The IZA Discussion Paper Series (ISSN: 2365-9793) disseminates high-quality research by IZA network members to the scientific community and the interested public worldwide before they are later published in academic journals. Comprising more than 17,000 papers, IZA's publication flagship is the most influential working paper series in labor economics.

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1,957 IZA Discussion Papers
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17994
Built, Not Born: How Education Predicts Billionaire Wealth
Michael Jan Kendzia, Tomas Neville, Maya Gadgil
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17986
Does College Education Make Women Less Likely to Marry? Evidence from the Chinese Higher education Expansion
Bin Huang, Massimiliano Tani, Lei Xu, Yu Zhu
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17986
Does College Education Make Women Less Likely to Marry? Evidence from the Chinese Higher education Expansion
Bin Huang, Massimiliano Tani, Lei Xu, Yu Zhu
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17980
Returns to College Education of Chinese Manufacturing Employees: Who Benefits More?
Yuheng Lin, Dooruj Rambaccussing, Yu Zhu
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17979
Timetables, Attendance and Academic Achievement in Higher Education
Adeline Delavande, Emilia Del Bono, Angus J. Holford, Kevin Williams
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17979
Timetables, Attendance and Academic Achievement in Higher Education
Adeline Delavande, Emilia Del Bono, Angus J. Holford, Kevin Williams
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17963
Education and Earnings in Arkansas
Harry Anthony Patrinos, Angelica Rivera-Olvera
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17951
Correcting Beliefs About Job Opportunities and Wages: A Field Experiment on Education Choices
Bart K. de Koning, Didier Fouarge, Robert Dur
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17948
The Untold Story of Internal Migration in Germany: Life-Cycle Patterns, Developments, and the Role of Education
Anton Barabasch, Kamila Cygan-Rehm, Guido Heineck, Sebastian Vogler
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17944
Racial Representation among Academics and Students’ Academic and Labor Market Outcomes
Angus J. Holford, Sonkurt Sen
published in: Labour Economics, 2025, 96, 102745
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17939
The Effect of Raising School Quality on Earnings
Harry Anthony Patrinos, George Psacharopoulos
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17938
The Effects of Exposure to a Large-Scale Recession on Higher Education and Early Labor Market Outcomes
Eleanor J. Choi, Jisoo Hwang, Hyelim Son
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17934
The Inequality and Mobility of Exposure to European Soviet Communism
Joan Costa-Font, Anna Nicinska, Melcior Rossello Roig
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17927
Does Education Improve Financial Outcomes? Evidence from Stock Market and Retirement Accounts in Türkiye
Abdurrahman B. Aydemir, Yasar Ersan
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17914
DACA’s Uncertain Path: How Policy Threats Reshape Economic and Social Gains for Recipients
Catalina Amuedo-Dorantes, Chunbei Wang
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17902
Enrollment Declines and Permanent Closures in Public Schools
Sofoklis Goulas
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17899
The Genetic Lottery Goes to School: Better Schools Compensate for the Effects of Students’ Genetic Differences
Rosa Cheesman, Nicolai T. Borgen, Astrid Marie Jorde Sandsor, Paul Hufe
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17896
Multidimensional Skills on LinkedIn Profiles: Measuring Human Capital and the Gender Skill Gap
David Dorn, Florian Schoner, Moritz Seebacher, Lisa Simon, Ludger Woessmann
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17891
Manufacturing 'Economics' Minds: Ideology, Authority, and Economics Education
Mohsen Javdani, Ha-Joon Chang
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17884
Talk Therapy and Human Capital in Adolescence: Evidence from a Low-Resource Setting
Eric V. Edmonds, Priya Mukherjee, Nikhilesh Prakash, Nishith Prakash, Shwetlena Sabarwal
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17879
Improving First-Generation College Students’ Education and Employment Outcomes: Effects of a Targeted Scholarship Program
Gopinath Annadurai, Soham Sahoo
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17844
Out of School and into Trouble? Labor Market Impacts of Decreasing the School Leaving Age
Anna Adamecz, Daniel Prinz, Suncica Vujic, Agnes Szabo-Morvai
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17836
The Political Consequences of Controversial Education Reform: Lessons from Wisconsin’s Act 10
Barbara Biasi, Wayne Aaron Sandholtz
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17832
The Effect of Compulsory Education on Non-Cognitive Skills: Evidence from Low- and Middle-Income Countries
Antonia Entorf, Thomas Dohmen
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17814
Educational Ambition, Marital Sorting, and Inequality
Frederik Almar, Benjamin Friedrich, Ana Reynoso, Bastian Schulz, Rune Majlund Vejlin
This paper is a substantially revised version of IZA DP No. 15912.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17803
The Consequences of Promoting Data Literacy Among Graduate Students
Margherita Fort, Annalisa Loviglio, Susanna Tinti
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17790
Why Does Starting School Older Harm Schooling? The Role of Youth Employment Laws
Itay Attar, Danny Cohen-Zada
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17785
Making a New Journey: Comparing the Settlement Experiences of Adult and Child Refugees in Atlantic Canada
Tony Fang, John Hartley, Shanawaz Khan
forthcoming in: Refuge: Canada's Journal on Refugees, 2025
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17772
The Impact of Raising the Minimum Legal Drinking Age on Academic Achievement and Risky Behaviour: A Difference-in-Discontinuities Approach
Luis Alonso-Armesto, Julio Cáceres-Delpiano, Warn N. Lekfuangfu
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17755
The Learning Crisis in the United States Three Years After COVID-19
Harry Anthony Patrinos, Maciej Jakubowski, Tomasz Gajderowicz
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17751
Seeing Stereotypes
Elisa Baldazzi, Pietro Biroli, Marina Della Giusta, Florent Dubois
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17734
Time Well Spent? The Role of Test Effort in Explaining Achievement Gaps
Lex Borghans, Ron Diris, Mariana Tavares
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17732
The Impact of Higher Education on Employer Perceptions
Renske Stans, Laura Ehrmantraut, Malin Siemers, Pia Pinger
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17720
Earnings Expectations of “First-in-Family” University Students and Their Role for Major Choice
Katharina Adler, Fabian Kosse, Markus Nagler, Johannes Rincke
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17717
Explaining Stagnation in the College Wage Premium
Leila Bengali, Robert G. Valletta, Cindy Zhao
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17702
Lifting Up the Lives of Extremely Disadvantaged Youth: The Role of Staying in School Longer
Julie Moschion, Jan C. van Ours
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17693
Assessing the Value of Incomplete University Degrees: Experimental Evidence from HR Recruiters
Andrea Diem, Christian Gschwendt, Stefan C. Wolter
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17690
Human Capital Spillovers and the External Returns to Education
Pedro Portugal, Hugo Reis, Paulo Guimaraes, Ana Rute Cardoso
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17665
Causal Effects of Education on Marriage
Kunwon Ahn, John V. Winters
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17652
Levelling the Playing Field? SES Differences in Graduate Degree Choices
Judith M. Delaney, Paul J. Devereux
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17632
Gender Bias in Student Evaluations of Teaching: Do Debiasing Campaigns Work?
Sara Ayllón, Camila Zamora
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17631
More than Just Lunch: School-Meal Subsidies and Language Proficiency
Sara Ayllón, Samuel Lado
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17599
On Grade Option Choice and Grade Performance Expectation When Instruction Goes Virtual – The Role of Peers at a Distance
Arnab K. Basu, Nancy H. Chau, Yudi Wang
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17595
The Importance of Socio-Emotional Skills for Multiple Life Outcomes and the Role of Education
Barbara Belfi, Lex Borghans
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17589
School Entry Age Policy and Adolescent Risk–Taking
Cristina Lopez-Mayan, Giulia Montresor, Catia Nicodemo
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17576
On-the-Job Learning: How Peers and Experience Drive Productivity Among Teachers
Romaine A. Campbell, Seth Gershenson, Constance A. Lindsay, Nicholas W. Papageorge, Jessica H. Rendon
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17570
From Parents' Cradle to Children's Career: Intergenerational Effects of Parental Investments
Sander de Vries, Nadine Ketel, Maarten Lindeboom
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17550
The Learning Crisis: Three Years After COVID-19
Tomasz Gajderowicz, Maciej Jakubowski, Alec Kennedy, Christian Christrup, Harry Anthony Patrinos, Rolf Strietholt
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17542
Flooding the Brains: Natural Disasters, Student Outcomes, and the Urban-Rural Gap in Human Capital
Juan S. Muñoz-Morales
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17526
The Effect of Extended Education on Educational Quality and Inequality: An Event Study Approach
Ron Diris, Kim Fairley
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17526
The Effect of Extended Education on Educational Quality and Inequality: An Event Study Approach
Ron Diris, Kim Fairley
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17515
Patterns in State Funding of Public Higher Education: Demography, Ideology, Educational Attainment, and Trends
Gerhard Glomm, Manu Raghav
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17515
Patterns in State Funding of Public Higher Education: Demography, Ideology, Educational Attainment, and Trends
Gerhard Glomm, Manu Raghav
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17515
Patterns in State Funding of Public Higher Education: Demography, Ideology, Educational Attainment, and Trends
Gerhard Glomm, Manu Raghav
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17501
Born at the Right Time: Examining the Effect of Relative Age on Mental Health in Adulthood
Petri Böckerman, Mika Haapanen, Jani Kuhakoski, Tiina Kuuppelomäki, Juuso Villanen
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17487
Early Career Effects of Entering the Labor Market During Higher Education Expansion
Johannes Goehausen, Stephan L. Thomsen
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17483
Crime and Education
Stephen Machin, Matteo Sandi
published online in: Annual Review of Economics, 4 April 2025
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17479
E-Learning at Universities: Does Starting with Difficult Questions Affect Student Performance?
Agata Galkiewicz, Jan Marcus, Thomas Siedler
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17466
School Racial Segregation and Late-Life Cognition
Zhuoer Lin, Yi Wang, Thomas M. Gill, Xi Chen
published in: JAMA Network Open, 2025, 8 (1), e2452713
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17437
The Reversal of the Gender Gap in Education: Exploring its Consequences for Partnering, Employment and Voting Behaviour
Martin Nordin, Maria Stanfors
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17424
Firm Human Resource Practices and Educational Mismatch
Gabriella Berloffa, Daniela Piazzalunga, Fabio Pieri
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17424
Firm Human Resource Practices and Educational Mismatch
Gabriella Berloffa, Daniela Piazzalunga, Fabio Pieri
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17424
Firm Human Resource Practices and Educational Mismatch
Gabriella Berloffa, Daniela Piazzalunga, Fabio Pieri
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17423
Crime and the Labor Market
Randi Hjalmarsson, Stephen Machin, Paolo Pinotti
published in: Christian Dustmann and Thomas Lemieux (eds.), Handbook of Labor Economics, 2024, 5, 679-759
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17411
The Different Sources of Intergenerational Income Mobility in High and Low Income Families
Anders Hjorth-Trolle, Rasmus Landersø
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17408
Incorporating Changes in Race, Gender, and Academic Field at Colleges and Universities - A Comment on 'The Ebbing Tide: How Will Higher Education Adapt to Demographic Change?'
Francisca M. Antman
forthcoming in: John Y. Campbell and Kaye Husbands Fealing (eds.), Financing Institutions of Higher Education, University of Chicago Press for NBER.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17404
Does Restricting Access to Credit Affect Learning Outcomes? Evidence from a Regulatory Shock to Microfinance in India
Muneer Kalliyil, Soham Sahoo
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17395
Skills and Earnings: A Multidimensional Perspective on Human Capital
Ludger Woessmann
forthcoming in: Annual Review of Economics 17, 2025
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17393
The Effects of a Statewide Ban on School Suspensions
Jane Arnold Lincove, Catherine Mata, Kalena E. Cortes
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17387
Timing of School Entry and Personality Traits in Adulthood
Anton Barabasch, Kamila Cygan-Rehm, Andreas Leibing
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17364
The Scarring Effect of Graduate Underemployment: Evidence from the UK
Matt Dickson, Michael Donnelly, Kalyan Kumar Kameshwara, Predrag Lazetic
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17360
Entry Conditions and the Transition from Tertiary Education to Employment: A Cross-Country Perspective
John Moffat, Duncan H.W. Roth
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17358
Estimating Peer Effects among College Students: Evidence from a Field Experiment of One-to-One Pairings in STEM
Robert W. Fairlie, Daniel Oliver, Glenn Millhauser, Randa Roland
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17351
The Declining Relative Quality of the Child Care Workforce
Chris M. Herbst
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17322
A Library in the Palm of Your Hand? A Randomized Field Experiment with Low-Income Children
Silke Anger, Bernhard Christoph, Agata Galkiewicz, Shushanik Margaryan, Frauke Peter, Malte Sandner, Thomas Siedler
This version: March 2025.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17314
Free Education and the Intergenerational Transmission of Cognitive Skills in Rural China
Zheyuan Zhang, Hui Xu, Ruilin Liu, Zhong Zhao
published in: Journal of Population Economics, 2025, 38, 29 (2025)
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17313
The Returns to Education over Time and the Effect of COVID-19
Harry Anthony Patrinos, Angelica Rivera-Olvera
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17295
50 Years of Breakthroughs and Barriers: Women in Economics, Policy, and Leadership
Francine D. Blau, Lisa M. Lynch
published as 'Fifty Years of Breakthroughs and Barriers: Women in Economics, Policy, and Leadership' in: ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 2024, 711 (1), 225-244
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17283
Unbundling Returns to Postsecondary Degrees and Skills: Evidence from Colombia
Matias Busso, Sebastián Montaño, Juan S. Muñoz-Morales
published in: Education Economics, 2024, 33 (1), 1-18
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17279
The Mis-Education of Women in Afghanistan: From Wage Premiums to Economic Losses
Rafiuddin Najam, Harry Anthony Patrinos, Raja Bentaouet Kattan
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17267
Evaluating Yourself and Your Peers
Mingye Ma, Gerhard Riener, Youzong Xu
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17261
The Impact of Role Models on Youths' Aspirations, Gender Attitudes and Education in Somalia
Elijah Kipchumba, Catherine Porter, Danila Serra, Munshi Sulaiman
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17255
The Gender Wage Gap across Life: Effects of Genetic Predisposition Towards Higher Educational Attainment
Alex Bryson, Tim Morris, David Bann, David Wilkinson
forthcoming in: Economics and Human Biology
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17253
Lifetime Consequences of Lost Instructional Time in the Classroom: Evidence from Shortened School Years
Kamila Cygan-Rehm
forthcoming in: Journal of Labor Economics
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17249
Intergenerational Effects of Compulsory Schooling Reform on Early Childhood Development in a Middle-Income Country
Yusuf Emre Akgündüz, Pelin Akyol, Abdurrahman B. Aydemir, Murat Demirci, Murat Güray Kirdar
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17244
Unintended Consequences of Welfare Cuts on Children and Adolescents
Christian Dustmann, Rasmus Landersø, Lars Højsgaard Andersen
revised version published in: American Economic Journal, 2024, 16 (4), 161–185
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17236
Children of the Revolution: Women's Liberation and Children's Success
Eric Maurin, Florentine Oliveira
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17228
Free Schooling Reverses Sibling Rivalry
João R. Ferreira, Wayne Aaron Sandholtz
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17216
Beyond the Degree: Fertility Outcomes of 'First in Family' Graduates
Anna Adamecz, Anna Lovász, Suncica Vujic
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17212
Signaling Effects on the Labor Market: Winners and Losers of University Licensing in a Higher Education Reform
Pablo Lavado, Gustavo Yamada, Joaquin Armas, Mauricio Gonzalez
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17178
Kumon In: The Recent, Rapid Rise of Private Tutoring Centers
Edward Kim, Joshua Goodman, Martin R. West
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17173
Every Cloud Has a Silver Lining: The Role of Study Time and Class Recordings on University Students' Performance during COVID-19
Chiara Binelli, Simona Lorena Comi, Elena Meschi, Laura Pagani
published in: Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 2024, 225, 305-328
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17169
The Long-Run Impacts of Banning Affirmative Action in US Higher Education
Francisca M. Antman, Brian Duncan, Michael F. Lovenheim
published in: Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 2024, 40 (3), 607–628
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17167
What Is Wrong with Ability-Tracking?
Hartmut Esser
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17167
What Is Wrong with Ability-Tracking?
Hartmut Esser
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17161
Overeducation, Earnings and Job Satisfaction among Graduates in China
Melanie K. Jones, Ezgi Kaya, Jiarui Nan
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17160
The Impacts of Climate Change and Air Pollution on Children's Education Outcomes: Evidence from Vietnam
Hai-Anh H Dang, Minh N.N. Do, Cuong Viet Nguyen
published in: Economics of Education Review; 2025, 106, 102656
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17131
Birth Order Effects on Education: Insights from Low- And Middle-Income Countries
Silvia Mendolia, Olena Stavrunova, Marian Vidal-Fernandez
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17122
Education, Gender, and Family Formation
Hanna Virtanen, Mikko Silliman, Tiina Kuuppelomäki, Kristiina Huttunen
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17096
What Matters for the Decision to Study Abroad? A Lab-in-the-Field Experiment in Cape Verde
Catia Batista, David M Costa, Pedro Freitas, Gonçalo Lima, Ana B Reis
pubished in: Journal of Development Economics, 2025, 173, 103401
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