The IZA Discussion Paper Series (ISSN: 2365-9793) disseminates high-quality research by IZA network members to the scientific community and the interested public worldwide before they are later published in academic journals. Comprising more than 17,000 papers, IZA's publication flagship is the most influential working paper series in labor economics.

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2,292 IZA Discussion Papers
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16072
The Motherhood Wage and Income Traps
Francesca Barigozzi, Helmuth Cremer, Emmanuel Thibault
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16059
Why Do Labor Unions Advocate for Minimum Wage Increases?
Jeffrey Clemens, Michael R. Strain
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16042
Monetary Rewards, Hierarchy Level and Working Hours as Drivers of Employees' Self-Evaluations
Christian Grund, Alexandra Soboll
published in: Review of Managerial Science, 2025, 19, 729–756
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16031
The Impact of a Minimum Wage Increase on Hours Worked: Heterogeneous Effects by Gender and Sector
Paul Redmond, Seamus McGuinness
published in Economica, 2025, 92, (365), 84-106
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16024
The Quality-Adjusted Cyclical Price of Labor
Mark Bils, Marianna Kudlyak, Paulo Lins
published in: Journal of Labor Economics, 2023, 42 (S1), S13–S59
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16024
The Quality-Adjusted Cyclical Price of Labor
Mark Bils, Marianna Kudlyak, Paulo Lins
published in: Journal of Labor Economics, 2023, 42 (S1), S13–S59
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16015
Labor Demand Responses to Changing Gas Prices
Mario Bossler, Alexander Moog, Thorsten Schank
published in: BE Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy, 2023, 23 (4), 1073–1080
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16014
Does Policy Advocacy Generate Good PR? Evidence from Labor Unions and Minimum Wages
Jeffrey Clemens, Michael R. Strain
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16013
Workers' Perceptions of Earnings Growth and Employment Risk
Gizem Koşar, Wilbert van der Klaauw
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16001
Public-Sector Employment, Wages and Education Decisions
Andri Chassamboulli, Pedro Maia Gomes
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15973
Gender Wage Gap among Young Adults: A Comparison across British Cohorts
Francesca Foliano, Alex Bryson, Heather Joshi, Bożena Wielgoszewska, David Wilkinson
published in: Labour Economics, 2024, 91, 102614
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15962
Does Offshoring Shape Labor Market Imperfections? A Comparative Analysis of Belgian and Dutch Firms
Sabien Dobbelaere, Catherine Fuss, Mark Vancauteren
substantially revised version forthcoming as 'Offshoring and labor market power: Comparing Belgian and Dutch firms' in: Industrial Relations
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15962
Does Offshoring Shape Labor Market Imperfections? A Comparative Analysis of Belgian and Dutch Firms
Sabien Dobbelaere, Catherine Fuss, Mark Vancauteren
substantially revised version forthcoming as 'Offshoring and labor market power: Comparing Belgian and Dutch firms' in: Industrial Relations
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15921
Recovering Income Distribution in the Presence of Interval-Censored Data
Gustavo J. Canavire Bacarreza, Fernando Rios-Avila, Flavia Sacco-Capurro
published in: Journal of Economic Inequality, 2024, 22, 1039 - 1060
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15917
Did COVID-19 Deteriorate Mismatch in the Japanese Labor Market?
Yudai Higashi, Masaru Sasaki
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15910
Labor Market Concentration and Wages: Incumbents versus New Hires
Andrea Bassanini, Cyprien Batut, Eve Caroli
published in: Labour Economics, 2023, 81, 102338.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15903
Globalization and Firm Performance
Luis A. V. Catão, Pedro de Faria, António Martins, Miguel Portela
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15901
The Labor Market Effects of Restricting Refugees' Employment Opportunities
Achim Ahrens, Andreas Beerli, Dominik Hangartner, Selina Kurer, Michael Siegenthaler
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15880
Employee-Owned Firms and the Careers of Young Workers
Gabriel Burdin, Jose Garcia-Louzao
revised version published in: Labour Economics, 2025, 93, 102686
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15844
Is There a Union Wage Premium in Germany and Which Workers Benefit Most?
Marina Bonaccolto-Töpfer, Claus Schnabel
published in: Economies, 2023, 11 (2), 50
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15823
Minimum Wage in Germany: Countering the Wage and Employment Gap between Migrants and Natives?
Kai Ingwersen, Stephan L. Thomsen
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15822
The Gendered Crisis: Livelihoods and Mental Well-Being in India during COVID-19
Farzana Afridi, Amrita Dhillon, Sanchari Roy
published in: Feminist Economics, 2023, 29 (3), 40–74.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15810
Equilibrium Effects of Payroll Tax Reductions and Optimal Policy Design
Thomas Breda, Luke Haywood, Haomin Wang
published in: Labour Economics, 2024, 91, 102646
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15801
Staggered Contracts and Unemployment during Recessions
Effrosyni Adamopoulou, Luis Díez-Catalán, Ernesto Villanueva
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15801
Staggered Contracts and Unemployment during Recessions
Effrosyni Adamopoulou, Luis Díez-Catalán, Ernesto Villanueva
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15770
Moving up the Social Ladder? Wages of First- and Second-Generation Immigrants from Developing Countries
Kevin Pineda-Hernández, François Rycx, Mélanie Volral
forthcoming in: Journal of Economic Inequality, 2025
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15752
The Impact of ICT and Robots on Labour Market Outcomes of Demographic Groups in Europe
Maciej Albinowski, Piotr Lewandowski
published in: Labour Economics, 2024, 87, 102481
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15740
Can Temporary Wage Incentives Increase Formal Employment? Experimental Evidence from Mexico
Martin Abel, Eliana Carranza, Kimberly Geronimo, Maria Elena Ortega
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15740
Can Temporary Wage Incentives Increase Formal Employment? Experimental Evidence from Mexico
Martin Abel, Eliana Carranza, Kimberly Geronimo, Maria Elena Ortega
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15737
Commitment and the Dynamics of Household Labor Supply
Alexandros Theloudis, Jorge Velilla, Pierre-André Chiappori, José Ignacio Gimenez-Nadal, José Alberto Molina
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15702
Occupational Tasks and Wage Inequality in Germany: A Decomposition Analysis
Miriam Koomen, Uschi Backes-Gellner
published in: Labour Economics, 2022, 79, 102284
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15701
The Price and Employment Response of Firms to the Introduction of Minimum Wages
Sebastian Link
published in: Journal of Public Economics, 2024, 239, 105236
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15695
Recession and Deflation?
David G. Blanchflower, Alex Bryson
published in: Review of Keynesian Economics, 2023, 11 (2), 234-251
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15688
Different Degrees of Skill Obsolescence across Hard and Soft Skills and the Role of Lifelong Learning for Labor Market Outcomes
Tobias Schultheiss, Uschi Backes-Gellner
published in: Industrial Relations, 2023, 62 (3), 257 - 287
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15685
The Minimum Wage and Union Membership among Minimum Wage Workers: Why Do Unions Advocate for Minimum Wage Increases?
Jeffrey Clemens, Michael R. Strain
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15675
The Wage Elasticity of Recruitment
Boris Hirsch, Elke J. Jahn, Alan Manning, Michael Oberfichtner
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15660
Decent Wage Floors in Europe: Does the Minimum Wage Directive Get It Right?
Henri Haapanala, Ive Marx, Zachary Parolin
published in: Journal of European Social Policy, 2023, 33 (4), 421 - 435
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15644
Long Social Distancing
José María Barrero, Nicholas Bloom, Steven J. Davis
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15639
Women's Careers and Family Formation
Sonia R. Bhalotra, Damian Clarke, Selma Walther
published in: Klaus. F. Zimmermann (ed.), Handbook of Labor, Human Resources and Population Economics, Springer Nature, 2023
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15632
Technical Change, Task Allocation, and Labor Unions
Martyna Marczak, Thomas Beissinger, Franziska Brall
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15631
Opening the Labor Market to Qualified Immigrants in Absence of Linguistic Barriers
Nicolò Gatti, Fabrizio Mazzonna, Raphaël Parchet, Giovanni Pica
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15619
'The Double Dividend of Training' – Labor Market Effects of Work-Related Continuous Education in Switzerland
Stefan Denzler, Jens Ruhose, Stefan C. Wolter
forthcoming in: Economics of Education Review, 2025
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15617
Employer Cooperation, Productivity, and Wages: New Evidence from Inter-Firm Formal Network Agreements
Francesco Devicienti, Elena Grinza, Alessandro Manello, Davide Vannoni
published in: Economica, 2025, 92 (365), 1 - 41
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15601
Labor Market Insurance Policies in the XXI Century
Tito Boeri, Pierre Cahuc
published in: Annual Review of Economics, 2023, 15 (1), 1-22
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15582
Tax Incentives for High Skilled Migrants: Evidence from a Preferential Tax Scheme in the Netherlands
Lisa Marie Timm, Massimo Giuliodori, Paul Muller
forthcoming as 'Tax Incentives for Migrants With Mid-Level Earnings: Evidence From the Netherlands' in: American Economic Journal: Applied Economics
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15567
A Field Study of Age Discrimination in the Workplace: The Importance of Gender and Race. Pay the Gap
Nick Drydakis, Anna Paraskevopoulou, Vasiliki Bozani
published in: Employee Relations, 2023, 45 (2), 304-327
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15566
The Employment Effects of Working Time Reductions: Sector-Level Evidence from European Reforms
Cyprien Batut, Andrea Garnero, Alessandro Tondini
published in: Industrial Relations, 2023, 62 (1), 217 - 232
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15565
Global Job Quality: Evidence from Wage Employment across Developing Countries
Shoghik Hovhannisyan, Veronica Montalva-Talledo, Tyler Remick, Carlos Rodriguez Castelan, Kersten Stamm
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15534
Using Distribution Regression Difference-in-Differences to Evaluate the Effects of a Minimum Wage Introduction on the Distribution of Hourly Wages and Hours Worked
Martin Biewen, Bernd Fitzenberger, Marian Rümmele
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15516
Returns to Education in the Public and Private Sectors: Europe and Central Asia
Claudio Montenegro, Harry Anthony Patrinos
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15502
Income Taxes, Gross Hourly Wages, and the Anatomy of Behavioral Responses: Evidence from a Danish Tax Reform
Kazuhiko Sumiya, Jesper Bagger
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15499
Minimum Wages and Restaurant Employment for Teens and Adults in Metropolitan and Non-metropolitan Areas
John V. Winters
published in: Journal of the Agricultural and Applied Economics Association (JAAEA), 2022, 1 (3), 254-269
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15482
Migration and Firm-Level Productivity
Richard Fabling, David C. Maré, Philip Stevens
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15437
New Perspectives on Inequality in Latin America
Manuel Fernandez Sierra, Gabriela Serrano
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15426
Skill Downgrading among Refugees and Economic Immigrants in Germany: Evidence from the Syrian Refugee Crisis
Plamen Nikolov, Leila Salarpour Goodarzi, David Titus
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15417
The Over-Education Wage Penalty among PhD Holders: A European Perspective
François Rycx, Giulia Santosuosso, Guillaume Vermeylen
published in: Education Economics, 2025, 33 (1), 53-75
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15411
Mending the Gap: Apparel Export Prices and the Gender Wage Gap in Bangladesh
Raymond Robertson, Deeksha Kokas, Diego Cardozo Medeiros, Gladys Lopez-Acevedo
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15385
The Shift to Remote Work Lessens Wage-Growth Pressures
José María Barrero, Nicholas Bloom, Steven J. Davis, Brent Meyer, Emil Mihaylov
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15385
The Shift to Remote Work Lessens Wage-Growth Pressures
José María Barrero, Nicholas Bloom, Steven J. Davis, Brent Meyer, Emil Mihaylov
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15368
A Shot at Economic Prosperity: Long-Term Effects of India's Childhood Immunization Program on Earnings and Consumption Expenditure
Amit Summan, Arindam Nandi, David E. Bloom
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15363
Can Wage Transparency Alleviate Gender Sorting in the Labor Market?
Omar Bamieh, Lennart Ziegler
published online in: Economic Policy, eiae025, 25 April 2024
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15357
Earnings Discrimination in the Workplace
John Forth, Nikolaos Theodoropoulos
published in: Klaus F. Zimmermannn (ed.), Handbook of Labor, Human Resources and Population Economics, Springer, Cham. 2022
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15357
Earnings Discrimination in the Workplace
John Forth, Nikolaos Theodoropoulos
published in: Klaus F. Zimmermannn (ed.), Handbook of Labor, Human Resources and Population Economics, Springer, Cham. 2022
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15355
Population Adjustment to Asymmetric Labour Market Shocks in India: A Comparison to Europe and the United States at Two Different Regional Levels
Franziska Braschke, Patrick A. Puhani
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15345
Does the Employment Effect of National Minimum Wage Vary by Non-employment Rate? A Regression Discontinuity Approach
Lei Xu, Yu Zhu
published in: Manchester School, 2023, 91 (1), 18 - 36
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15340
Minimum Wages in Developing Countries
Tony Fang, Viet Hoang Ha
published in: Klaus F. Zimmermannn (ed.), Handbook of Labor, Human Resources and Population Economics, Springer, 2023
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15337
'Since You're So Rich, You Must Be Really Smart': Talent, Rent Sharing, and the Finance Wage Premium
Michael Johannes Böhm, Daniel Metzger, Per Strömberg
published in: Review of Economic Studies, 2023, 90 (5), 2215–2260,
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15333
Evolution of Union Wages and Determinants
Tony Fang, John Hartley
published in: Klaus F. Zimmermann (ed.), Handbook of Labor, Human Resources and Population Economics, Springer, 2022
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15325
Days of Work over a Half Century: The Rise of the Four-Day Week
Daniel S. Hamermesh, Jeff E. Biddle
published in: ILR Review, 2025, 78 (1), 37-61
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15317
The Economic and Fiscal Effects on the United States from Reduced Numbers of Refugees and Asylum Seekers
Michael A. Clemens
published in: Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 2022, 38 (3), 449-486.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15312
The Labour Supply of Mothers
Hélène Turon
published in: Klaus F. Zimmermann (ed.), Handbook of Labor, Human Resources and Population Economics, Springer, 2023
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15309
Training, Productivity and Wages: Direct Evidence from a Temporary Help Agency
Xinwei Dong, Dean R. Hyslop, Daiji Kawaguchi
published as 'Skill, Productivity, and Wages: Direct Evidence from a Temporary Help Agency' in: Journal of Labor Economics, 2024, 42 (S1), 133-181.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15307
Perceived Returns to Job Search
Abi Adams-Prassl, Teodora Boneva, Marta Golin, Christopher Rauh
published in: Labour Economics, 2023, 80, 102307
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15300
Real Estate Agent Earnings and Local Housing Prices
Barry Hirsch, David A. Macpherson, Zichong (Tom) Qu
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15300
Real Estate Agent Earnings and Local Housing Prices
Barry Hirsch, David A. Macpherson, Zichong (Tom) Qu
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15293
Monopsony Makes Firms Not Only Small but Also Unproductive: Why East Germany Has Not Converged
Rüdiger Bachmann, Christian Bayer, Heiko Stüber, Felix Wellschmied
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15283
Minimum Wages and the Rise in Solo Self-Employment
Angelika Ganserer, Terry Gregory, Ulrich Zierahn-Weilage
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15282
What's across the Border? Re-Evaluating the Cross-Border Evidence on Minimum Wage Effects
Priya Ranjan, David Neumark, Antonio Rodriguez-Lopez
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15281
Gender Gaps in Early Wage Expectations
Andreas Leibing, Frauke Peter, Sevrin Waights, C. Katharina Spieß
published in: Economics of Education Review, 2023, 94, 102398
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15279
The Full Returns to the Choice of Occupation and Education
Andrew E. Clark, Maria Cotofan, Richard Layard
published as 'Do wages underestimate the inequality in workers’ rewards? The joint distribution of job quality and wages across occupations' in: Economica, 2024, 91 (362), 497-546
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15264
Who Benefits from Firm Success? Heterogenous Rent Sharing in New Zealand
Corey Allan, David C. Maré
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15258
The Distribution of the Gender Wage Gap: An Equilibrium Model
Sonia R. Bhalotra, Manuel Fernandez Sierra, Fan Wang
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15258
The Distribution of the Gender Wage Gap: An Equilibrium Model
Sonia R. Bhalotra, Manuel Fernandez Sierra, Fan Wang
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15258
The Distribution of the Gender Wage Gap: An Equilibrium Model
Sonia R. Bhalotra, Manuel Fernandez Sierra, Fan Wang
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15254
Minimum Wage Increases and Vacancies
Marianna Kudlyak, Murat Tasci, Didem Tüzemen
This version: January 2023.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15231
Labour Market Concentration, Wages and Job Security in Europe
Andrea Bassanini, Giulia Bovini, Eve Caroli, Jorge Casanova Ferrando, Federico Cingano, Paolo Falco, Florentino Felgueroso, Marcel Jansen, Pedro S. Martins, António Melo, Michael Oberfichtner, Martin Popp
revised version published online in: Journal of Human Resources, 6 March 2024
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15197
Industries, Mega Firms, and Increasing Inequality
John C. Haltiwanger, Henry R. Hyatt, James R. Spletzer
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15191
Work Permit Regulations and Migrants' Labor Market Outcomes
Pamela Qendrai
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15185
The Long-Run Effects of Immigration: Evidence across a Barrier to Refugee Settlement
Antonio Ciccone, Jan Sebastian Nimczik
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15158
Does Measurement Error Explain the Increase in Subminimum Wage Payment Following Minimum Wage Increases?
Jeffrey Clemens, Michael R. Strain
published in: Economics Letters, 2022, 217, 1106368
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15158
Does Measurement Error Explain the Increase in Subminimum Wage Payment Following Minimum Wage Increases?
Jeffrey Clemens, Michael R. Strain
published in: Economics Letters, 2022, 217, 1106368
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15154
Sources of Wage Growth
Jérôme Adda, Christian Dustmann
published in: Journal of Political Economy, 2023, 131 (2), 456 - 503
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15138
Male Wage Inequality and Characteristics of "Early Mover" Marriages
Hani Mansour, Terra McKinnish
published in: Journal of Population Economics, 2022, 36, 115–138
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15127
Demographic Changes, Labor Supplies, Labor Complementarities, Calendar Annual Wages of Age Groups, and Cohort Life Wage Incomes
Bjarne S. Jensen, Peder J. Pedersen, Ross Guest
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15117
Compensating Differentials for Occupational Health and Safety Risks: Implications of Recent Evidence
Thomas J. Kniesner, W. Kip Viscusi
published in: Research in Labor Economics, 2023, 50, 83-116
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15112
Uncovered Workers in Plants Covered by Collective Bargaining: Who Are They and How Do They Fare?
Boris Hirsch, Philipp Lentge, Claus Schnabel
published in: British Journal of Industrial Relations, 2022, 60 (4), 929-945
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15108
Educational and Skills Mismatches: Unravelling Their Effects on Wages across Europe
Loredana Cultrera, Benoît Mahy, François Rycx, Guillaume Vermeylen
published in: Education Economics, 2022, 30 (6), 561-573
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15105
Understanding the Reallocation of Displaced Workers to Firms
Paul Brandily, Camille Hémet, Clément Malgouyres
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15079
Differential Patterns between Private and Public Sector Wages in Spain
Alba Couceiro de León, Juan J. Dolado
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15074
Does Over-Education Raise Productivity and Wages Equally? The Moderating Role of Workers' Origin and Immigrants' Background
Valentine Jacobs, François Rycx, Mélanie Volral
published in: Education Economics, 2023, 31 (6), 698-724
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