The IZA Discussion Paper Series (ISSN: 2365-9793) disseminates high-quality research by IZA network members to the scientific community and the interested public worldwide before they are later published in academic journals. Comprising more than 17,000 papers, IZA's publication flagship is the most influential working paper series in labor economics.

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522 IZA Discussion Papers
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17937
Heterogeneous Effects of a Teacher Strike on Education and Labor Market Outcomes
Henrika Langen, Liisa Laine
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17897
Gene x Environment Interactions: Polygenic Scores and the Impact of an Early Childhood Intervention in Colombia
Orazio Attanasio, Gabriella Conti, Pamela Jervis, Costas Meghir, Aysu Okbay
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17879
Improving First-Generation College Students’ Education and Employment Outcomes: Effects of a Targeted Scholarship Program
Gopinath Annadurai, Soham Sahoo
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17849
When the Going Gets Tough: The Impact of Health Shocks on Divorce
Javier Adrián López Artero, Anna Sanz-de-Galdeano, Daniela Vuri
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17838
Lifecycle Wages and Human Capital Investments: Selection and Missing Data
Laurent Gobillon, Thierry Magnac, Sébastien Roux
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17837
Gender Gaps in Early Childhood Development in Latin America and the Caribbean
Samuel Berlinski, Anna Sanz-de-Galdeano, Alba Sóñora-Noya
published in: Economics and Human Biology, 2025, 57, 101472
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17814
Educational Ambition, Marital Sorting, and Inequality
Frederik Almar, Benjamin Friedrich, Ana Reynoso, Bastian Schulz, Rune Majlund Vejlin
This paper is a substantially revised version of IZA DP No. 15912.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17751
Seeing Stereotypes
Elisa Baldazzi, Pietro Biroli, Marina Della Giusta, Florent Dubois
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17734
Time Well Spent? The Role of Test Effort in Explaining Achievement Gaps
Lex Borghans, Ron Diris, Mariana Tavares
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17733
Top-Performing Girls Are More Impactful Peer Role Models than Boys, Teachers Say
Sofoklis Goulas, Rigissa Megalokonomou, Panagiotis Sotirakopoulos
published in: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2025, 122 (6), e2421436122
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17720
Earnings Expectations of “First-in-Family” University Students and Their Role for Major Choice
Katharina Adler, Fabian Kosse, Markus Nagler, Johannes Rincke
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17702
Lifting Up the Lives of Extremely Disadvantaged Youth: The Role of Staying in School Longer
Julie Moschion, Jan C. van Ours
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17700
From Retributive to Restorative: An Alternative Approach to Justice in Schools
Anjali Adukia, Benjamin Feigenberg, Fatemeh Momeni
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17674
The Long-Term Effects of Teachers' Gender Stereotypes on Labor Outcomes
Joan Jennifer Martinez
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17652
Levelling the Playing Field? SES Differences in Graduate Degree Choices
Judith M. Delaney, Paul J. Devereux
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17626
The Bilingual Advantage: It's How You Measure It
Ainoa Aparicio Fenoll, Zoë Kuehn
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17623
TV Digital Transition in Italy and the Impact on Pupils' Academic Performance
Andrea Caria, Daniele Checchi, Dimitri Paolini
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17570
From Parents' Cradle to Children's Career: Intergenerational Effects of Parental Investments
Sander de Vries, Nadine Ketel, Maarten Lindeboom
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17547
Matching Disadvantaged Children to Day Care: Evidence from a Centralized Platform
Olivier De Groote, Minyoung Rho
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17545
Remote Learning during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Evidence from a Three-Level Survey of Italian Schools
Andrea Caria, Adriana Di Liberto, Sara Pau
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17542
Flooding the Brains: Natural Disasters, Student Outcomes, and the Urban-Rural Gap in Human Capital
Juan S. Muñoz-Morales
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17539
Disruptive Peers and Academic Performance: Short- and Long-Term Outcomes
Sofoklis Goulas, Silvia Griselda, Rigissa Megalokonomou, Yves Zenou
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17531
The Company You Keep: The Positive Peer Effects of Kindergarten on Learning and Mental Health
Yanan Li, Nidhiya Menon, Naveen Sunder
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17526
The Effect of Extended Education on Educational Quality and Inequality: An Event Study Approach
Ron Diris, Kim Fairley
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17476
Heritability in the Labour Market: Evidence from Italian Twins
Sonia Brescianini, Lorenzo Cappellari, Daniele Checchi
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17466
School Racial Segregation and Late-Life Cognition
Zhuoer Lin, Yi Wang, Thomas M. Gill, Xi Chen
published in: JAMA Network Open, 2025, 8 (1), e2452713
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17462
Autonomous Schools, Achievement, and Segregation
Natalie Irmert, Jan Bietenbeck, Linn Mattisson, Felix Weinhardt
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17446
Gritty Peers
Effrosyni Adamopoulou, Yaming Cao, Ezgi Kaya
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17437
The Reversal of the Gender Gap in Education: Exploring its Consequences for Partnering, Employment and Voting Behaviour
Martin Nordin, Maria Stanfors
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17411
The Different Sources of Intergenerational Income Mobility in High and Low Income Families
Anders Hjorth-Trolle, Rasmus Landersø
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17394
Distance to Opportunity: Higher Education Deserts and College Enrollment Choices
Riley Acton, Kalena E. Cortes, Camila Morales
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17362
The Effectiveness of Teamwork for Student Academic Outcomes: Evidence from a Field Experiment
Ritwik Banerjee, Niels-Hugo Blunch, Daniele Cassese, Nabanita Datta Gupta, Paolo Pin
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17338
Distance to Degrees: How College Proximity Shapes Students' Enrollment Choices and Attainment across Race-Ethnicity and Socioeconomic Status
Riley Acton, Kalena E. Cortes, Lois Miller, Camila Morales
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17331
Teacher Personality and the Perceived Socioeconomic Gap in Student Outcomes
Giorgio Brunello, Clementina Crocè, Pamela Giustinelli, Lorenzo Rocco
published in: Economics Letters, 2025, 247, 112096
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17330
Who Benefits from Single-Sex Schooling? Evidence on Mental Health, Peer Relationships, and Academic Achievements
Dain Jung, Jun Hyung Kim, Do Won Kwak
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17322
A Library in the Palm of Your Hand? A Randomized Field Experiment with Low-Income Children
Silke Anger, Bernhard Christoph, Agata Galkiewicz, Shushanik Margaryan, Frauke Peter, Malte Sandner, Thomas Siedler
This version: March 2025.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17314
Free Education and the Intergenerational Transmission of Cognitive Skills in Rural China
Zheyuan Zhang, Hui Xu, Ruilin Liu, Zhong Zhao
published in: Journal of Population Economics, 2025, 38, 29 (2025)
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17302
Creative and Strategic Capabilities of Generative AI: Evidence from Large-Scale Experiments
Noah Bohren, Rustamdjan Hakimov, Rafael Lalive
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17300
The Effect of Distance to Colleges on Application Behavior
Judith M. Delaney, Paul J. Devereux
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17296
The Pecuniary Costs of Early School Leaving and Poor Basic Cognitive and Non-cognitive Skills
Giorgio Brunello, Lorenzo Rocco
also available as 'The price of inaction: the global private, fiscal and social costs of children and youth not learning', United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), Paris, 2024
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17288
Fetal Pollution Exposure, Cognitive Ability, and Gender-Specific Parental Investment
Xin Zhang, Yixuan Wang, Xingyi Hu, Xi Chen
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17283
Unbundling Returns to Postsecondary Degrees and Skills: Evidence from Colombia
Matias Busso, Sebastián Montaño, Juan S. Muñoz-Morales
published in: Education Economics, 2024, 33 (1), 1-18
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17271
Gender Role Models in Education
Sofoklis Goulas, Bhagya N. Gunawardena, Rigissa Megalokonomou, Yves Zenou
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17252
Elite Universities and the Intergenerational Transmission of Human and Social Capital
Andres Barrios-Fernandez, Christopher A. Neilson, Seth D. Zimmerman
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17244
Unintended Consequences of Welfare Cuts on Children and Adolescents
Christian Dustmann, Rasmus Landersø, Lars Højsgaard Andersen
revised version forthcoming in: American Economic Journal: Applied Economics
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17236
Children of the Revolution: Women's Liberation and Children's Success
Eric Maurin, Florentine Oliveira
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17222
When Do Ordinal Ability Rank Effects Emerge? Evidence from the Timing of School Closures
Marco Bertoni, Saeideh Parkam
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17173
Every Cloud Has a Silver Lining: The Role of Study Time and Class Recordings on University Students' Performance during COVID-19
Chiara Binelli, Simona Lorena Comi, Elena Meschi, Laura Pagani
published in: Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 2024, 225, 305-328
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17135
Can the Teaching Style Reduce Inequality in the Classroom? Evidence from a Quasi-Experiment
Lei Xu, Massimiliano Tani, Yu Zhu
published in: British Educational Research Journal, 2024, 50 (6), 2849 - 2874
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17121
Alternative Measures of Teachers' Value Added and Impact on Short and Long-Term Outcomes: Evidence from Random Assignment
Victor Lavy, Rigissa Megalokonomou
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17098
It's a Bird, It's a Plane, It's Superman! Using Mass Media to Fight Intolerance
Alex Armand, Paul Atwell, Joseph Gomes, Giuseppe Musillo, Yannik Schenk
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17072
Schooling Mobility across Three Generations in Six Latin American Countries
Pablo Celhay, Sebastian Gallegos
published in: Journal of Population Economics, 2025, 38, 23 (2025)
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17066
Shattered Dreams: The Economic Impact of Eliminating DACA
Francesc Ortega, Phillip Connor
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17056
Understanding the Educational Attainment Polygenic Index and Its Interactions with SES in Determining Health in Young Adulthood
Atticus Bolyard, Peter A. Savelyev
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17054
Teacher Value-Added and the Test Score Gender Gap
Andrés García-Echalar, Sebastián Poblete, Tomas Rau
published in: Labour Economics, 2024, 89, 102588
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17033
The Underconfidence Wage Penalty
Anna Adamecz, Nikki Shure
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17020
Putting Low Emission Zone (LEZ) to the Test: The Effect of London's LEZ on Education
Antonio Avila-Uribe, Sefi Roth, Brian Shields
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16994
School Equalization in the Shadow of Jim Crow: Causes and Consequences of Resource Disparity in Mississippi Circa 1940
David Card, Leah Clark, Ciprian Domnisoru, Lowell J. Taylor
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16989
Dictatorship, Higher Education, and Social Mobility
María Angélica Bautista, Felipe González, Luis R. Martinez, Pablo Muñoz, Mounu Prem
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16958
Geographic Inequalities in Accessibility of Essential Services
Vanda Almeida, Claire Hoffmann, Sebastian Königs, Ana Isabel Moreno-Monroy, Mauricio Salazar-Lozada, Javier Terrero-Dávila
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16956
Public and Parental Investments, and Children's Skill Formation
Miriam Gensowski, Rasmus Landersø, Philip Dale, Anders Hojen, Laura Justice, Dorthe Bleses
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16943
Loopholes and the Incidence of Public Services: Evidence from Funding Career & Technical Education
Thomas Goldring, Brian A. Jacob, Daniel Kreisman, Michael D. Ricks
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16937
Game Changer: Impact of a Reading Intervention on Cognitive and Non-cognitive Skills
Micole De Vera, Javier Garcia-Brazales, Luz Rello
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16920
A Neglected Determinant of Eating Behaviors: Relative Age
Luca Fumarco, Sven A. Hartmann, Francesco Principe
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16918
Gender Differences in Graduate Degree Choices
Judith M. Delaney, Paul J. Devereux
published in: Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 2025, 230, 106882
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16907
Well-Being throughout the COVID-19 Pandemic in Germany: Gendered Effects of Daycare and School Closures
Mathias Huebener, Sevrin Waights, C. Katharina Spieß
published in: K. Couch (ed.), Handbook of Inequality and COVID-19, Edward Elgar Publishing, 2025, 183 - 197
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16899
The Extent and Consequences of Teacher Biases against Immigrants
Ellen Sahlström, Mikko Silliman
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16853
What Works? Interventions Aimed At Reducing Student Dropout in Higher Education
Kristoffer Ibsen, Michael Rosholm
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16851
School Starting Age and the Social Gradient in Educational Outcomes
Yuejun Zhao, Simen Markussen, Knut Røed
forthcoming in: Education Economics, 2025
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16847
Peer Creativity and Academic Achievement
Max van Lent
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16805
School Choice and Neighborhood Sorting: Equilibrium Consequences of Geographic School Admissions
Ellen Greaves, Hélène Turon
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16795
Fiscal Incidence on the Island: Grenada's Fiscal System and Its Incidence
Gustavo J. Canavire Bacarreza, Guillermo Gómez Aliaga, Chevanne Britton, Fernando Rios-Avila, Wilson Jimenez Pozo, Silvia Granados Ibarra, Ran Li
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16784
The Impact of the Level and Timing of Parental Resources on Child Development and Intergenerational Mobility
Sadegh S. M. Eshaghnia, James J. Heckman, Rasmus Landersø
published online in: Journal of Labor Economics, 2 August 2024
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16782
Do Women Fare Worse When Men Are Around? Quasi-Experimental Evidence
Marcela Gomez-Ruiz, María Cervini-Plá, Xavier Ramos
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16776
Setting Priorities in School Choice Enrollment Systems: Who Benefits from Placement Algorithm Preferences?
Jon Valant, Brigham Walker
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16763
Hukou Status and Children's Education in China
Yue Sun, Liqiu Zhao, Zhong Zhao
published in: Economic Development and Cultural Change, 2025, 73(2), 979-1021
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16759
Does Information about Inequality and Discrimination in Early Child Care Affect Policy Preferences?
Henning Hermes, Philipp Lergetporer, Fabian Mierisch, Guido Schwerdt, Simon Wiederhold
published in: Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 2024, 228, 106780, 2024
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16750
Born under the Bad Sign: Intergenerational Effects of the Finnish Great Depression of the Early 1990s
Eiji Mangyo, Mika Haapanen, Petri Böckerman
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16724
The Impact of Comprehensive Student Support on Crime: Evidence from the Pathways to Education Program
Adam M. Lavecchia, Philip Oreopoulos, Noah Spencer
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16713
What Works and for Whom? Effectiveness and Efficiency of School Capital Investments across the U.S.
Barbara Biasi, Julien Lafortune, David Schönholzer
published in: Quarterly Journal of Economics, 18 February 2025
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16712
A Scalable Approach to High-Impact Tutoring for Young Readers: Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial
Kalena E. Cortes, Karen Kortecamp, Susanna Loeb, Carly D. Robinson
published as 'A scalable approach to high-impact tutoring for young readers' in: Learning and Instruction, 2025, 95, 102021
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16701
Field of Study and Mental Health in Adulthood
Anders Stenberg, Simona Tudor
published online in: Journal of Human Resources, 07 November 2024
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16690
Learning from Mistakes: The Implications of Course Repetition for Student Subsequent Success
Kelly Chen, Xuan Jiang
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16689
Female Classmates, Disruption, and STEM Outcomes in Disadvantaged Schools: Evidence from a Randomized Natural Experiment
Sofoklis Goulas, Rigissa Megalokonomou, Yi Zhang
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16668
Estimating Returns to Schooling and Experience: A History of Thought
Barry R. Chiswick
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16654
High Achieving First-Generation University Students
Nikki Shure, Larissa Zierow
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16639
Can Effective Policy Implementation Alter Political Selection? Evidence from Female Legislators in India
S Anukriti, Rossella Calvi, Abhishek Chakravarty
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16591
The (Un)Importance of School Assignment
Nadine Ketel, Hessel Oosterbeek, Sandor Sovago, Bas van der Klaauw
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16584
Gender Differences in High School Choices: Do Math and Language Skills Play a Role?
Dalit Contini, Maria Laura Di Tommaso, Anna Maccagnan, Silvia Mendolia
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16559
The Return to College, Marriage, and Intergenerational Mobility
Eric D. Gould
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16531
COVID-19 and the European Education Performance Decline: A Focus on Primary School Children's Reading Achievement between 2016 and 2021
Sylke V. Schnepf, Silvia Granato
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16525
Telementoring and Homeschooling during School Closures: A Randomized Experiment in Rural Bangladesh
Hashibul Hassan, Asadul Islam, Abu Siddique, Liang Choon Wang
published in: Economic Journal, 2024, 134 (622), 2418–2438
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16520
On the Origins of Socio-Economic Inequalities: Evidence from Twin Families
Paul Bingley, Lorenzo Cappellari, Konstantinos Tatsiramos
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16516
The Effect of Reducing Welfare Access on Employment, Health, and Children's Long-Run Outcomes
Jeffrey Hicks, Gaëlle Simard-Duplain, David A. Green, William P. Warburton
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16498
Starting the School Year on the Right Foot. Effects of a Summer Learning Program Targeting Vulnerable Students in Italy
Davide Azzolini, Martina Bazzoli, Sergiu Burlacu, Enrico Rettore
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16453
Spillovers in Fields of Study: Siblings, Cousins, and Neighbors
Stanislav Avdeev, Nadine Ketel, Hessel Oosterbeek, Bas van der Klaauw
published in: Journal of Public Economics, 2024, 238, 105193.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16447
Childhood Health Shocks and the Intergenerational Transmission of Inequality
Tine Louise Mundbjerg Eriksen, Amanda Gaulke, Jannet Svensson, Niels Skipper, Peter Rønø Thingholm
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16423
Suspended from Work and School? Impacts of Layoff Events and Unemployment Insurance on Student Disciplinary Incidence
Riley Acton, Jo Al Khafaji-King, Austin C. Smith
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16419
Race and the Income-Achievement Gap
Ryan Bacic, Angela Zheng
pubished in: Economic Inquiry, 2024, 62 (1), 5- 23
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16378
The Short and Medium Term Effects of Full-Day Schooling on Learning and Maternal Labor Supply
Giulia Bovini, Niccolò Cattadori, Marta De Philippis, Paolo Sestito
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