The IZA Discussion Paper Series (ISSN: 2365-9793) disseminates high-quality research by IZA network members to the scientific community and the interested public worldwide before they are later published in academic journals. Comprising more than 17,000 papers, IZA's publication flagship is the most influential working paper series in labor economics.

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1,385 IZA Discussion Papers
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16772
Nursing before and after COVID-19: Outflows, Inflows and Self-Employment
Guyonne Kalb, Jordy Meekes
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16762
The Cost of Following Traditional Gender Norms: Evidence from a Paid Leave for Seriously Ill Children
Valentina Paredes, Francisca Perez, Francisco J. Pino, Patricia Olmedo Cortés
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16762
The Cost of Following Traditional Gender Norms: Evidence from a Paid Leave for Seriously Ill Children
Valentina Paredes, Francisca Perez, Francisco J. Pino, Patricia Olmedo Cortés
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16760
Household Decisions and the Gender Gap in Job Satisfaction
Christian Bredemeier, Patrick Ndlovu, Suncica Vujic, Roland Winkler
published in: Scottish Journal of Political Economy, 2025, 72 (1), e12403
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16756
The Long-Run Effects of California's Paid Family Leave Act On Women's Careers and Childbearing: New Evidence from a Regression Discontinuity Design and U.S. Tax Data
Martha J. Bailey, Tanya Byker, Elena Patel, Shanthi Ramnath
published in: American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, 2025, 17 (1), 401–431
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16756
The Long-Run Effects of California's Paid Family Leave Act On Women's Careers and Childbearing: New Evidence from a Regression Discontinuity Design and U.S. Tax Data
Martha J. Bailey, Tanya Byker, Elena Patel, Shanthi Ramnath
published in: American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, 2025, 17 (1), 401–431
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16754
Who Makes It to the Top? Differential Rewards to Personality across Gender and Occupation in the UK
Cecily Josten, Grace Lordan
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16752
Human Capital by Gender: A G20 and Selected Geographies Perspective
Barbara M. Fraumeni, Gang Liu, Shunsuke Managi
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16751
Working from Home and Job Satisfaction: The Role of Gender and Personality Traits
Piero Esposito, Silvia Mendolia, Sergio Scicchitano, Cristina Tealdi
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16743
Baby Bumps in the Road: The Impact of Parenthood on Job Performance, Human Capital, and Career Advancement
Olivia Healy, Jennifer A. Heissel
published online in: Review of Economics and Statistics, 22 August 2024
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16729
How Daycare Quality Shapes Norms around Daycare Use and Parental Employment: Experimental Evidence from Germany
Marie-Fleur Philipp, Silke Büchau, Pia S. Schober, Viktoria Werner, C. Katharina Spieß
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16721
Birds of a Feather Earn Together. Gender and Peer Effects at the Workplace
Julián Messina, Anna Sanz-de-Galdeano, Anastasia Terskaya
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16700
How the 1963 Equal Pay Act and 1964 Civil Rights Act Shaped the Gender Gap in Pay
Martha J. Bailey, Thomas Helgerman, Bryan Andrew Stuart
ublished online in: Quarterly Journal of Economics, 2024, 139 (3), 1827–1878,
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16695
Automation and Gender: Implications for Occupational Segregation and the Gender Skill Gap
Patricia Cortes, Ying Feng, Nicolás Guida-Johnson, Jessica Pan
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16695
Automation and Gender: Implications for Occupational Segregation and the Gender Skill Gap
Patricia Cortes, Ying Feng, Nicolás Guida-Johnson, Jessica Pan
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16689
Female Classmates, Disruption, and STEM Outcomes in Disadvantaged Schools: Evidence from a Randomized Natural Experiment
Sofoklis Goulas, Rigissa Megalokonomou, Yi Zhang
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16686
Gender-Specific Application Behavior, Matching, and the Residual Gender Earnings Gap
Benjamin Lochner, Christian Merkl
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16669
Motherhood and the Cost of Job Search
Arnaud Philippe, Daphné Skandalis
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16639
Can Effective Policy Implementation Alter Political Selection? Evidence from Female Legislators in India
S Anukriti, Rossella Calvi, Abhishek Chakravarty
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16635
Gender Differences in Teacher Judgement of Comparative Advantage
Judith M. Delaney, Paul J. Devereux
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16634
Subjective Gender-Based Patterns in ADHD Diagnosis
Marco Bertoni, Blas A. Marin-Lopez, Anna Sanz-de-Galdeano
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16631
Gender Diversity and Diversity of Ideas
Michèle Belot, Madina Kurmangaliyeva, Johanna Reuter
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16628
Gender Gaps in Financial Literacy: A Multi-Arm RCT to Break the Response Bias in Surveys
Laura Hospido, Nagore Iriberri, Margarita Machelett
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16625
Strength in Numbers? Gender Composition, Leadership, and Women's Influence in Teams
Christopher F. Karpowitz, Stephen D. O'Connell, Jessica Preece, Olga B. Stoddard
published in: Journal of Political Economy, 2024, 132 (9), 3077–3114
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16622
Life-Cycle Effects of Comprehensive Sex Education
Volha Lazuka, Annika Elwert
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16617
Female Board Representation and Corporate Performance: A Review and New Estimates for Australia
Nicholas Bayly, Robert Breunig, Chris Wokker
published in: Economic Record, 2024, 100 (330), 386-417
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16615
The "Demise of the Caregiving Daughter"? Gender Employment Gaps and the Use of Formal and Informal Care in Europe
Eric Bonsang, Joan Costa-Font
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16613
Gender Pay Gaps across STEM Fields of Study
Tomasz Zając, Iga Magda, M. Bożykowski, Agnieszka Chłoń-Domińczak, M. Jasiński
published in: Studies in Higher Education, 2025, 50 (1), 126-139
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16612
What Explains the Growing Gender Education Gap? The Effects of Parental Background, the Labor Market and the Marriage Market on College Attainment
Zvi Eckstein, Michael P. Keane, Osnat Lifshitz
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16593
Using Domain-Specific Word Embeddings to Examine the Demand for Skills
Sugat Chaturvedi, Kanika Mahajan, Zahra Siddique
published in: B. Elsner and S. W. Polachek (eds.), Big Data Applications in Labor Economics (Research in Labor Economics Vol. 52B), Emerald, 2024, 171-223
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16584
Gender Differences in High School Choices: Do Math and Language Skills Play a Role?
Dalit Contini, Maria Laura Di Tommaso, Anna Maccagnan, Silvia Mendolia
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16577
Gender Differences in Reservation Wages in Search Experiments
Andrew McGee, Peter McGee
published in: Labour Economics, 2025, 94, 102698
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16565
Understanding the Impacts of Paid Maternity Leave on Women's Labor Market Outcomes
Lillian Bates, Oliver Hall, Pamela Jakiela
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16558
How and Why the Gender Pension Gap in Urban China Decreased between 1988 and 2018
Björn Anders Gustafsson, Peng Zhang, Hanrui Jia
published in: Economic Development and Cultural Change, 2025, 73 (2), 651–678
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16557
Does the Child Penalty Strike Twice, and If So Why?
Mette Gørtz, Sarah Sander, Almudena Sevilla
published as 'Does the Child Penalty Strike Twice?' in: European Economic Review, 2025, 172, 104942
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16546
Exports to Improve Women's Economic Opportunities in Morocco
Jaime Alfonso Roche Rodriguez, Raymond Robertson, Gladys Lopez-Acevedo, Daniela Ruiz Zárate
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16530
Allocation of Female Talent and Cross-Country Productivity Differences
Munseob Lee
published in: Economic Journal, 2024, 134 (665), 3333–3359
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16461
Explaining Gender Differences in Migrant Sorting: Evidence from Canada-US Migration
David Escamilla-Guerrero, Miko Lepistö, Chris Minns
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16459
The Parenthood Penalty in Mental Health: Evidence from Austria and Denmark
Alexander Ahammer, Ulrich Glogowsky, Martin Halla, Timo Hener
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16428
Immigration, Female Labour Supply and Local Cultural Norms
Jonas Jessen, Sophia Schmitz, Felix Weinhardt
published in: Economic Journal, 2024, 134 (659), 1146–1172
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16388
Gender Identity, Race, and Ethnicity-Based Discrimination in Access to Mental Health Care: Evidence from an Audit Correspondence Field Experiment
Luca Fumarco, Benjamin Harrell, Patrick Button, David J. Schwegman, E Dils
revised version published in: American Journal of Health Economics, 2024, 10 (2), 182–214
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16382
Do Households Where Women Own Land Fare Better for Food Security? Evidence for Tanzania
Sara Burrone, Gianna Claudia Giannelli
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16360
We've Got You Covered: Employer and Employee Responses to Dobbs v. Jackson
Pawel Adrjan, Svenja Gudell, Emily Nix, Allison Shrivastava, Jason Sockin, Evan Starr
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16353
Young Women in Cities
Yumi Koh, Jing Li, Yifan Wu, Junjian Yi, Hanzhe Zhang
published as 'Young women in cities:published as 'Young women in cities: Urbanization and gender-biased migration' in: Journal of Development Economics, 2025, 172, 103378
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16347
Gender-Biased Technological Change: Milking Machines and the Exodus of Women from Farming
Philipp Ager, Marc Goñi, Kjell G. Salvanes
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16341
Changing Gender Norms across Generations: Evidence from a Paternity Leave Reform
Lídia Farré, Christina Felfe, Libertad González, Patrick Schneider
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16341
Changing Gender Norms across Generations: Evidence from a Paternity Leave Reform
Lídia Farré, Christina Felfe, Libertad González, Patrick Schneider
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16331
How Does Gender Quota Shape Gender Attitudes?
Yen-Chien Chen, Elliott Fan, Yu-Hsin Ho, Matthew Yi-Hsiu Lee, Jin-Tan Liu
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16331
How Does Gender Quota Shape Gender Attitudes?
Yen-Chien Chen, Elliott Fan, Yu-Hsin Ho, Matthew Yi-Hsiu Lee, Jin-Tan Liu
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16331
How Does Gender Quota Shape Gender Attitudes?
Yen-Chien Chen, Elliott Fan, Yu-Hsin Ho, Matthew Yi-Hsiu Lee, Jin-Tan Liu
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