The IZA Discussion Paper Series (ISSN: 2365-9793) disseminates high-quality research by IZA network members to the scientific community and the interested public worldwide before they are later published in academic journals. Comprising more than 17,000 papers, IZA's publication flagship is the most influential working paper series in labor economics.

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259 IZA Discussion Papers
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18355
Formal and Informal Assets in the Italian Labour Market
Francesca Borgonovi, Daniele Checchi, Valentina Gualtieri
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18304
Long Lasting Health Effects of Soviet Education
Joan Costa-Font, Anna Nicinska
forthcoming in: Economica, 7 December, 2025
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18259
Using the MVPF to Allocate Treatment Under Imperfect Compliance and Supply-Side Constraints
Antonio Dalla-Zuanna, Kai Liu
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18238
The Lasting Effects of Working While in School: A Long-Term Follow-Up
Mery Ferrando, Noemi Katzkowicz, Thomas Le Barbanchon, Diego Ubfal
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18182
Economic Development in the 21st Century
Carmel U. Chiswick
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18168
Reversing the School to Prison Pipeline: The Impact of an Adult High School Program
Emily Merola, David Phillips, Patrick S Turner
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18156
Returns to Education in Greece: Causal Evidence from the 1977 Labor Market Survey
Harry Anthony Patrinos
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18134
Vocational Education, Earnings and Job Satisfaction in Europe
Seamus McGuinness, Lorcan Kelly, Anne Devlin, Adele Whelan
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18077
Causal Returns to Education
Harry Anthony Patrinos, George Psacharopoulos
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18053
Is There a Devaluation of Degrees? Unobserved Heterogeneity in Returns to Education and Early Experience
Damiano Argan, Robert J. Gary-Bobo, Marion Goussé
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17980
Returns to College Education of Chinese Manufacturing Employees: Who Benefits More?
Yuheng Lin, Dooruj Rambaccussing, Yu Zhu
forthcoming in China Economic Review, 2026, SME SI, 102665. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chieco.2026.102665.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17963
Education and Earnings in Arkansas
Harry Anthony Patrinos, Angelica Rivera-Olvera
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17951
Correcting Beliefs About Job Opportunities and Wages: A Field Experiment on Education Choices
Bart K. de Koning, Didier Fouarge, Robert Dur
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17948
The Untold Story of Internal Migration in Germany: Life-Cycle Patterns, Developments, and the Role of Education
Anton Barabasch, Kamila Cygan-Rehm, Guido Heineck, Sebastian Vogler
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17944
Racial Representation among Academics and Students’ Academic and Labor Market Outcomes
Angus J. Holford, Sonkurt Sen
published in: Labour Economics, 2025, 96, 102745
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17939
The Effect of Raising School Quality on Earnings
Harry Anthony Patrinos, George Psacharopoulos
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17927
Does Education Improve Financial Outcomes? Evidence from Stock Market and Retirement Accounts in Türkiye
Abdurrahman B. Aydemir, Yasar Ersan
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17896
Multidimensional Skills on LinkedIn Profiles: Measuring Human Capital and the Gender Skill Gap
David Dorn, Florian Schoner, Moritz Seebacher, Lisa Simon, Ludger Woessmann
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17832
The Effect of Compulsory Education on Non-Cognitive Skills: Evidence from Low- and Middle-Income Countries
Antonia Entorf, Thomas Dohmen
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17732
The Impact of Higher Education on Employer Perceptions
Renske Stans, Laura Ehrmantraut, Malin Siemers, Pia Pinger
forthcoming in: Economic Journal, 2025
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17720
Earnings Expectations of “First-in-Family” University Students and Their Role for Major Choice
Katharina Adler, Fabian Kosse, Markus Nagler, Johannes Rincke
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17693
Assessing the Value of Incomplete University Degrees: Experimental Evidence from HR Recruiters
Andrea Diem, Christian Gschwendt, Stefan C. Wolter
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17690
Human Capital Spillovers and the External Returns to Education
Pedro Portugal, Hugo Reis, Paulo Guimaraes, Ana Rute Cardoso
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17552
Unbundling the Effects of College on First-Job Search: Returns to Majors, Minors, and Extracurriculars
Jaime Arellano-Bover, Carolina Bussotti, John M. Nunley, R. Alan Seals Jr.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17539
Disruptive Peers and Academic Performance: Short- and Long-Term Outcomes
Sofoklis Goulas, Silvia Griselda, Rigissa Megalokonomou, Yves Zenou
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17531
The Company You Keep: The Positive Peer Effects of Kindergarten on Learning and Mental Health
Yanan Li, Nidhiya Menon, Naveen Sunder
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17493
Are Men's Preferences for Couple Equity Misperceived? Evidence from Six Countries
Teodora Boneva, Ana Brás-Monteiro, Marta Golin, Christopher Rauh
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17487
Early Career Effects of Entering the Labor Market During Higher Education Expansion
Johannes Goehausen, Stephan L. Thomsen
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17469
Job Training, English Language Skills, and Employability: Evidence from an Experiment in Urban India
Prashant Loyalka, Dinsha Mistree, Robert W. Fairlie, Saurabh Khanna
forthcoming in: Economic Development and Cultural Change
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17417
The Impact of a Peer-to-Peer Mentoring Program on University Choices and Performance
Stefania Bortolotti, Annalisa Loviglio
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17395
Skills and Earnings: A Multidimensional Perspective on Human Capital
Ludger Woessmann
published in: Annual Review of Economics, 2025, 17, 397-425
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17364
The Scarring Effect of Graduate Underemployment: Evidence from the UK
Matt Dickson, Michael Donnelly, Kalyan Kumar Kameshwara, Predrag Lazetic
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17307
Does Migrants' Consumption of Cultural Goods Impact on Their Economic Integration? Disclosing the Culture-to-Market Pathway
Salvatore Carrozzo, Elisabetta Lodigiani, Alessandra Venturini
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17271
Gender Role Models in Education
Sofoklis Goulas, Bhagya N. Gunawardena, Rigissa Megalokonomou, Yves Zenou
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17255
The Gender Wage Gap across Life: Effects of Genetic Predisposition Towards Higher Educational Attainment
Alex Bryson, Tim Morris, David Bann, David Wilkinson
published in: Economics and Human Biology, 2025, 56, 101471
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17253
Lifetime Consequences of Lost Instructional Time in the Classroom: Evidence from Shortened School Years
Kamila Cygan-Rehm
forthcoming in: Journal of Labor Economics
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17249
Intergenerational Effects of Compulsory Schooling Reform on Early Childhood Development in a Middle-Income Country
Yusuf Emre Akgündüz, Pelin Akyol, Abdurrahman B. Aydemir, Murat Demirci, Murat Güray Kirdar
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17237
Statistical Discrimination and Optimal Mismatch in College Major Selection
Mary Kate Batistich, Timothy N. Bond, Sebastian Linde, Kevin J. Mumford
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17216
Beyond the Degree: Fertility Outcomes of 'First in Family' Graduates
Anna Adamecz, Anna Lovász, Suncica Vujic
published online in: Review of Economics of the Household, 23 July 2025
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17212
Signaling Effects on the Labor Market: Winners and Losers of University Licensing in a Higher Education Reform
Pablo Lavado, Gustavo Yamada, Joaquin Armas, Mauricio Gonzalez
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17181
Unlocking Potential: Childcare Services and Refugees' Integration, Employment and Well-Being
Ludovica Gambaro, Mathias Huebener, Sophia Schmitz, C. Katharina Spieß
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17122
Education, Gender, and Family Formation
Hanna Virtanen, Mikko Silliman, Tiina Kuuppelomäki, Kristiina Huttunen
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17066
Shattered Dreams: The Economic Impact of Eliminating DACA
Francesc Ortega, Phillip Connor
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17059
The Effect of Postsecondary Educational Institutions on Local Economies: A Bird's-Eye View
Patrick Lehnert, Madison Dell, Uschi Backes-Gellner, Eric Bettinger
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17033
The Underconfidence Wage Penalty
Anna Adamecz, Nikki Shure
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16994
School Equalization in the Shadow of Jim Crow: Causes and Consequences of Resource Disparity in Mississippi Circa 1940
David Card, Leah Clark, Ciprian Domnisoru, Lowell J. Taylor
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16976
Business Education and Portfolio Returns
Adam Altmejd, Thomas Jansson, Yigitcan Karabulut
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16969
Integrating Minorities in the Classroom: The Role of Students, Parents, and Teachers
Alexandra de Gendre, Krzysztof Karbownik, Nicolás Salamanca, Yves Zenou
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16957
Does Vocational Education Pay off in China? Evidence from City-Level Education Supply Shocks
Li Dai, Pedro S. Martins
published in: Economic Modelling, 2024, 140, 106863
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16918
Gender Differences in Graduate Degree Choices
Judith M. Delaney, Paul J. Devereux
published in: Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 2025, 230, 106882
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16866
Artificial Intelligence Capital and Employment Prospects
Nick Drydakis
published in: Oxford Economic Papers, 2024, 76 (4), 901–919,
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16864
Schooling and Self-Control
Deborah A. Cobb-Clark, Sarah C. Dahmann, Daniel A. Kamhöfer, Hannah Schildberg-Hörisch
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16813
Which Colleges Increase Voting Rates?
D’Wayne Bell, John B. Holbein, Samuel J. Imlay, Jonathan Smith
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16800
The Labour Market Returns to Graduation: Reconciling Administrative and Survey Data Estimates
Anna Adamecz, Matt Dickson, Nikki Shure
published in: Economics of Education Review, 2025, 108, 102701
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16798
Overeducation and Economic Mobility
Simen Markussen, Maria Nareklishvili, Knut Røed
published in: Economics of Education Review, 2024, 103, 102595
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16724
The Impact of Comprehensive Student Support on Crime: Evidence from the Pathways to Education Program
Adam M. Lavecchia, Philip Oreopoulos, Noah Spencer
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16712
A Scalable Approach to High-Impact Tutoring for Young Readers: Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial
Kalena E. Cortes, Karen Kortecamp, Susanna Loeb, Carly D. Robinson
published as 'A scalable approach to high-impact tutoring for young readers' in: Learning and Instruction, 2025, 95, 102021
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16694
When Randomization Is Not Feasible: The Case of Parenting Skills Programs
Daniela Del Boca, Chiara D. Pronzato, Lucia Schiavon
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16689
Female Classmates, Disruption, and STEM Outcomes in Disadvantaged Schools: Evidence from a Randomized Natural Experiment
Sofoklis Goulas, Rigissa Megalokonomou, Yi Zhang
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16668
Estimating Returns to Schooling and Experience: A History of Thought
Barry R. Chiswick
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16659
Technological Change and Returns to Training
Roman Klauser, Marcus Tamm
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16568
Estimates of Earnings Returns by Field of Study for For-Profit Schools and Community Colleges
Christopher Jepsen, Peter R. Mueser, Kenneth Troske, Kyung-Seong Jeon
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16559
The Return to College, Marriage, and Intergenerational Mobility
Eric D. Gould
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16489
Unintended Consequences of Youth Entrepreneurship Programs: Experimental Evidence from Rwanda
Moussa Blimpo, Todd Pugatch
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16474
Can Vocational Education Improve Schooling and Labour Outcomes? Evidence from a Large Expansion
João R. Ferreira, Pedro S. Martins
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16454
More Education Does Make You Happier – Unless You Are Unemployed
Alexander Bertermann, Daniel A. Kamhöfer, Hannah Schildberg-Hörisch
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16328
Maternal Education and Early Child Development: The Roles of Parental Support for Learning, Learning Materials, and Father Characteristics
Yusuf Emre Akgündüz, Pelin Akyol, Abdurrahman B. Aydemir, Murat Demirci, Murat Güray Kirdar
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16326
The Impact of the Transition and EU Membership on the Returns to Schooling in Europe
Harry Anthony Patrinos, Angelica Rivera-Olvera
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16198
First Generation College Students and Peer Effects
Michael S. Kofoed, Todd R. Jones
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16192
Who Benefits from Tuition-Free, Top-Quality Universities? Evidence from Brazil
Suzanne Duryea, Rafael Perez Ribas, Breno Sampaio, Gustavo R. Sampaio, Giuseppe Trevisan
published in: Economics of Education Review, 2023, 96, 102423
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16181
Erasmus Program and Labor Market Outcomes: Evidence from a Fuzzy Regression Discontinuity Design
Marco Alberto De Benedetto, Maria De Paola, Vincenzo Scoppa, Janna Smirnova
published in: Labour Economics, 2025, 93, 102675
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16149
Higher Education Opportunity and the Choice of Vocational vs. Academic High School
Chunbing Xing, Yan Sun, Chuliang Luo
published in: China Economic Quarterly International, 2023, 3, 119–131
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16125
Using Genes to Explore the Relationship of Cognitive and Non-cognitive Skills with Education and Labor Market Outcomes
Thomas Buser, Rafael Ahlskog, Magnus Johannesson, Philipp Koellinger, Sven Oskarsson
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16117
Where Do STEM Graduates Stem From? The Intergenerational Transmission of Comparative Skill Advantages
Eric A. Hanushek, Babs Jacobs, Guido Schwerdt, Rolf Van der Velden, Stan Vermeulen, Simon Wiederhold
this paper is an updated version of IZA DP No. 14854 (2021).
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16104
Imperfect Signals
Georg Graetz
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16089
Non-college Occupations, Workplace Routinization, and the Gender Gap in College Enrollment
Amanda Chuan, Weilong Zhang
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16081
The Labor Market Returns to Very Short Postsecondary Certificates
Rajeev Darolia, Chuanyi Guo, Youngran Kim
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16080
Impact of Graduating with Honors on Entry Wages of Economics Majors
Salim Atay, Gunes A. Aşık, Semih Tumen
published in: Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 2024, 86 (3), 606-640
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16079
The Increasing Penalty to Occupation-Education Mismatch
Hugh Cassidy, Amanda Gaulke
revised version published in Economic Inquiry, 2024, 62 (2), 607–632.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16050
Transitory Earnings Opportunities and Educational Scarring of Men
Jósef Sigurdsson
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15992
Changing Tracks: Human Capital Investment after Loss of Ability
Anders Humlum, Jakob R. Munch, Pernille Plato
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15985
Do Classical Studies Open Your Mind?
Giorgio Brunello, Piero Esposito, Lorenzo Rocco, Sergio Scicchitano
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15932
The Employment Effects of the Disability Education Gap in Europe
Maciej Albinowski, Iga Magda, Agata Rozszczypała
published online in: Education Economics, 29 September 2023
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15788
Beliefs about Maternal Labor Supply
Teodora Boneva, Marta Golin, Katja Maria Kaufmann, Christopher Rauh
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15765
Parental Beliefs, Perceived Health Risks, and Time Investment in Children: Evidence from COVID-19
Gabriella Conti, Michele Giannola, Alessandro Toppeta
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15733
Female Neighbors, Test Scores, and Careers
Sofoklis Goulas, Rigissa Megalokonomou, Yi Zhang
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15622
"Workhorses of Opportunity": Regional Universities Increase Local Social Mobility
Greg Howard, Russell Weinstein
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15619
'The Double Dividend of Training' – Labor Market Effects of Work-Related Continuous Education in Switzerland
Stefan Denzler, Jens Ruhose, Stefan C. Wolter
published as 'Labour market effects of work-related continuous education in Switzerland – evidence from administrative data' in: Economics of Education Review, 2025, 107, 102683
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15612
Does College Selectivity Reduce Obesity? A Partial Identification Approach
Giorgio Brunello, Dimitris Christelis, Anna Sanz-de-Galdeano, Anastasia Terskaya
published in: Health Economics, 2024, 33 (10), 2306-2320
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15609
Analysis of Twins
Sonia R. Bhalotra, Damian Clarke
published in: Klaus. F. Zimmermann (ed.), Handbook of Labor, Human Resources and Population Economics, Springer Nature, 2023
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15439
Losing Prospective Entitlement to Unemployment Benefits. Impact on Educational Attainment
Bart Cockx, Koen Declercq, Muriel Dejemeppe
published in: Economics of Education Review, 2023, 95, 102424
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15418
Genetic and Socioeconomic Achievement Gaps in Elementary School
Mikkel Aagaard Houmark, Victor Ronda, Esben Agerbo, Preben Bo Mortensen, Michael Rosholm
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15414
Mean Convergence, Combinatorics, and Grade-Point Averages
Glen R. Waddell, Robert McDonough
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15405
How Parenting Courses Affect Families’ Time-Use? Evidence from an RCT Experiment in Italy
Daniela Del Boca, Chiara D. Pronzato, Lucia Schiavon
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15371
Does Schooling Improve Cognitive Abilities at Older Ages: Causal Evidence from Nonparametric Bounds
Vikesh Amin, Jere R. Behrman, Jason M. Fletcher, Carlos A. Flores, Alfonso Flores-Lagunes, Hans-Peter Kohler
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15354
Excellence for All? University Honors Programs and Human Capital Formation
Todd Pugatch, Paul N. Thompson
published online in: Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 11 March 2024
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15352
Gender Differences in STEM Persistence after Graduation
Judith M. Delaney, Paul J. Devereux
published in: Economica, 2022, 89 (356), 862-883.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15321
What Can We Learn from Student Performance Measures? Identifying Treatment in the Presence of Curves and Letter Grades
Glen R. Waddell, Jenni Putz
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15301
Migration and University Education: An Empirical (Macro) Link
Sule Akkoyunlu, Gil S. Epstein, Ira N. Gang
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15299
Returns to Higher Education - Graduate and Discipline Premiums
Yu Zhu, Lei Xu
published in: Klaus F. Zimmermann (ed.), Handbook of Labor, Human Resources and Population Economics, Springer, 2022
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