. Bailey, Janet Currie, Hannes Schwandt
published in: Demograpy, 2023, 120 (34), e2222075120
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15644
Long Social Distancing
José María Barrero, Nicholas Bloom, Steven J. Davis
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15445
Were Small Businesses More Likely to Permanently Close in the Pandemic?
Robert W. Fairlie, Frank M. Fossen, Reid Johnsen, Gentian Droboniku
revised version published in: Small Business Economics, 2023, 60, 1613-1629
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15424
The Impact of COVID-19 on Community College Enrollment and Student Success: Evidence from California Administrative Data
George Bulman, Robert W. Fairlie
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15196
The Impact of COVID-19 on Community College Enrollment and Student Success: Evidence from California Administrative Data
George Bulman, Robert W. Fairlie
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15118
Who Is Doing the Chores and Childcare in Dual-Earner Couples during the COVID-19 Era of Working from Home?
Sabrina Wulff Pabilonia, Victoria Vernon
published in: Review of Economics of the Household, 2023, 21 (2), 519–565
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15013
Gendered Impacts of COVID-19 in Developing Countries
Titan Alon, Matthias Doepke, Kristina Manysheva, Michèle Tertilt
published in: AEA Papers and Proceedings, 2022, 112, 272 - 276
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14873
Personnel Adjustments during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Did Co-Determination Make a Difference?
Daniel Fackler, Claus Schnabel, Jens Stegmaier
published in: Journal for Labour Market Research, 2024, 58, 4 (2024)
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14811
The Evolving Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Gender Inequality in the U.S. Labor Market: The COVID Motherhood Penalty
Kenneth A. Couch, Robert W. Fairlie, Huanan Xu
published in: Economic Inquiry, 2022, 60 (2), 485 - 507
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14808
The Value of Sick Pay
Abi Adams-Prassl, Teodora Boneva, Marta Golin, Christopher Rauh
published in: European Economic Review, 2023, 151, 104314
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14665
Have Girls Been Left behind during the COVID-19 Pandemic? Gender Differences in Pandemic Effects on Children's Mental Wellbeing
Silvia Mendolia, Agne Suziedelyte, Anna Zhu
published in: Economics Letters, 2022, 214, 110458
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14519
How Did the COVID-19 Crisis Affect Different Types of Workers in the Developing World?
Maurice Kugler, Mariana Viollaz, Daniel Duque, Isis Gaddis, David Newhouse, Amparo Palacios-Lopez, Michael Weber
published in: World Development, 2023, 170, 106331
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14508
Young and Hungry? Employment Levels for Young People During Spring 2021
John V. Winters
published in: Economic Bulletin, 2022, 42 (2), 643 - 652
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14370
Death and Destitution: The Global Distribution of Welfare Losses from the COVID-19 Pandemic
Francisco H. G. Ferreira, Olivier Sterck, Daniel Gerszon Mahler, Benoit Decerf
published in: LSE Public Policy Review, 2021, 4 (2), 1- 11
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14366
How the COVID-19 Pandemic Affects Job Stress of Rural Teachers
Haizheng Li, Qinyi Liu, Mingyu Ma
published as 'How the COVID-19 pandemic affects job sentiments of rural teachers' in: China Economic Review, 2022, 72, 101759
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14337
How Has COVID-19 Affected the Intention to Migrate via the Backway to Europe and to a Neighboring African Country? Survey Evidence and a Salience Experiment in the Gambia
Tijan L. Bah, Catia Batista, Flore Gubert, David McKenzie
published as 'COVID-19 and Changes in Intentions to Migrate from The Gambia' in: Journal of African Economies, 2024, 33 (1), 1–19
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14336
Work from Home & Productivity: Evidence from Personnel & Analytics Data on IT Professionals
Michael Gibbs, Friederike Mengel, Christoph Siemroth
published in: Journal of Political Economy: Microeconomics, 2023, 1 (1), 7 - 41
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14241
The COVID-19 Pandemic's Effects on Voter Turnout
Matteo Picchio, Raffaella Santolini
published in: European Journal of Political Economy, 2022, 73, 102161
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14223
From Mancession to Shecession: Women's Employment in Regular and Pandemic Recessions
Titan Alon, Sena Coskun, Matthias Doepke, David Koll, Michèle Tertilt
published in: NBER Macroeconomics Annual, 2022, 362022, 83–151
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14108
The COVID-19 Pandemic's Evolving Impacts on the Labor Market: Who's Been Hurt and What We Should Do
Brad J. Hershbein, Harry J. Holzer
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14095
Coronavirus and Social Distancing: Do Non-Pharmaceutical-Interventions Work (at Least) in the Short Run?
David Bardey, Manuel Fernandez Sierra, Alexis Gravel
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14064
COVID-19 Relief Programs and Compliance with Confinement Measures
Claudio Deiana, Andrea Geraci, Gianluca Mazzarella, Fabio Sabatini
revised version published as 'Can relief measures nudge compliance in a public health crisis? Evidence from a kinked fiscal policy rule" in: Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 2022, 202, 407-428
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14061
Pandemic Economics and the Transformation of Health Policy
Xi Chen, Annie Fan
pubished as 'The COVID-19 pandemic and the transformation of health policy: a syndemic perspective' in: Journal of Chinese Economic and Business Studies, 2021, 19 (3), 239 - 255
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13965
When the Great Equalizer Shuts Down: Schools, Peers, and Parents in Pandemic Times
Francesco Agostinelli, Matthias Doepke, Giuseppe Sorrenti, Fabrizio Zilibotti
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13947
Global Mobility and the Threat of Pandemics: Evidence from Three Centuries
Michael A. Clemens, Thomas Ginn
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13862
The COVID-19 Pandemic and the 2020 U.S. Presidential Election
Leonardo Baccini, Abel Brodeur, Stephen Weymouth
published in: Journal of Population Economics, 2021, 34 (2), 739-767
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13841
Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Domestic Violence in Los Angeles
Amalia Miller, Carmit Segal, Melissa Spencer
published in: Economia, 2024, 91 (361), 163-187
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13808
Has the Paycheck Protection Program Succeeded?
Glenn Hubbard, Michael R. Strain
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13757
Measuring Geographical Disparities in England at the Time of COVID-19: Results Using a Composite Indicator of Population Vulnerability
Catia Nicodemo, Samira Barzin, Daniel S. Lasserson, Francesco Moscone, Stuart Redding, Mujaheed Shaikh, Nicolò Cavalli
published in: BMJ open, 2020,10, e039749.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13742
Lives Saved during Economic Downturns: Evidence from Australia
Kadir Atalay, Rebecca Edwards, Stefanie Schurer, David Ubilava
published in: Health Economics, 2021, 30 (10), 2452 - 2467
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13715
Changes in Healthcare Utilization, Spending, and Perceived Health during COVID–19: A Longitudinal Study from Singapore
SangNam Ahn, Seonghoon Kim, Kanghyock Koh
published as 'Associations of the COVID-19 pandemic with older individuals' healthcare utilization and self-reported health status: a longitudinal analysis from Singapore' in: BMC Health Services Research, 2022, 22(1), 66
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13702
The Impact of COVID-19 on Subjective Well-Being: Evidence from Singapore
Terence Chai Cheng, Seonghoon Kim, Kanghyock Koh
published as 'Life Satisfaction Changes And Adaptation In The Covid-19 Pandemic: Evidence From Singapore' in: Singapore Economic Review, 2024, 69 (1), 1-34.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13648
Child Health, Remote Work and the Female Wage Penalty
Amairisa Kouki, Robert M. Sauer
published as 'Beyond the “Comforts” of work from home: Child health and the female wage penalty' in: European Economic Review, 2023, 157, 104527 (without R. Sauer)
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13632
The Forgotten Numbers: A Closer Look at COVID-19 Non-Fatal Valuations
Thomas J. Kniesner, Ryan Sullivan
published in: Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, Special Issue: Valuation and Risk Perceptions of the COVID-19 Pandemic, 2020, 61(2), 155-176
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13629
The Economic Effects of COVID-19 and Credit Constraints: Evidence from Italian Firms' Expectations and Plans
Pierluigi Balduzzi, Emanuele Brancati, Marco Brianti, Fabio Schiantarelli
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13625
Modern Infectious Diseases: Macroeconomic Impacts and Policy Responses
David E. Bloom, Michael Kuhn, Klaus Prettner
published in: Journal of Economic Literature, 2022, 60 (1), 85–131
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13622
The Effect of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Government- and Market-Attitudes
Sandra Goff, John Ifcher, Homa Zarghamee, Alex Reents, Patrick Wade
published as 'Support for bigger government: The principle-implementation gap and COVID-19' in: Contemporary Economic Policy, 2023, 41 (2), 243-261
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13575
Economic Impact of Targeted Government Responses to COVID-19: Evidence from the First Large-scale Cluster in Seoul
Jinwook Shin, Seonghoon Kim, Kanghyock Koh
published in: Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 2021, 192, 199-221
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13562
This Time It's Different: The Role of Women's Employment in a Pandemic Recession
Titan Alon, Matthias Doepke, Jane Olmstead-Rumsey, Michèle Tertilt
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13532
The New Hazardous Jobs and Worker Reallocation
Gaetano Basso, Tito Boeri, Alessandro Caiumi, Marco Paccagnella
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13516
Reacting Quickly and Protecting Jobs: The Short-Term Impacts of the COVID-19 Lockdown on the Greek Labor Market
Gordon Betcherman, Nicholas Giannakopoulos, Ioannis Laliotis, Ioanna Pantelaiou, Mauro Testaverde, Giannis Tzimas
published as 'The short-term impact of the 2020 pandemic lockdown on employment in Greece' in: Empirical Economics, 2023, 65, 1273 - 1307
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13468
Employment Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic across Metropolitan Status and Size
Seung Jin Cho, Jun Yeong Lee, John V. Winters
published in: Growth and Change, 2021, 52 (4), 1958-1996
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13386
Trust in the Time of Corona
Tilman Brück, Neil T.N. Ferguson, Patricia Justino, Wolfgang Stojetz
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13354
Short-Term Impact of COVID-19 on Consumption and Labor Market Outcomes: Evidence from Singapore
Seonghoon Kim, Kanghyock Koh, Xuan Zhang
published in: Canadian Journal of Economics, 2022, 55 (Suppl. 1), 115–134.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13334
COVID-19 Employment Status Impacts on Food Sector Workers
Seung Jin Cho, Jun Yeong Lee, John V. Winters
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13293
Lockdown Strategies, Mobility Patterns and COVID-19
Nikos Askitas, Konstantinos Tatsiramos, Bertrand Verheyden
published in: Nature Journal: Scientific Reports , 2021, 11, 1972, (appeared also in CEPR's: Covid Economics: Vetted and Real Time Papers, 2020, 23)
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13266
The Distributional Impacts of Early Employment Losses from COVID-19
Seung Jin Cho, John V. Winters
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13250
COVID-19 Crisis Fuels Hostility against Foreigners
Vojtech Bartos, Michal Bauer, Jana Cahlíková, Julie Chytilová
revised version published as 'Covid-19 crisis and hostility against foreigners' in: European Economic Review, 2021, 137, 103818
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13249
Social Stability Challenged: Pandemics, Inequality and Policy Responses
Cristiano Perugini, Marko Vladisavljevic
published in: Journal of Policy Modeling, 2021, 43 (1), 146-160
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13200
The Value of Health Insurance during a Crisis: Effects of Medicaid Implementation on Pandemic Influenza Mortality
Karen Clay, Joshua Lewis, Edson Severnini, Xiao Wang
published in: Review of Economics and Statistics, 2024, 106 (5), 1393 - 1402
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13151
Should Contact Bans Be Lifted in Germany? A Quantitative Prediction of Its Effects
Jean Roch Donsimoni, René Glawion, Bodo Plachter, Constantin Weiser, Klaus Wälde
published in: CESifo Economic Studies, 2020, 66 (2), 115–133
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13137
Explaining Governors' Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic in the United States
Leonardo Baccini, Abel Brodeur
published in: American Politics Research, 2021, 49 (2), 215-220
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13115
Demographic Determinants of Testing Incidence and COVID-19 Infections in New York City Neighborhoods
George J. Borjas
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12177
What Explains Cross-City Variation in Mortality During the 1918 Influenza Pandemic? Evidence from 438 U.S. Cities
Karen Clay, Joshua Lewis, Edson Severnini
published in: Economics & Human Biology, 2019, 36, 42-50
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11715
New Evidence on the Impacts of Early Exposure to the 1918 Influenza Pandemic on Old-Age Mortality: A Research Note
Jason M. Fletcher
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10834
Disease and Fertility: Evidence from the 1918 Influenza Pandemic in Sweden
Nina Boberg-Fazlic, Maryna Ivets, Martin Karlsson, Therese Nilsson
published in: Economics and Human Biology, 2021, 43, 101020
IZA Discussion Paper No. 9399
Pollution, Infectious Disease, and Mortality: Evidence from the 1918 Spanish Influenza Pandemic
Karen Clay, Joshua Lewis, Edson Severnini
published in: Journal of Economic History, 2018, 78 (4), 1179-1209
IZA Discussion Paper No. 9327
The Long Lasting Influenza: The Impact of Fetal Stress during the 1918 Influenza Pandemic on Socioeconomic Attainment and Health in Sweden 1968-2012
Tommy Bengtsson, Jonas Helgertz
published in: Demography, 2019, 56, 1389–1425
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