The IZA Discussion Paper Series (ISSN: 2365-9793) disseminates high-quality research by IZA network members to the scientific community and the interested public worldwide before they are later published in academic journals. Comprising more than 17,000 papers, IZA's publication flagship is the most influential working paper series in labor economics.

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4,256 IZA Discussion Papers
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16173
Does Access to Citizenship Confer Socio-Economic Returns? Evidence from a Randomized Control Design
Jens Hainmueller, Elisa Cascardi, Michael Hotard, Rey Koslowski, Duncan Lawrence, Vasil Yasenov, David D. Laitin
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16172
Does a Flexible Parental Leave System Stimulate Maternal Employment?
Lennart Ziegler, Omar Bamieh
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16165
Patient versus Provider Incentives in Long-Term Care
Martin B. Hackmann, Vincent Pohl, Nicolas R. Ziebarth
published in: American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 2024, 16 (3), 178–218
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16162
The Impact of COVID-19 on Access to Mental Healthcare Services
Benjamin Harrell, Luca Fumarco, Patrick Button, David J. Schwegman, Kyla Denwood
published in: AEA Papers and Proceedings, 2023, 113, 420 - 422
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16159
Religion, Ideology and Fertility
Kazuhiro Kumo, Cristiano Perugini
published as 'Religion, Gender Norms and Fertility in Muslim Post-Communist Economies' in: Post-Communist Economies, 2024, 36 (8), 1035–1065.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16158
Neighbourhood Gangs, Crime Spillovers, and Teenage Motherhood
Christian Dustmann, Mikkel Mertz, Anna Okatenko
published in: Economic Journal, 2023, 133 (653), 1901–1936
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16157
How Does the Beauty of Wives Affect Post-Marriage Family Outcomes? Helen's Face in Chinese Households
Junsen Zhang, Shulan Fei, Yanbing Wen
published in: Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 2023, 212, 122-137
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16155
Maternal Life Satisfaction and Child Development from Toddlerhood to Adolescence
Nabanita Datta Gupta, Jonas Jessen, C. Katharina Spieß
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16152
Like Mother, like Child? The Rise of Women's Intergenerational Income Persistence in Sweden and the United States
Gunnar Brandén, Martin Nybom, Kelly Vosters
forthcoming in: Journal of Labor Economics
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16148
Husbands' Wages and Married Women's Labor Supply in Urban China
Mengbing Zhu, Yi Li, Chunbing Xing
published in: China Economic Review, 2023, 82, 102609.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16138
The Gender Reference Point Gap
Nathan Kettlewell, Jonathan Levy, Agnieszka Tymula, Xueting Wang
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16136
Women's Transitions in the Labour Market as a Result of Childbearing: The Challenges of Formal Sector Employment in Indonesia
Lisa A. Cameron, Diana Contreras Suarez, Yi-Ping Tseng
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16135
Marriage Markets and the Rise of Dowry in India
Gaurav Chiplunkar, Jeffrey Weaver
published in: Journal of Development Economics, 2023, 164, 103115
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16134
Cognitive Skills among Adults: An Impeding Factor for Gender Convergence?
Michele Battisti, Alexandra Fedorets, Lavinia Kinne
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16133
The Economic Approach to Personality, Character and Virtue
James J. Heckman, Bridget Galaty, Haihan Tian
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16124
Long-Run Consequences of Informal Elderly Care and Implications of Public Long-Term Care Insurance
Thorben Korfhage, Björn Fischer
published in: Journal of Health Economics, 2024, 96, 102884
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16118
The Impact of Margaret Sanger's Birth Control Clinics on Early 20th Century U.S. Fertility and Mortality
Stefan Bauernschuster, Michael Grimm, Cathy M. Hajo
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16117
Where Do STEM Graduates Stem From? The Intergenerational Transmission of Comparative Skill Advantages
Eric A. Hanushek, Babs Jacobs, Guido Schwerdt, Rolf Van der Velden, Stan Vermeulen, Simon Wiederhold
this paper is an updated version of IZA DP No. 14854 (2021).
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16116
'Earned, Not Given'? The Effect of Lowering the Full Retirement Age on Retirement Decisions
Mathias Dolls, Carla Krolage
revised version published in: Journal of Public Economics; 2023, 223, 104909
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16115
Child Health, Parental Well-Being, and the Social Safety Net
Achyuta Adhvaryu, N. Meltem Daysal, Snaebjorn Gunnsteinsson, Teresa Molina, Herdis Steingrimsdottir
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16110
Temperature and Fertility: Evidence from Spanish Register Data
Risto Conte Keivabu, Marco Cozzani, Joshua Wilde
published in: Population Studies, 2024, 79 (2), 283–297.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16109
Swallow This: Childhood and Adolescent Exposure to Fast Food Restaurants, BMI, and Cognitive Ability
Sara Abrahamsson, Aline Bütikofer, Krzysztof Karbownik
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16103
Intergenerational Scars: The Impact of Parental Unemployment on Individual Health Later in Life
Michele Ubaldi, Matteo Picchio
published in: German Economic Review, 2025, 26 (1), 35-70
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16100
Disability and Labor Market Performance
Matthias Collischon, Karolin Hiesinger, Laura Pohlan
revised version published online as 'Disability Onset and Labor Market Outcomes ' in: Socio-Economic Review, 10 April 2025
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16097
Marriage versus Cohabitation: How Specialization and Time Use Differ by Relationship Type
Leslie S. Stratton
published in: Research in Labor Economics: Time Use in Economics, 2023, 51, 187-218
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16096
Gender Equity in Labor Market Opportunities and Aggregate Technical Efficiency: A Case of Equity Promoting Efficiency
Gautam Hazarika, Maroula Khraiche, Levent Kutlu
published in: Applied Economics, 2023, 56 (23), 2806–2817
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16095
Labour Market Reallocation Effects of COVID-19 Policies in Spain: A Tale of Two Recessions
Antonia Diaz, Juan J. Dolado, Álvaro Jáñez, Felix Wellschmied
published as 'Labor reallocation effects of furlough schemes: Evidence from two recessions in Spain' in: European Economic Review, 2025, 171, 104894
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16094
The Effects of FDI Liberalization on Structural Transformation and Demographic Change: Evidence from China
Bilge Erten, Jessica Leight, Lianming Zhu
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16093
Early Childhood Conditions and Adolescent Mental Health
Bilge Erten, Pinar Keskin, Rodrigo Pinto, Huihua Xie, Lianming Zhu
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16089
Non-college Occupations, Workplace Routinization, and the Gender Gap in College Enrollment
Amanda Chuan, Weilong Zhang
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16085
The Determinants of Refugees' Destinations: Where Do Refugees Locate within the EU?
Valentina Di Iasio, Jackline Wahba
published in: World Development, 2024, 177, 106533.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16082
Discrimination on the Child Care Market: A Nationwide Field Experiment
Henning Hermes, Fabian Mierisch, Frauke Peter, Simon Wiederhold, Philipp Lergetporer
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16076
Correcting Racial Injustice: Forensic DNA Technology and the Exoneration of the Wrongfully Convicted
Rocco d'Este, Noam Yuchtman
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16073
Happiness in Old Age: The Daughter Connection
Pataporn Sukontamarn, Niaz Asadullah, Nopphawan Photphisutthiphong, Yen Thi Hai Nguyen
published in: Journal of Happiness Studies, 2023, 24, 1729–1757
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16071
Murphy's Law or Luck of the Irish? Disparate Treatment of the Irish in 19th Century Courts
Anna Bindler, Randi Hjalmarsson, Stephen Machin, Melissa Rubio-Ramos
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16067
Can a Ban on Child Labour Be Self-Enforcing?
Alessandro Cigno
published in: Journal of Population Economics, 2024, 37, 62
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16063
The Occupational Attainment of American Jewish Men in the Mid-19th Century
Barry R. Chiswick, RaeAnn Halenda Robinson
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16058
What We Teach about Race and Gender: Representation in Images and Text of Children's Books
Anjali Adukia, Alex Eble, Emileigh Harrison, Hakizumwami Birali Runesha, Teodora Szasz
published in: Quarterly Journal of Economics, 2023, 138 (4), 2225 - 2285
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16057
A Poisoned Gift? The Hireability Signals of an Income-Support Program for the Senior Unemployed
Axana Dalle, Philippe Sterkens, Stijn Baert
published in: JODE Journal of Demographic Economics, 2024, 90 (4), 553-588
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16055
Long-Term Effects of Recession on Parenthood Gender Inequality
Jinyoung Kim, Eunhye Kwak
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16052
Social Inclusion and Levels of Urbanisation: Does It Matter Where You Live?
Adele Whelan, Anne Devlin, Seamus McGuinness
revised version published as 'Barriers to social inclusion and levels of urbanisation: Does it matter where you live?' in: Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 2024, 17 (1), 59 - 74
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16051
Religious Barriers to Birth Control Access
Olivier Marie, Esmée Zwiers
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16050
Transitory Earnings Opportunities and Educational Scarring of Men
Jósef Sigurdsson
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16045
What If She Earns More? Gender Norms, Income Inequality, and the Division of Housework
Iga Magda, Ewa Cukrowska-Torzewska, Marta Palczyńska
published in: Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 2024, 45, 1–20
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16044
In and Out of Privileged and Disadvantaged Neighborhoods in Sweden – On the Importance of Country of Birth
Björn Anders Gustafsson, Torun Österberg
published in: Population, Space and Place, 2023, 29 (4) e2657
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16037
Wage Returns to Human Capital Resulting from an Extra Year of Primary School: Evidence from Egypt
Ragui Assaad, Abdurrahman B. Aydemir, Meltem Dayioglu-Tayfur, Murat Güray Kirdar
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16032
Household Responses to Trade Shocks
Aitor Irastorza-Fadrique, Peter Levell, Matthias Parey
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16030
Thriving in the Rain: Natural Shocks, Time Allocation, and Women's Empowerment in Bangladesh
Sveva Vitellozzi, Gianna Claudia Giannelli
published in: World Development, 2024, 181, 106684
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16029
Human Capital and Pensions with Endogenous Fertility and Retirement
Giam Pietro Cipriani, Tamara Fioroni
published in: Macroeconomic Dynamics. 2024, 28 (2), 478-494.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16023
The Limitations of Overtime Limits to Reduce Long Working Hours: Evidence from the 2018-2021 Working Time Reform in Korea
Stéphane Carcillo, Alexander Hijzen, Stefan Thewissen
published in: British Journal of Industrial Relations, 2023, 62 (1), 98-126
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16022
Marriage in Old Age: What Can We Learn about Policy Impacts on Same-Sex Couples?
Leora Friedberg, Elliott Isaac
published in: National Tax Journal, 2023, 76 (3), 679-706
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16018
Trends in the Female Longevity Advantage of 19th-Century Birth Cohorts: Exploring the Role of Place and Fertility
Jason M. Fletcher, Michael Topping, Won-tak Joo
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16017
Effects of Early Childhood Climate on Cognitive Development and Home Environment
Wenjie Wu, Yang Zhe, Jun Hyung Kim, Ai Yue
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16006
Social Norms and Female Labor Force Participation in Bangladesh: The Role of Social Expectations and Reference Networks
Luna Bellani, Kumar Biswas, Sebastian Fehrler, Paul Marx, Shwetlena Sabarwal, Syed Rashed Al-Zayed Josh
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16005
Family Affair? Long-Term Economic and Mental Effects of Spousal Cancer
Petri Böckerman, Mika Kortelainen, Henri Salokangas, Maria Vaalavuo
published as 'A Family Affair? Long-term Economic and Mental Effects of Spousal Cancer' in: Journal of Population Economics, 2025, 38, article 19
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16004
Trends in Gender and Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Physical Disability and Social Support among U.S. Older Adults with Cognitive Impairment Living Alone, 2000–2018
Shanquan Chen, Huanyu Zhang, Benjamin R. Underwood, Dan Wang, Xi Chen, Rudolf N. Cardinal
published in: Innovation in Aging, 2023, 7 (4), igad028
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16003
Sejong's Effects on People's Health: Consequences of a Long Commute
Seulgi Lim, Soohyung Lee
published in: Asian Economic Papers, 2023, 22 (2), 1-27
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15998
The Health-Consumption Effects of Increasing Retirement Age Late in the Game
Eve Caroli, Catherine Pollak, Muriel Roger
published in: Economie et Statistique/Economics and Statistics, 2023, 538, 49-67
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15990
Precautionary Fertility: Conceptions, Births, and Abortions around Employment Shocks
Anna Bárdits, Anna Adamecz, Márta Bisztray, Andrea Weber, Agnes Szabo-Morvai
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15989
Pay-As-They-Get-In: Attitudes Towards Migrants and Pension Systems
Tito Boeri, Matteo Gamalerio, Massimo Morelli, Margherita Negri
published in: Journal of Economic Geography, 2024, 24 (1), 63–78
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15988
Educational Consequences of a Sibling's Disability: Evidence from Type 1 Diabetes
Tine Louise Mundbjerg Eriksen, Amanda Gaulke, Niels Skipper, Jannet Svensson, Peter Rønø Thingholm
published in: Economics of Education Review, 2023, 94, 102407
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15987
Health Care Centralization: The Health Impacts of Obstetric Unit Closures in the US
Stefanie Fischer, Heather Royer, Corey White
published in: American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 2024, 16 (3), 113–141
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15983
Women in Political Bodies as Policymakers
Thushyanthan Baskaran, Zohal Hessami
published online in: Review of Economics and Statistics, 24 July 2023
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15981
Blowin' in the Wind of an Invisible Killer: Long-Term Exposure to Ozone and Respiratory Mortality in the United States
Ziheng Liu, Xi Chen, Qinan Lu
published in: Journal of Population Economics, 2025, 38, 53 (2025)
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15979
The Great Migration and Educational Opportunity
Cavit Baran, Eric Chyn, Bryan Andrew Stuart
published in: American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 2024, 16 (3), 354–e98
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15975
Women in Political Power and School Closure during COVID Times
Natalia Danzer, Sebastian Garcia-Torres, Max F. Steinhardt, Luca Stella
published in: Economic Policy, 2024, 39 (120), 765–810
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15973
Gender Wage Gap among Young Adults: A Comparison across British Cohorts
Francesca Foliano, Alex Bryson, Heather Joshi, Bożena Wielgoszewska, David Wilkinson
published in: Labour Economics, 2024, 91, 102614
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15972
Temperature and Low-Stakes Cognitive Performance
Xin Zhang, Xi Chen, Xiaobo Zhang
published in: Journal of the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, 2024, 11 (1), 75–96
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15966
The Fertility Transition in Sub-Saharan Africa: The Role of Structural Change
Nicolas Büttner, Michael Grimm, Isabel Günther, Kenneth Harttgen, Stephan Klasen
published in: Demography, 2024, 61 (5), 1585–1611.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15957
How Middle-Skilled Workers Adjust to Immigration: The Role of Occupational Skill Specificity
Damiano Pregaldini, Uschi Backes-Gellner
published in: International Journal of Manpower, 2024, 45 (8), 1607–16254
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15950
Language Proficiency and Hiring of Immigrants: Evidence from a New Field Experimental Approach
Magnus Carlsson, Stefan Eriksson, Dan-Olof Rooth
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15948
Women's Work, Social Norms and the Marriage Market
Farzana Afridi, Abhishek Arora, Diva Dhar, Kanika Mahajan
forthcoming in: Economic Development and Cultural Change, 2025
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15934
Cognitive Misperception and Chronic Disease Awareness: Evidence from Blood Biomarker Data
Zhuoer Lin, Mingqi Fu, Xi Chen
published as 'Self-perceived memory is negatively associated with chronic disease awareness: Evidence from blood biomarker data' in: SSM - Population Health, 2023, 22, 101361
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15931
Birth Order Effects in the Developed and Developing World: Evidence from International Test Scores
Dana C. Andersen, Pinar Mine Gunes
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15930
Crossing Borders: Labor Market Effects of European Integration
Hannah Illing
This is an updated version of IZA DP 15930, first published in February 2023. The new version includes an update of the matching algorithm and additional robustness checks.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15927
Parental Unemployment and Adolescents' Academic Performance
Nick Drydakis
published in: International Journal of Manpower, 2023, 44 (7), 1362-1381.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15925
Socioemotional Skills in Early Childhood: Evidence from a Maternal Psychosocial Intervention
Dilek Sevim, Victoria Baranov, Sonia R. Bhalotra, Joanna Maselko, Pietro Biroli
published in: Journal of Human Resources, 2024, 59 (S), S365-S401
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15911
The Value of a Green Card in the U.S. Marriage Market: A Tale of Chain Migration?
Cynthia Bansak, Eva Dziadula, Madeline Zavodny
published in: China Economic Review, 2023, 82, 102062
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15894
The Multigenerational Impact of Children and Childcare Policies
Sencer Karademir, Jean-William Laliberté, Stefan Staubli
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15892
Gender-Segmented Labor Markets and Trade Shocks
Carlos Góes, Gladys Lopez-Acevedo, Raymond Robertson
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15890
What Drives Paternity Leave: Financial Incentives or Flexibility?
Lennart Ziegler, Omar Bamieh
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15889
Economic Foundations of Contraceptive Transitions: Theories and a Review of the Evidence
Mahesh Karra, Joshua Wilde
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15886
Integrating Gender into a Labor Economics Class
Jacqueline Strenio, Yana van der Meulen Rodgers
published in: Advances in Economics Education, 2023, 2 (1), 26 - 44
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15885
Criminal Charges, Risk Assessment, and Violent Recidivism in Cases of Domestic Abuse
Dan A. Black, Jeffrey Grogger, Tom Kirchmaier, Koen Sanders
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15882
The Impact of the
Stefania Basiglio, Daniela Del Boca, Chiara D. Pronzato
published in: CESifo Economic Studies, 2024, 70 (3), 271 - 283
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15878
Discrimination in the Formation of Academic Networks: A Field Experiment on #EconTwitter
Nicolas Ajzenman, Bruno Ferman, Pedro C. Sant’Anna
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15875
Training in Late Careers: A Structural Approach
Teresa Backhaus
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15866
Border Apprehensions and Federal Sentencing of Hispanic Citizens in the United States
Simone Bertoli, Morgane Laouénan, Jérôme Valette
forthcoming in: Journal of Law and Economics
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15862
Understanding Sibling Correlations in Education: Molecular Genetics and Family Background
Jason M. Fletcher, Qiongshi Lu, Bhashkar Mazumder, Jie Song
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15861
American Indian Casinos and Native American Self-Identification
Francisca M. Antman, Brian Duncan
published in: Journal of the European Economic Association, 2023, 21 (6), 2547 - 2585
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15860
Do Role Models Matter in Large Classes? New Evidence on Gender Match Effects in Higher Education
Stephan Ernst Maurer, Guido Schwerdt, Simon Wiederhold
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15857
Women's Education and Fertility in China
Zheyuan Zhang, Zhong Zhao
published in: China Economic Review, 2023, 78, 101936
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15856
Deterrence or Backlash? Arrests and the Dynamics of Domestic Violence
Sofia Amaral, Gordon B. Dahl, Victoria Endl-Geyer, Timo Hener, Helmut Rainer
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15851
The Evolution of Labor Market Disparities between Hispanic and Non-hispanic Men: 1970-2019
Ioannis Kospentaris, Leslie S. Stratton
published in: Journal of Population Economics, 2025, 38 (1), 3
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15850
Forced Migration and Social Cohesion: Evidence from the 2015/16 Mass Inflow in Germany
Emanuele Albarosa, Benjamin Elsner
published in: World Development, 2023,167, 106228
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15847
Towing Norms through the American Dream
Pavel Jelnov
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15841
The Effect of Trade Liberalization on Marriage and Fertility: Evidence from Indian Census
Shruti Sengupta, Mehtabul Azam
published online in: Oxford Economic Papers, 15 November 2024
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15838
Estimating the Effects of Expanding Ultrasound Use on Sex Selection in India
Mevlude Akbulut-Yuksel, Daniel Rosenblum
published in: Journal of Development Studies, 2023, 59 (4), 516-532
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15836
The Effect of Pension Wealth on Employment
Sebastian Becker, Hermann Buslei, Johannes Geyer, Peter Haan
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15835
In Need of a Roof: Pandemic and Housing Vulnerability
Kusum Mundra, Ruth Uwaifo Oyelere
published in: Journal of Economics, Race, and Policy, 2024, 7, 27 - 44
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