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IZA Discussion Papers

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The IZA Discussion Paper Series (ISSN: 2365-9793) disseminates high-quality research by IZA network members to the scientific community and the interested public worldwide before they are later published in academic journals. Comprising more than 17,000 papers, IZA's publication flagship is the most influential working paper series in labor economics.

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304 IZA Discussion Papers
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18181
Performance Pay and Happiness: Work vs. Home?
Mehrzad B. Baktash, John S. Heywood, Uwe Jirjahn
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18023
Employee Ownership and Promotive Voice: The Roles of Psychological Ownership and Perceived Alignment of Interests
Dylan A. Cooper, Tony Fang, Vincent Wan
published online in: Journal of Organizational Effectiveness: People and Performance, 24 June 2025
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17959
The Rises and Falls of Piecework-Timework Pay Differentials. UK Engineering and Metal Working Industries, 1926–1965.
Robert A. Hart, J. Elizabeth Roberts
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17791
Does Performance Pay Deter Job Quits?
Benjamin Artz, John S. Heywood
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17757
Quest for Talents: Attraction and Retention of Highly-Skilled Overseas Chinese in the United States and Canada
Tony Fang, Lilac Ge, John Hartley, Hui Ming
published in: Asian Economic Papers, 2025, 24 (1), 182–213
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17750
Preferences for Gender Diversity in High-Profile Jobs
Celina Högn, Lea Mayer, Johannes Rincke, Erwin Winkler
published in: Labour Economics 99:102857 (2026)
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17644
Variable Pay and Risk Sharing Between Firms and Workers
Jason Sockin, Michael Sockin
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17449
Optimal Compensation in Competitive Labor Markets with Heterogeneous Employers and Workers
Samuel Häfner, Niklas Haeusle, Winfried Koeniger, Alexander Braun
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17440
Compensation Peer Group Effects: Evidence from NFL Professional Football
Quinn Keefer, Thomas J. Kniesner
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17234
Working from Home and Performance Pay: Individual or Collective Payment Schemes?
Uwe Jirjahn, Cinzia Rienzo
revised version forthcoming in: British Journal of Industrial Relations
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17119
Making the Right Call: The Heterogeneous Effects of Individual Performance Pay on Productivity
Marco Clemens, Jan Sauermann
published in: Labour Economics, 2025, 94, 102694
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16886
Does How You Get Paid at Work Affect Your Time off Work? The Relationship between Performance-Related Employment Contracts and Leisure Activities
Nicole Andelic, Julia Allan, Keith A. Bender, Daniel Powell, Ioannis Theodossiou
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16836
Strategic Behaviours in a Labour Market with Mobility-Restricting Contractual Provisions: Evidence from the National Hockey League
Luca Fumarco, Neil Longley, Alberto Palermo, Giambattista Rossi
revised version published in: Oxford Economic Papers, 2024, 76 (4), 1189–1203
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16812
Multi-Rater Performance Evaluations and Incentives
Axel Ockenfels, Dirk Sliwka, Peter Werner
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16576
Demand for Personality Traits, Tasks, and Sorting
Vera Brenčič, Andrew McGee
published in: Elsner, B. and Polachek, S.W. (eds.), Big Data Applications in Labor Economics, Part A (Research in Labor Economics, 52A), Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, 2024, 161-211
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16493
National Wage Setting
Jonathon Hazell, Christina Patterson, Heather Sarsons, Bledi Taska
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16283
Persistent Overconfidence and Biased Memory: Evidence from Managers
David B. Huffman, Collin Raymond, Julia Shvets
published in: American Economic Review, 2022, 112 (10), 3141–3175
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16267
Variable Payment Schemes and Productivity: Do Individual-Based Schemes Really Have a Stronger Influence than Collective Ones?
Uwe Jirjahn, Jens Mohrenweiser
revised version published in: Kyklos, 2025, 78, 1316-1332
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16123
Incentivizing Team Leaders: A Firm-Level Experiment on Subjective Performance Evaluation of Leadership Skills
Thomas Gall, Xiaocheng Hu, Michael Vlassopoulos
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16083
Employers' Demand for Personality Traits
Vera Brenčič, Andrew McGee
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15775
Piecework and Job Search in the Platform Economy
Michele Cantarella, Chiara Strozzi
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15716
Revenue Drift, Incentives, and Effort Allocation in Social Enterprises
Theodor Vladasel, Simon C. Parker, Randolph Sloof, Mirjam C. van Praag
published in: Journal of Economics & Management Strategy, 2024, 33 (3), 630 - 651
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15665
Business Cycles and Police Hires
Fernando Saltiel, Cody Tuttle
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15649
Costs and Benefits of an Individual Learning Account (ILA): A Simulation Analysis for the Netherlands
Henri Bussink, Bas ter Weel
published in: Economic Modelling, 2023, 118, 106085
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15552
Collective Bargaining for Women: How Unions Can Create Female-Friendly Jobs
Viola Corradini, Lorenzo Lagos, Garima Sharma
published in: Quarterly Journal of Economics, 2025, 140 (3), 2053–2105
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15496
Social Preferences and Rating Biases in Subjective Performance Evaluations
David Kusterer, Dirk Sliwka
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15474
Does Performance Pay Influence Hours of Work?
Colin P. Green, John S. Heywood
published as 'Performance pay, work hours and employee health in the UK' in: Labour Economics, 2023, 84, 102387
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15412
Performance Pay and Work Hours: US Survey Evidence
Benjamin Artz, John S. Heywood
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15340
Minimum Wages in Developing Countries
Tony Fang, Viet Hoang Ha
published in: Klaus F. Zimmermannn (ed.), Handbook of Labor, Human Resources and Population Economics, Springer, 2023
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15333
Evolution of Union Wages and Determinants
Tony Fang, John Hartley
published in: Klaus F. Zimmermann (ed.), Handbook of Labor, Human Resources and Population Economics, Springer, 2022
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15274
Reward or Punishment? The Distribution of Life-Cycle Returns to Political Office
Jens Olav Dahlgaard, Nicolai Kristensen, Frederik Kjøller Larsen
published online in: Political Science Research and Methods, 06 January 2025
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15000
Performance-Related Pay and Objective Measures of Health after Correcting for Sample Selection
Nicole Andelic, Julia Allan, Keith A. Bender, Daniel Powell, Ioannis Theodossiou
published as 'Performance-related Pay, Mental and Physiological Health' in: Industrial Relations, 2024, 63 (1), 3-25.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14992
Hours Constraints and Wage Differentials across Firms
Claudio Labanca, Dario Pozzoli
published online in: Journal of Human Resources, 07 November 2023,
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14986
Does Group-Based Incentive Pay Lead To Higher Productivity? Evidence from a Complex and Interdependent Industrial Production Process
Anders Frederiksen, Daniel Baltzer Schjødt Hansen, Colleen Flaherty Manchester
published as ' Group-based incentives and individual performance: Unpacking the effort response' in: ILR Review, 2024, 77 (2), 273-293.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14985
Adverse Selection in the Group Life Insurance Market
Timothy F. Harris, Aaron Yelowitz, Jeffery Talbert, Alison Davis
published in: Economic Inquiry, 2023, 61 (5), 911-941
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14939
Worker Stress and Performance Pay: German Survey Evidence
Mehrzad B. Baktash, John S. Heywood, Uwe Jirjahn
revised version published in: Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 2022, 201, 276-291
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14706
Footsie, Yeah! Share Prices and Worker Wellbeing
Alex Bryson, Andrew E. Clark, Colin P. Green
published in: Journal of Participation and Employee Ownership, 2022, 4 (3), 197-211
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14474
Does Compliance with Financial Fair Play Rules Improve the Football Clubs' Sport Performance and Their Chances to Reach UEFA Competitions?
Pedro Garcia-del-Barrio, Pablo Agnese
published as 'To comply or not to comply? How a UEFA wage-to-revenue requirement might affect the sport and managerial performance of soccer clubs' in: Managerial and Decision Economics, 2023, 44 (2), 767 - 786
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14382
Drivers of Working Hours and Household Income Dynamics during the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Case of the Netherlands
Christian Zimpelmann, Hans-Martin von Gaudecker, Radost Holler, Lena Janys, Bettina M. Siflinger
published as 'Hours and income dynamics during the Covid-19 pandemic: The case of the Netherlands' in: Labour Economics, 2021, 73, 102055
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14325
The Return to Hours Worked within and across Occupations: Implications for the Gender Wage Gap
Jeffrey T. Denning, Brian A. Jacob, Lars Lefgren, Christian vom Lehn
published in: ILR Review, 2022, 75 (5), 1321 - 1347
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14242
Incentives for Cooperation in Teams: Sociality Meets Decision Rights
Britta Butz, Pablo Guillen Alvarez, Christine Harbring
published in: Review of Managerial Science, 2024, 18, 2925 - 2951
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14205
Performance Pay and Alcohol Use in Germany
Mehrzad B. Baktash, John S. Heywood, Uwe Jirjahn
revised version published in: Industrial Relations, 2022, 61, 353-383
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14199
Information Provision, Incentives, and Attention: A Field Experiment on Facilitating and Influencing Managers' Decisions
Kathrin Manthei, Dirk Sliwka, Timo Vogelsang
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14174
Gender and Psychological Pressure in Competitive Environments
Alison L. Booth, Patrick J. Nolen
published in: Economica, 2022, 89 (S1), S71-S85
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14131
Passthrough of Firm Performance to Income and Employment Stability
Jonas Maibom, Rune Majlund Vejlin
published in: Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 2023, 214, 30 - 43
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14125
Non-linear Incentives, Worker Productivity, and Firm Profits: Evidence from a Quasi-Experiment
Richard B. Freeman, Wei Huang, Teng Li
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14115
Kinks as Goals: Accelerating Commissions and the Performance of Sales Teams
Peter J. Kuhn, Lizi Yu
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14112
Wage Inequality and Labor Rights Violations
Ioana E. Marinescu, Yue Qiu, Aaron Sojourner
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13898
Workplace Incentives and Organizational Learning
Francesco Amodio, Miguel A. Martinez-Carrasco
published in: Journal of Labor Economics 2023, 41 (2), 453-478
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13825
How Does Working-Time Flexibility Affect Workers' Productivity in a Routine Job? Evidence from a Field Experiment
Marie Boltz, Bart Cockx, Ana Maria Diaz, Luz Salas
published in in: British Journal of Industrial Relations, 2023, 61 (1), 159 - 187
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13794
Judge Bias in Labor Courts and Firm Performance
Pierre Cahuc, Stéphane Carcillo, Bérengère Patault, Flavien Moreau
published in: Journal of the European Economic Association, 2024, 22 (3), 1319 - 1366
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13500
The Gendered Division of Paid and Domestic Work under Lockdown
Alison Andrew, Sarah Cattan, Monica Costa Dias, Christine Farquharson, Lucy Kraftman, Sonya Krutikova, Angus Phimister, Almudena Sevilla
published in: Fiscal Studies, 2022, 43 (4), 325 - 340
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13474
Selection and Incentives under Time Pressure: The Importance of Framing
Maria De Paola, Francesca Gioia, Valeria Pupo
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13302
Baby Steps: The Gender Division of Childcare during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Almudena Sevilla, Sarah Smith
published in: Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 2020, 36 (S1), S169–S186,
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13183
Inequality in the Impact of the Coronavirus Shock: Evidence from Real Time Surveys
Abi Adams-Prassl, Teodora Boneva, Marta Golin, Christopher Rauh
published in: Journal of Public Economics, 2020, 189, 104245
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12840
Inputs, Incentives, and Self-Selection at the Workplace
Francesco Amodio, Miguel A. Martinez-Carrasco
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12766
A New Strategy to Identify Causal Relationships: Estimating a Binding Average Treatment Effect
Tirthatanmoy Das, Solomon Polachek
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12731
How Do Low-Income Enrollees in the Affordable Care Act Marketplaces Respond to Cost-Sharing?
Kurt Lavetti, Thomas DeLeire, Nicolas R. Ziebarth
revised version published in: Journal of Risk and Insurance, 2023, 90 (1), 155 - 183
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12667
Paying Gig Workers – Evidence from a Field Experiment
Sebastian Butschek, Roberto González Amor, Patrick Kampkötter, Dirk Sliwka
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12592
Deregulating Teacher Labor Markets
Simon Burgess, Ellen Greaves, Richard J. Murphy
published in: Economics of Education Review, 2022, 88, 102253
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12586
Performance Pay and Productivity in Health Care: Evidence from Community Health Centers
Brian C. Cadena, Austin C. Smith
published in Journal of Public Economics 206
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12322
The Effects of Work-Life Benefits on Employment Outcomes in Canada: A Multivariate Analysis
Tony Fang, Byron Lee, Andrew R. Timming, Di Fan
published in: Relations industrielles/Industrial Relations, 2019, 74(2), 323-351.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12320
Incentivizing Learning-By-Doing: The Role of Compensation Schemes
Joshua Graff Zivin, Lisa B. Kahn, Matthew Neidell
published in: S. W. Polachek, K. Tatsiramos, G. Russo, G. van Houten (eds.): Workplace Productivity and Management Practices, Research in Labor Economics 49, 2021, 139 - 178
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12303
Do Employee Share Owners Face Too Much Financial Risk?
Douglas L. Kruse, Joseph Blasi, Dan Weltmann, Saehee Kang, Jung Ook Kim, William Castellano
published in: ILR Review, 2022, 75 (3), 716 - 740
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12267
Helping under a Combination of Team and Tournament Incentives
Anastasia Danilov, Bernd Irlenbusch, Christine Harbring
published in: in: Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 2019, 162, 120-135
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12250
The Pied Piper: Prizes, Incentives, and Motivation Crowding-In
Luigino Bruni, Vittorio Pelligra, Tommaso G. Reggiani, Matteo Rizzolli
revised version published in: Journal of Business Ethics, 2020, 166(3), 643-658
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12237
Education and Risk Compensation in Wages: A Quantile Regression Approach
José António Cabral Vieira, Carolina Constância, João Teixeira
published in: Applied Economics Letters, 2020, 27 (3), 194 - 198.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11920
High-Powered Performance Pay and Crowding out of Non-Monetary Motives
David B. Huffman, Michael L. Bognanno
published in: Management Science, 2018, 64 (10), 4669-4680.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11919
Competing on the Holodeck: The Effect of Virtual Peers and Heterogeneity in Dynamic Tournaments
Frederik Graff, Christian Grund, Christine Harbring
published in: Journal of Behavioral & Experimental Economics 2021, 90, 101596
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11859
Performance Pay and Prior Learning: Evidence from a Retail Chain
Kathrin Manthei, Dirk Sliwka, Timo Vogelsang
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11789
Prosocial Managers, Employee Motivation, and the Creation of Shareholder Value
Agne Kajackaite, Dirk Sliwka
published in: Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 2020, 172, 217-235
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11713
Foreign Competition and Executive Compensation in the Manufacturing Industry: A Comparison between Germany and the U.S.
Katharina Dyballa, Kornelius Kraft
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11617
Where Does Profit Sharing Work Best? A Meta-Analysis on the Role of Unions, Culture, and Values
Chris Doucouliagos, Patrice Laroche, Douglas L. Kruse, T. D. Stanley
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11581
Multitasking and Subjective Performance Evaluations: Theory and Evidence from a Field Experiment in a Bank
Kathrin Manthei, Dirk Sliwka
published in: Management Science, 2019, 65 (12), 5449-5956
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11565
Measuring Physicians' Response to Incentives: Evidence on Hours Worked and Multitasking
Bruce S. Shearer, Nibene Habib Somé, Bernard Fortin
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11523
Performance Pay and Enterprise Productivity: The Details Matter
Takao Kato, Antti Kauhanen
published in: Journal of Participation and Employee Ownership, 2018, 1 (1), 61-73
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11521
Using Social Connections and Financial Incentives to Solve Coordination Failure: A Quasi-Field Experiment in India's Manufacturing Sector
Farzana Afridi, Amrita Dhillon, Sherry Xin Li, Swati Sharma
published in: Journal of Development Economics, 2020, 144, 102445
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11289
Empowerment and the Dark Side of Delegation
Matthias Kräkel
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11266
Why Are Professors "Poorly Paid"?
Daniel S. Hamermesh
published in: Economics of Education Review, 2018, 66, 137-41
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11114
Occupational Match Quality and Gender over Two Cohorts
John T. Addison, Liwen Chen, Orgul Demet Ozturk
revised version published in: Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 2020, 73(3), 730-767.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11068
Employer-Provided Severance Pay: The Emergence of Job Displacement Insurance, 1930–1954
Donald O. Parsons
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11067
Voluntary Employer-Provided Severance Pay
Donald O. Parsons
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10923
Does It Matter How and How Much Politicians Are Paid?
Duha T. Altindag, S. Elif Filiz, Erdal Tekin
published in: Economica, 2020, 87 (348), 1105 - 1132
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10893
The Unemployment Insurance Taxable Wage Base Mystery
Donald O. Parsons
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10817
Active Ingredients: Exploring the Key Factors Affecting the Rising Cost of Developing New Drugs
Sarah J. Fossett, Phanindra V. Wunnava
published in: International Journal o Health Sciences, 2019, 7 (3), 1 - 18
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10713
Career Interruptions and Current Earnings: The Role of Interruption Type, Compensation Component, and Gender
Benedikt Gerst, Christian Grund
published in: International Journal of Manpower 2019, 40 , 850–878
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10643
Performance Pay and Applicant Screening
Uwe Jirjahn, Jens Mohrenweiser
revised version published in: British Journal of Industrial Relations, 2019, 57(3), 540-575
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10642
The Dispersion of Bonus Payments within and between Firms
Christian Grund, Tanja Hofmann
published in: Journal of Business Economics, 2019, 89 (4), 417-445
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10621
Benefit Generosity and Injury Duration: Quasi-Experimental Evidence from Regression Kinks
Benjamin Hansen, Tuan Nguyen, Glen R. Waddell
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10576
Ceding Control: An Experimental Analysis of Participatory Management
Philip Mellizo, Jeffrey P. Carpenter, Peter Hans Matthews
published in: Journal of the Economic Science Association, 2017, 3, 62 - 74
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10547
Promotion Incentives in the Public Sector: Evidence from Chinese Schools
Naureen Karachiwalla, Albert Park
published in: Journal of Public Economics, 2017, 146, 109-128
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10546
The Effectiveness of Incentive Schemes in the Presence of Implicit Effort Costs
Sebastian J. Goerg, Sebastian Kube, Jonas Radbruch
substantially revised version published in: Management Science, 2019, 65 (9), 3949-4450.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10288
Locus of Control and Performance Appraisal
John S. Heywood, Uwe Jirjahn, Cornelia Chadi
revised version published in: Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 2017, 142, 205-225
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10257
Free-Riding and Knowledge Spillovers in Teams: The Role of Social Ties
Maria De Paola, Francesca Gioia, Vincenzo Scoppa
published in: European Economic Review, 2019, 112, 74-90.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 9953
From Dual to Unified Employment Protection: Transition and Steady State
Juan J. Dolado, Etienne Lalé, Nawid Siassi
published in: Quantitative Economics, 2021, 12 (2), 547-585.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 9865
Job Displacement Insurance: A Policy Typology
Donald O. Parsons
IZA Discussion Paper No. 9854
The Adverse Consequences of Tournaments: Evidence from a Field Experiment
Maria De Paola, Francesca Gioia, Vincenzo Scoppa
published in: Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 2018, 151, 1-18
IZA Discussion Paper No. 9824
Moral-Hazard-Free First-Best Unemployment Insurance
Donald O. Parsons
IZA Discussion Paper No. 9823
The Simple Analytics of Job Displacement Insurance
Donald O. Parsons
published in: Journal of Risk and Insurance, 2019, 86 (2), 351 - 380
IZA Discussion Paper No. 9565
Psychological Incentives, Financial Incentives, and Risk Attitudes in Tournaments: An Artefactual Field Experiment
Bram Cadsby, Jim Engle-Warnick, Tony Fang, Fei Song
published in: Journal of Economic Psychology, 2019, 72, 64-79
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