The IZA Discussion Paper Series (ISSN: 2365-9793) disseminates high-quality research by IZA network members to the scientific community and the interested public worldwide before they are later published in academic journals. Comprising more than 17,000 papers, IZA's publication flagship is the most influential working paper series in labor economics.

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498 IZA Discussion Papers
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17969
A Matter of Time? Measuring Effects of Public Schooling Expansions on Families
Chloe Gibbs, Jocelyn Wikle, Riley Wilson
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17952
Preferences and the Puzzle of Female Labor Force Participation
Mahdi Majbouri
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17936
The Labor Supply Curve is Upward Sloping: The Labor Market Effects of Immigrant-Induced Demand Shocks
Sigurd Galaasen, Andreas Ravndal Kostøl, Joan Monras, Jonathan Vogel
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17873
Adjustments to Reduced Cash Transfers: Religious Safety Nets and Children’s Long-Term Outcomes
Naomi Gershoni, Rania Gihleb, Assaf Kott, Hani Mansour, Yannay Shanan
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17845
How Do Firms Respond to Parental Leave Absences?
Anne Ardila Brenøe, Ursa Krenk, Andreas Steinhauer, Josef Zweimüller
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17717
Explaining Stagnation in the College Wage Premium
Leila Bengali, Robert G. Valletta, Cindy Zhao
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17714
Genetic Predictors of Cognitive Decline and Labor Market Exit
Anne Katrine Borgbjerg, Esben Agerbo, Nabanita Datta Gupta, Timothy J. Halliday
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17566
Normative Judgments Implicit in the Tax System: A Simulation Approach
Niklas Isaak, Robin Jessen
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17505
Twenty-Five Hours in a Day: On Job Flexibility and the Intrahousehold Allocation of Time and Money
Iris Kesternich, Frederic Vermeulen, Alexander Wintzéus
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17498
Hours Risk and Wage Risk: Repercussions over the Life-Cycle
Robin Jessen, Johannes König
published in: Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 2023, 125( 4), 956–996.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17493
Are Men's Preferences for Couple Equity Misperceived? Evidence from Six Countries
Teodora Boneva, Ana Brás-Monteiro, Marta Golin, Christopher Rauh
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17399
Are Alternative Work Arrangements a Substitute for Standard Employment? Evidence from Worker-Level Data
Bernardo Fanfani, Filippo Passerini
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17371
School Closures and Parental Labor Supply: Differential Effects of Anticipated and Unanticipated Closures
Sofia Schroeter, Rafael Lalive, Kalaivani Karunanethy
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17370
Dividing Housework between Partners: Individual Preferences and Social Norms
Danilo Cavapozzi, Marco Francesconi, Cheti Nicoletti
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17363
Work Hours Mismatch
Marta Lachowska, Alexandre Mas, Raffaele Saggio, Stephen A. Woodbury
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17359
Affordable Housing and Individual Labor Market Outcomes
Wolfgang Dauth, Andreas Mense, Matthias Wrede
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17354
Spousal Labor Supply: Decoupling Gender Norms and Earning Status
Elliott Isaac
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17317
The Causal Effects of Inflation Uncertainty on Households' Beliefs and Actions
Dimitris Georgarakos, Yuriy Gorodnichenko, Olivier Coibion, Geoff Kenny
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17316
The Labor and Health Economics of Breast Cancer
Alexander Ahammer, Gerald J. Pruckner, Flora Stiftinger
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17298
Income Effects of Disability Benefits
Sebastian Becker, Annica Gehlen, Johannes Geyer, Peter Haan
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17238
The Effects of Child Care Subsidies on Paid Child Care Participation and Labor Market Outcomes: Evidence from the Child and Dependent Care Credit
Gabrielle Pepin
forthcoming in: ILR Review, 2024
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17232
Effects of Health Shocks on Adult Children's Labor Market Outcomes and Well-Being
Eduardo Ramirez Lizardi, Elisabeth Fevang, Knut Røed, Henning Øien
forthcoming in: Health Economics, 2025
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17219
Closing the Gender Gap: Promoting Labour Market Participation
Jorgen M. Harris, Eleonora Patacchini
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17143
How Important Are Mental and Physical Health in Career and Family Choices?
Guido Cozzi, Noemi Mantovan, Robert M. Sauer
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17107
Labor Market Outcomes of Same-Sex Couples in Countries with Legalized Same-Sex Marriage
Honorata Bogusz, Jan Gromadzki
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17042
Informal Incentives and Labor Markets
Matthias Fahn, Takeshi Murooka
published in: Economic Journal, 2025, 135 (665), 144–179
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17041
Employment and Labor Supply Responses to the Child Tax Credit Expansion: Theory and Evidence
Diane Whitmore Schanzenbach, Michael R. Strain
published in: Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 2024, 710 (1), 141-156
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16904
Combining Part-Time Work and Social Benefits: Empirical Evidence from Finland
Salla Kalin, Tomi Kyyrä, Tuomas Matikka
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16896
The Gender Division of Work across Countries
Charles Gottlieb, Cheryl Doss, Douglas Gollin, Markus Poschke
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16880
Access to Formal Childcare for Toddlers and Parental Employment and Earnings
Taiyo Fukai, Ayako Kondo
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16858
The Consequences of Miscarriage on Parental Investments
Aline Bütikofer, Deirdre Coy, Orla Doyle, Rita Ginja
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16735
Social Security and Inequality in Belgium
Giulia Klinges, Alain Jousten, Mathieu Lefèbvre
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16683
Income Taxation and Hours Worked in Different Types of Entrepreneurship
Ege Can, Frank M. Fossen
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16652
How Negative Labor Supply Shocks Affect Training in Firms: Lessons from Opening the Swiss-German Border
Caroline Neuber-Pohl, Damiano Pregaldini, Uschi Backes-Gellner, Sandra Dummert, Harald Pfeifer
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16638
"This Time It's Different" - Generative Artificial Intelligence and Occupational Choice
Daniel Goller, Christian Gschwendt, Stefan C. Wolter
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16612
What Explains the Growing Gender Education Gap? The Effects of Parental Background, the Labor Market and the Marriage Market on College Attainment
Zvi Eckstein, Michael P. Keane, Osnat Lifshitz
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16607
Reaching for Gold! The Impact of a Positive Reputation Shock on Career Choice
Daniel Goller, Stefan C. Wolter
forthcoming in: European Economic Review, 2025
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16557
Does the Child Penalty Strike Twice, and If So Why?
Mette Gørtz, Sarah Sander, Almudena Sevilla
published as 'Does the Child Penalty Strike Twice?' in: European Economic Review, 2025, 172, 104942
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16552
Air Pollution and Time Use: Evidence from India
Jafar Jafarov, Tejendra P. Singh, Soham Sahoo
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16551
Impacts of Home-Care Subsidies: Evidence from Quasi-Random Assignment
Yuval Ofek-Shanny, Avner Strulov-Shlain, Dan Zeltzer
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16480
Temperature and the Timing of Work
Sam Cosaert, Adrian Nieto Castro, Konstantinos Tatsiramos
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16470
Retirement Decision of Belgian Couples and the Impact of the Social Security System
Sefane Cetin, Alain Jousten
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16393
The Evolution of the Wage Elasticity of Labor Supply over Time
Todd E. Elder, Steven J. Haider, Cody Orr
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16379
Non-monetary Interventions, Workforce Retention and Hospital Quality: Evidence from the English NHS
Giuseppe Moscelli, Melisa Sayli, Jo Blanden, Marco Mello, Henrique Castro-Pires, Chris Bojke
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16378
The Short and Medium Term Effects of Full-Day Schooling on Learning and Maternal Labor Supply
Giulia Bovini, Niccolò Cattadori, Marta De Philippis, Paolo Sestito
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16377
Population Aging and Economic Growth: From Demographic Dividend to Demographic Drag?
Rainer Kotschy, David E. Bloom
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16327
Effects of Lottery Wins on Household Labor Supply
Ignacio Belloc, José Alberto Molina, Jorge Velilla
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16313
Permanent Residency and Refugee Immigrants' Skill Investment
Jacob Nielsen Arendt, Christian Dustmann, Hyejin Ku
published in: Journal of Labor Economics, 2025, 43 (2), 293-318
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16299
Short-Term Labor Supply Response to the Timing of Transfer Payments: Evidence from the SNAP Program
Mindy Marks, Silvia Prina, Redina Tahaj
published in: Labour Economics, 2024, 91, 102646
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16277
The Effect of the COVID-19 Pandemic Recession on Less Educated Women's Human Capital: Some Projections
Mark Drozd, Robert A. Moffitt, Xinyu Zhao
published in: Journal of Labor Economics, 2024, 42 (2), 289–323
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16244
Where Are the Fathers? The Effects of Earmarking Parental Leave on Fathers in France
Hélène Périvier, Gregory Verdugo
published in: Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 2024, 77 (1), 88-118
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16228
When Death Was Postponed: The Effect of HIV Medication on Work, Savings, and Marriage
Mette Ejrnæs, Esteban García-Miralles, Mette Gørtz, Petter Lundborg
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16207
China's 40 Years Demographic Dividend and Labor Supply: The Quantity Myth
Xin Meng
published in: Asian Development Review, 2023, 40 (2), 111-144
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16186
Labor Supply Effects of a Universal Cash Transfer
Jan Gromadzki
published in: Journal of Public Economics, 2024, 239, 105248
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16174
Reconciling Estimates of the Long-Term Earnings Effect of Fertility
Simon Bensnes, Ingrid Huitfeldt, Edwin Leuven
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16172
Does a Flexible Parental Leave System Stimulate Maternal Employment?
Lennart Ziegler, Omar Bamieh
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16132
Forward-Looking Labor Supply Responses to Changes in Pension Wealth: Evidence from Germany
Elisabeth Artmann, Nicola Fuchs-Schündeln, Giulia Giupponi
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16124
Long-Run Consequences of Informal Elderly Care and Implications of Public Long-Term Care Insurance
Thorben Korfhage, Björn Fischer
published in: Journal of Health Economics, 2024, 96, 102884
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16115
Child Health, Parental Well-Being, and the Social Safety Net
Achyuta Adhvaryu, N. Meltem Daysal, Snaebjorn Gunnsteinsson, Teresa Molina, Herdis Steingrimsdottir
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16050
Transitory Earnings Opportunities and Educational Scarring of Men
Jósef Sigurdsson
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15890
What Drives Paternity Leave: Financial Incentives or Flexibility?
Lennart Ziegler, Omar Bamieh
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15791
Automation and Low-Skill Labor
Katja Mann, Dario Pozzoli
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15788
Beliefs about Maternal Labor Supply
Teodora Boneva, Marta Golin, Katja Maria Kaufmann, Christopher Rauh
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15769
Choice over Payment Schemes and Worker Effort
Martin Abel, Rulof Burger
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15743
The Social Tax: Redistributive Pressure and Labor Supply
Eliana Carranza, Aletheia Donald, Florian Grosset, Supreet Kaur
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15737
Commitment and the Dynamics of Household Labor Supply
Alexandros Theloudis, Jorge Velilla, Pierre-André Chiappori, José Ignacio Gimenez-Nadal, José Alberto Molina
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15719
The Gift of a Lifetime: The Hospital, Modern Medicine, and Mortality
Alex Hollingsworth, Melissa A. Thomasson, Krzysztof Karbownik, Anthony Wray
published in: American Economic Review, 2024, 114(7), 2201-2238.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15634
The Effect of Labor Market Shocks across the Life Cycle
Kjell G. Salvanes, Barton Willage, Alexander Willén
published in: Journal of Labor Economics, 2024, 42 (1), 121–160
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15548
Blurred Boundaries: A Day in the Life of a Teacher
Victoria Hunter Gibney, Kristine L. West, Seth Gershenson
published in: Research in Labor Economics, 2023, 51, 247-275
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15502
Income Taxes, Gross Hourly Wages, and the Anatomy of Behavioral Responses: Evidence from a Danish Tax Reform
Kazuhiko Sumiya, Jesper Bagger
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15497
Refugee Migration and the Labor Market: Lessons from 40 Years of Post-arrival Policies in Denmark
Jacob Nielsen Arendt, Christian Dustmann, Hyejin Ku
published in: Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 2022, 38 (3), 531-556
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15480
Do Non-monetary Interventions Improve Staff Retention? Evidence from English NHS Hospitals
Melisa Sayli, Giuseppe Moscelli, Jo Blanden, Chris Bojke, Marco Mello
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15415
The Effects of the Affordable Care Act on Labour Supply and Other Uses of Time
Anna Bottasso, Gianluca Cerruti, Maurizio Conti, Elena G. F. Stancanelli
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15388
Spillover Effects of Old-Age Pension across Generations: Family Labor Supply and Child Outcomes
Katja Maria Kaufmann, Yasemin Özdemir, Han Ye
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15377
Take-up and Labor Supply Responses to Disability Insurance Earnings Limits
Judit Krekó, Daniel Prinz, Andrea Weber
published in: Labour Economics, 2024, 89, 102583
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15338
The Evolution of Inequality in Education Trajectories and Graduation Outcomes in the US
Christian Belzil, Jörgen Hansen, Xingfei Liu
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15332
Commuting to Work and Gender-Conforming Social Norms: Evidence from Same-Sex Couples
Sonia Oreffice, Dario Sansone
published in: Labour Economics, 2023, 85, 102451
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15329
Work Effort in the UK: Trends and Explanations
José Ignacio Gimenez-Nadal, Almudena Sevilla
published as 'Trends in effort at work in the UK' in: Oxford Economic Papers, 2024, 76 (3), 628–646,
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15325
Days of Work over a Half Century: The Rise of the Four-Day Week
Daniel S. Hamermesh, Jeff E. Biddle
published in: ILR Review, 2025, 78 (1), 37-61
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15262
Health Insurance Coverage, Government Payments, and Labor Allocation
Cristina D. M. Miller, Ashok K. Mishra
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15223
Paid Childcare Leave, Fertility, and Female Labor Supply in South Korea
Kyeongkuk Kim, Sang-Hyop Lee, Timothy J. Halliday
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15091
The COVID-19 Pandemic in Latin American and Caribbean Countries: The Labor Supply Impact by Gender
Mariana Viollaz, Mauricio Salazar-Saenz, Luca Flabbi, Monserrat Bustelo, Mariano Bosch
published in: IZA Journal of Development and Migration, 2023, 14 (1)
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15086
Has the Willingness to Work Fallen during the COVID Pandemic?
Jason Faberman, Andreas I. Mueller, Aysegül Sahin
published in: Labour Economics, 2022, 79, 102275
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15072
Remote Work, Children's Health and the Racial Gap in Female Wages
Amairisa Kouki, Robert M. Sauer
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15061
Pell Grants and Labor Supply: Evidence from a Regression Kink
Michael S. Kofoed
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15046
The Marginal Labor Supply Disincentives of Welfare: Evidence from Administrative Barriers to Participation
Robert A. Moffitt, Matthew V. Zahn
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15013
Gendered Impacts of COVID-19 in Developing Countries
Titan Alon, Matthias Doepke, Kristina Manysheva, Michèle Tertilt
published in: AEA Papers and Proceedings, 2022, 112, 272 - 276
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14994
How Do Firms Adjust to Negative Labor Supply Shocks? Evidence from Migration Outflows
Emanuele Dicarlo
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14949
The Effect of Alimony Reform on Married Women's Labor Supply: Evidence from the American Time Use Survey
Daniel Fernández-Kranz, Jennifer Louise Roff
published online in: Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 25 November 2024
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14919
Willingness to Pay for Workplace Safety
Massimo Anelli, Felix Koenig
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14880
Access to Head Start and Maternal Labor Supply: Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Evidence
Jocelyn Wikle, Riley Wilson
published in: Journal of Labor Economics, 2023, 41 (4), 1081–1127
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14811
The Evolving Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Gender Inequality in the U.S. Labor Market: The COVID Motherhood Penalty
Kenneth A. Couch, Robert W. Fairlie, Huanan Xu
published in: Economic Inquiry, 2022, 60 (2), 485 - 507
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14724
The Gender Gap in Earnings Losses after Job Displacement
Hannah Illing, Johannes F. Schmieder, Simon Trenkle
published in: Journal of the European Economic Association, 2024, 5, 2108–2147
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14646
De Facto Immigration Enforcement, ICE Raid Awareness, and Worker Engagement
Catalina Amuedo-Dorantes, Francisca M. Antman
published in: Economic Inquiry, 2022, 60 (1), 373 - 391
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14605
Mothers at Work: How Mandating Paid Maternity Leave Affects Employment, Earnings and Fertility
Esther Mirjam Girsberger, Lena Hassani Nezhad, Kalaivani Karunanethy, Rafael Lalive
published in: Labour Economics, 2023, 84, 102364
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14579
Does Violent Conflict Affect Labor Supply of Farm Households? The Nigerian Experience
John Chiwuzulum Odozi, Ruth Uwaifo Oyelere
published in: Agricultural and Resource Economics Review, 2021, 50 (3), 401 - 435.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14565
Return-to-Work Policies' Clawback Regime and Labor Supply in Disability Insurance Programs
Arezou Zaresani, Miguel Olivo-Villabrille
published in: Labour Economics, 2022, 78, 102215
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14508
Young and Hungry? Employment Levels for Young People During Spring 2021
John V. Winters
published in: Economic Bulletin, 2022, 42 (2), 643 - 652
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14469
Pension Incentives and Labor Supply: Evidence from the Introduction of Universal Old-Age Assistance in the UK
Matthias Giesecke, Philipp Jaeger
published in: Journal of Public Economics, 2021, 203, 104516
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14468
Couples' Time-Use and Aggregate Labor Market Outcomes
Almut Balleer, Monika Merz, Tamás K. Papp
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