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The IZA Discussion Paper Series (ISSN: 2365-9793) disseminates high-quality research by IZA network members to the scientific community and the interested public worldwide before they are later published in academic journals. Comprising more than 17,000 papers, IZA's publication flagship is the most influential working paper series in labor economics.

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190 IZA Discussion Papers
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18140
The Unequal Motherhood Penalty: Maternal Preferences and Education
Lauro Carnicelli, Greta Morando
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17878
Estimating the Green Wage Premium
Wenjing Kuai, Robert J. R. Elliott, Toshihiro Okubo, Ceren Ozgen
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17817
The Daughter Penalty
Damian Clarke, Sonia R. Bhalotra, Angelina Nazarova
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17558
Gender Inequality in the Labor Market: Continuing Progress?
Francine D. Blau
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17318
Women's Sexual Orientation and Occupational Tasks: Partners, Prejudice, and Motherhood
Raquel Carrasco, Ana Nuevo-Chiquero
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17293
Unraveling the Gender Wage Gap: Exploring Early Career Patterns among University Graduates
Malte Sandner, Ipek Yükselen
published in: Scottish Journal of Political Economy, 2025, 72 (2), e12405
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17277
Equal Pay for Better Health: The Health Cost of the Gender Wage Gap
Susan L. Averett, Adam Biener, Olena Ogrokhina
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17255
The Gender Wage Gap across Life: Effects of Genetic Predisposition Towards Higher Educational Attainment
Alex Bryson, Tim Morris, David Bann, David Wilkinson
published in: Economics and Human Biology, 2025, 56, 101471
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17124
The Wage of Temporary Agency Workers
Antonin Bergeaud, Pierre Cahuc, Clément Malgouyres, Sara Signorelli, Thomas Zuber
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17033
The Underconfidence Wage Penalty
Anna Adamecz, Nikki Shure
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16890
There and Back Again: Women's Marginal Commuting Costs
Annette Bergemann, Stephan Brunow, Isabel Stockton
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16762
The Cost of Following Traditional Gender Norms: Evidence from a Paid Leave for Seriously Ill Children
Valentina Paredes, Francisca Perez, Francisco J. Pino, Patricia Olmedo Cortés
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16754
Who Makes It to the Top? Differential Rewards to Personality across Gender and Occupation in the UK
Cecily Josten, Grace Lordan
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16743
Baby Bumps in the Road: The Impact of Parenthood on Job Performance, Human Capital, and Career Advancement
Olivia Healy, Jennifer A. Heissel
published online in: Review of Economics and Statistics, 22 August 2024
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16612
What Explains the Growing Gender Education Gap? The Effects of Parental Background, the Labor Market and the Marriage Market on College Attainment
Zvi Eckstein, Michael P. Keane, Osnat Lifshitz
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16577
Gender Differences in Reservation Wages in Search Experiments
Andrew McGee, Peter McGee
published in: Labour Economics, 2025, 94, 102698
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16233
External Pay Transparency and the Gender Wage Gap
Wolfgang Frimmel, Bernhard Schmidpeter, Rene Wiesinger, Rudolf Winter-Ebmer
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16134
Cognitive Skills among Adults: An Impeding Factor for Gender Convergence?
Michele Battisti, Alexandra Fedorets, Lavinia Kinne
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15973
Gender Wage Gap among Young Adults: A Comparison across British Cohorts
Francesca Foliano, Alex Bryson, Heather Joshi, Bożena Wielgoszewska, David Wilkinson
published in: Labour Economics, 2024, 91, 102614
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15639
Women's Careers and Family Formation
Sonia R. Bhalotra, Damian Clarke, Selma Walther
published in: Klaus. F. Zimmermann (ed.), Handbook of Labor, Human Resources and Population Economics, Springer Nature, 2023
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15357
Earnings Discrimination in the Workplace
John Forth, Nikolaos Theodoropoulos
published in: Klaus F. Zimmermannn (ed.), Handbook of Labor, Human Resources and Population Economics, Springer, Cham. 2022
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15357
Earnings Discrimination in the Workplace
John Forth, Nikolaos Theodoropoulos
published in: Klaus F. Zimmermannn (ed.), Handbook of Labor, Human Resources and Population Economics, Springer, Cham. 2022
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15258
The Distribution of the Gender Wage Gap: An Equilibrium Model
Sonia R. Bhalotra, Manuel Fernandez Sierra, Fan Wang
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15079
Differential Patterns between Private and Public Sector Wages in Spain
Alba Couceiro de León, Juan J. Dolado
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15048
What's the Risk from Competing? Competition Aversion and the Gender Wage Gap
Chung Choe, SeEun Jung, Ronald L. Oaxaca
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14990
Health and Labor Market Impacts of Twin Birth: Evidence from a Swedish IVF Policy Mandate
Sonia R. Bhalotra, Damian Clarke, Hanna Mühlrad, Mårten Palme
revised version available from the authors
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14926
Did the Minimum Wage Reduce the Gender Wage Gap in Germany?
Marco Caliendo, Linda Wittbrodt
published in: Labour Economics, 2022, 78, 102228
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14897
Gender Discrimination
Kailing Shen
published online in: Handbook of Labor, Human Resources and Population Economics, Springer, Cham, 28 January 2022
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14813
Wage Effects of Educational Mismatch According to Workers' Origin: The Role of Demographics and Firm Characteristics
Valentine Jacobs, François Rycx, Mélanie Volral
published in: De Economist, 2022, 170 (4), 459-501
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14697
The Role of the Workplace in Ethnic Wage Differentials
John Forth, Nikolaos Theodoropoulos, Alex Bryson
published in: British Journal of Industrial Relations, 2023, 61 (2), 259-290
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14696
Wage Differences According to Workers' Origin: The Role of Working More Upstream in GVCs
Valentine Fays, Benoît Mahy, François Rycx
published in: Labour: Review of Labour Economics and Industrial Relations, 2023, 37 (2), 319-342
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14578
Temporal Flexibility, Breaks at Work, and the Motherhood Wage Gap
José Ignacio Gimenez-Nadal, José Alberto Molina, Almudena Sevilla
published in: J.A. Molina (ed.), Mothers in the Labor Market, Springer, 2022, 83-105
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14446
'It Ain't Where You're from, It's Where You're At': Hiring Origins, Firm Heterogeneity, and Wages
Sabrina Di Addario, Patrick Kline, Raffaele Saggio, Mikkel Sølvsten
published in: Journal of Econometrics, 2023, 233 (2), 340-374
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14398
Five Decades of Union Wages, Nonunion Wages, and Union Wage Gaps at Unionstats.com
David A. Macpherson, Barry Hirsch
published as 'Five decades of CPS wages, methods, and union-nonunion wage gaps at Unionstats.com' in: Industrial Relations, 2023, 62 (4), 439-452
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14394
Gender Wage and Longevity Gaps and the Design of Retirement Systems
Francesca Barigozzi, Helmuth Cremer, Jean-Marie Lozachmeur
published in: Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 209, 2023, 263-287.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14335
The Impact of Selection into the Labor Force on the Gender Wage Gap
Francine D. Blau, Lawrence M. Kahn, Nikolai Boboshko, Matthew Comey
published in: Journal of Labor Economics, 2024, 42 (2), 1093–1133
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14325
The Return to Hours Worked within and across Occupations: Implications for the Gender Wage Gap
Jeffrey T. Denning, Brian A. Jacob, Lars Lefgren, Christian vom Lehn
published in: ILR Review, 2022, 75 (5), 1321 - 1347
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14223
From Mancession to Shecession: Women's Employment in Regular and Pandemic Recessions
Titan Alon, Sena Coskun, Matthias Doepke, David Koll, Michèle Tertilt
published in: NBER Macroeconomics Annual, 2022, 362022, 83–151
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14206
The Austrian Pay Transparency Law and the Gender Wage Gap
René Böheim, Sarah Gust
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14110
The Gender Wage Gap Among University Vice Chancellors in the UK
Ray Bachan, Alex Bryson
published in: Labour Economics, 2022, 78, 102230
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14027
When Opportunity Knocks: Confronting Theory and Empirics about Dynamics of Gender Wage Inequality
Joanna Tyrowicz, Lucas van der Velde
published in:Social Indicators Research, 2021, 155, 837 - 864
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13934
Gender Wage Gap - A Matching Analysis for Three MENA Countries: Egypt, Jordan and Turkey
Ömer Tuğsal Doruk, Francesco Pastore
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13907
What Is the Role of Firm-Specific Pay Policies on the Gender Earnings Gap in Canada?
Jiang Li, Benoit Dostie, Gaëlle Simard-Duplain
published as 'Firm Pay Policies and the Gender Earnings Gap: The Mediating Role of Marital and Family Status', in: ILR Review, 2023, 76 (1), 160-188
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13754
Flexible Wages, Bargaining, and the Gender Gap
Barbara Biasi, Heather Sarsons
published in: Quarterly Journal of Economics, 2022, 137 (1), 215 - 266
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13601
Decomposing Gender Wage Gaps: A Family Economics Perspective
Dorothée Averkamp, Christian Bredemeier, Falko Juessen
published in: Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 2024, 126 (1), 3-37
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13562
This Time It's Different: The Role of Women's Employment in a Pandemic Recession
Titan Alon, Matthias Doepke, Jane Olmstead-Rumsey, Michèle Tertilt
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13477
Women in Economics: A UK Perspective
Danula K. Gamage, Almudena Sevilla, Sarah Smith
published in: Oxford Review of Economic Policy 2020, 36 (4), 962 - 982
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13289
A Short History of the Gender Wage Gap in Britain
Alex Bryson, Heather Joshi, Bożena Wielgoszewska, David Wilkinson
published in: Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 2020, 36 (4), 836-854
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12859
Selection into Employment and the Gender Wage Gap across the Distribution and over Time
Patricia Gallego Granados, Katharina Wrohlich
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12786
Revisiting Union Wage and Job Loss Effects Using the Displaced Worker Surveys
Abhir Kulkarni, Barry Hirsch
published in: ILR Review, 2021, 74 (4), 948-976
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12725
The Gender Gap in Wages over the Life Course: Evidence from a British Cohort Born in 1958
Heather Joshi, Alex Bryson, David Wilkinson, Kelly Ward
published in: Gender, Work & Organization, 2021, 28, 397 - 415
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12702
You’re the One That I Want! Public Employment and Women’s Labor Market Outcomes
Pedro Maia Gomes, Zoë Kuehn
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12661
Changing Returns to Occupational Skill and Women's Wages
Felix Schran
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12657
Are Women Doing It For Themselves? Gender Segregation and the Gender Wage Gap
Nikolaos Theodoropoulos, John Forth, Alex Bryson
published in: Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 2022, 84 (6), 1329-1355
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12453
Gender Pay Gap Patterns in Domestic and Foreign-Owned Firms
Iga Magda, Katarzyna Salach
published in: Empirical Economics, 2021, 61, 2237–2263
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12358
The Immigrant-Native Wage Gap in Germany Revisited
Kai Ingwersen, Stephan L. Thomsen
published in: Journal of Economic Inequality, 2021, 19, 825-854.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12310
Wages, Experience and Training of Women over the Lifecycle
Richard Blundell, David Goll, Monica Costa Dias, Costas Meghir
published in: Journal of Labor Economics, 2021, 39 (S1), S275–S315
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12247
Economics and Politics of the Public-Private Wage Gap (The Case of Russia)
Vladimir Gimpelson, Anna Lukiyanova, Anna Sharunina
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12133
Stalled Racial Progress and Japanese Trade in the 1970s and 1980s
Mary Kate Batistich, Timothy N. Bond
published in: Review of Economic Studies, 2023, 90 (6), 2792–2821,
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12026
Do Female Managers Help to Lower Within-Firm Gender Pay Gaps? Public Institutions vs. Private Enterprises
Iga Magda, Ewa Cukrowska-Torzewska
published as 'Do Women Managers Lower Gender Pay Gaps? Evidence from Public and Private Firms' in: Feminist Economics, 2019, 25 (4), 185 - 210
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11998
Decomposing the Exporter Wage Gap: Selection or Differential Returns?
Jonas Ehn Bødker, Jonas Maibom, Rune Majlund Vejlin
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11924
Public Sector Wage Gaps over the Long-Run: Evidence from Panel Administrative Data
Olivier B. Bargain, Audrey Etienne, Blaise Melly
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11895
Public versus Private Sector Wage Gap in Egypt: Evidence from Quantile Regression on Panel Data
Aysit Tansel, Halil Ibrahim Keskin, Zeynel Abidin Ozdemir
substantially revised version published as 'Public-Private Sector Wage Gap by Gender in Egypt: Evidence from Quantile Regression on Panel Data, 1998-2018' in: World Development, 2020, 135, 105060
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11640
The Distribution of the Gender Wage Gap
Sonia R. Bhalotra, Manuel Fernandez Sierra
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11549
Vocational High School Graduate Wage Gap: The Role of Cognitive Skills and Firms
Joop Hartog, Pedro Raposo, Hugo Reis
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11502
Minimum Wages and the Gender Gap in Pay: New Evidence from the UK and Ireland
Olivier B. Bargain, Karina Doorley, Philippe Van Kerm
published in: Review of Income and Wealth, 2019, 65 (3), 514-539
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11361
Early Gender Gaps among University Graduates
Marco Francesconi, Matthias Parey
revised version published in: European Economic Review, 2018, 109, 63-82
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11295
Identifying Age Penalty in Women's Wages: New Method and Evidence from Germany 1984-2014
Joanna Tyrowicz, Lucas van der Velde, Irene van Staveren
published in: Feminist Economics, 2018, 24 (4), 108-130
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11261
Voting Patterns and the Gender Wage Gap
Wifag Adnan, Sami H. Miaari
published in: Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 2018, 146, 222-247
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11191
Probing the Effects of the Australian System of Minimum Wages on the Gender Wage Gap
Barbara Broadway, Roger Wilkins
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11114
Occupational Match Quality and Gender over Two Cohorts
John T. Addison, Liwen Chen, Orgul Demet Ozturk
revised version published in: Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 2020, 73(3), 730-767.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11108
Not for the Profit, but for the Training? Gender Differences in Training in the For-Profit and Non-Profit Sectors
Benoit Dostie, Mohsen Javdani
published in: British Journal of Industrial Relations, 2020, 58 (3), 644-689.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11045
The Gender Wage Gap among College Graduates in Italy
Daniela Piazzalunga
published in: Italian Economic Journal, 2018, 4 (1), 33-90
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10975
What Drives the Gender Wage Gap? Examining the Roles of Sorting, Productivity Differences, and Discrimination
Isabelle Sin, Steven Stillman, Richard Fabling
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10933
The Gender Wage Gap in Europe: Job Preferences, Gender Convergence and Distributional Effects
Paul Redmond, Seamus McGuinness
published in: Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 2019, 81 (3), 564 - 587
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10826
The Gender Wage Gap in Developed Countries
Astrid Kunze
published in: Oxford Handbook on Women and the Economy, Oxford University Press, (ed.) Susan L. Averett, Laura M. Argys, and Saul D. Hoffman, 2018.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10791
Selection on Ability and the Early Career Growth in the Gender Wage Gap
Eduardo Fraga, Gustavo Gonzaga, Rodrigo R. Soares
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10729
The Changing Nature of Gender Selection into Employment: Europe over the Great Recession
Juan J. Dolado, Cecilia García-Peñalosa, Linas Tarasonis
published in: Economic Policy, 2020, 104, 637-676.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10719
Public-Private Sector Wage Differentials in Australia
Stephane Mahuteau, Kostas Mavromaras, Sue Richardson, Rong Zhu
published in: Economic Record, 2017, 93, s105–s121
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10523
Native-Migrant Differences in Trading Off Wages and Workplace Safety
Anna D’Ambrosio, Roberto Leombruni, Tiziano Razzolini
substantially revised version published as 'Trading off wage for workplace safety? Gaps between immigrants and natives in Italy' in Economia Politica, 2022, 39, 903–960
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10399
Who Is Your Perfect Match? Educational Norms, Educational Mismatch and Firm Profitability
Stephan Kampelmann, Benoît Mahy, François Rycx, Guillaume Vermeylen
published as 'Over-, Required and Under-education: Consequences on the Bottom Line of Firms' in: Labour: Review of Labour Economics and Industrial Relations, 2020, 34 (1), 80-112
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10386
Biology and Gender in the Labor Market
Deborah A. Cobb-Clark
published in: S. L. Averett, L. M. Argys and S. D. Hoffman (eds.): The Oxford Handbook of Women and the Economy, Oxford, 2018, 513–538
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10291
A Short Note on Discrimination and Favoritism in the Labor Market
Nicolás Salamanca, Jan Feld
published in: BE Journal of Theoretical Economics, 2017, 17 (1), 20160133.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 9931
The Increase of the Gender Wage Gap in Italy during the 2008-2012 Economic Crisis
Daniela Piazzalunga, Maria Laura Di Tommaso
published in: Journal of Economic Inequality, 2019, 17 (2), 171–193
IZA Discussion Paper No. 9846
When Time Binds: Returns to Working Long Hours and the Gender Wage Gap among the Highly Skilled
Patricia Cortes, Jessica Pan
published in: Journal of Labor Economics, 2019, 37 (2), 351-398
IZA Discussion Paper No. 9764
Competition and the Racial Wage Gap: Testing Becker's Model of Employer Discrimination
Guilherme Hirata, Rodrigo R. Soares
published in: Journal of Development Economics, 2020, 146, Article 102519
IZA Discussion Paper No. 9660
When Do Gender Wage Differences Emerge? A Study of Azerbaijan's Labor Market
Francesco Pastore, Sarosh Sattar, Nistha Sinha, Erwin R. Tiongson
IZA Discussion Paper No. 9455
Firm-Size Wage Gaps along the Formal-Informal Divide: Theory and Evidence
Binnur Balkan, Semih Tumen
published in: Industrial Relations, 2016, 55(2), 235-266
IZA Discussion Paper No. 9381
An Alternative Estimator for Industrial Gender Wage Gaps: A Normalized Regression Approach
Myeong-Su Yun, Eric S. Lin
published in: Pacific Economic Review, 2015, 20(4), 569-587
IZA Discussion Paper No. 9380
Moving Up or Falling Behind? Gender, Promotions, and Wages in Canada
Mohsen Javdani, Andrew McGee
published in: Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society, 2019, 58 (2), 189-228.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 9359
Is There an Informal Employment Wage Penalty in Egypt?
Aysit Tansel, Halil Ibrahim Keskin, Zeynel Abidin Ozdemir
revised version published as 'Is There an Informal Employment Wage Penalty ine from Egypt: EvidencQuantile Regression on Panel Data' in: Empirical Economics, 2020, 58 (6), 2949-2979.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 9277
High School Experiences, the Gender Wage Gap, and the Selection of Occupation
Michael R. Strain, Douglas A. Webber
published in: Applied Economics, 2017, 49 (49), 5040-5049
IZA Discussion Paper No. 9271
A Detailed Decomposition Analysis of the Public-Private Sector Wage Gap in South Africa
Prudence Magejo, Miracle Benhura
IZA Discussion Paper No. 9257
An Analysis of Wage Differentials between Full- and Part-Time Workers in Spain
Raul Ramos, Esteban Sanromá, Hipólito Simón
published in: International Journal of Manpower, 2017, 38 (3), 449-469
IZA Discussion Paper No. 9221
Sources of the Union Wage Gap: Results from High-Dimensional Fixed Effects Regression Models
John T. Addison, Pedro Portugal, Hugo Vilares
revised version published as 'Union Membership Density and Wages: The Role of Worker, Firm, and Job-Title Heterogeneity' in: Journal of Econometrics. 2023, 233 (2), 612-632.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 9132
Cognitive, Non-Cognitive Skills and Gender Wage Gaps: Evidence from Linked Employer-Employee Data in Bangladesh
Christophe Jalil Nordman, Leopold Sarr, Smriti Sharma
published as 'Skills, Personality Traits and Gender Wage Gaps: Evidence from Bangladesh' in: Oxford Economic Papers, 2019, 71(3), 687-708
IZA Discussion Paper No. 9078
The Occupational Feminization of Wages
John T. Addison, Orgul Demet Ozturk, Si Wang
revised version published in: Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 2018, 71 (1), 208-241
IZA Discussion Paper No. 9036
Average Wage Gaps and Oaxaca–Blinder Decompositions
Tymon Sloczynski
superseded by IZA Discussion Paper No. 12041
IZA Discussion Paper No. 8604
Socio-demographic Model of Gender Gap in Expected and Actual Wages in Estonia
Kristjan Vassil, Raul Eamets, Pille Mõtsmees
IZA Discussion Paper No. 8604
Socio-demographic Model of Gender Gap in Expected and Actual Wages in Estonia
Kristjan Vassil, Raul Eamets, Pille Mõtsmees
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