The IZA Discussion Paper Series (ISSN: 2365-9793) disseminates high-quality research by IZA network members to the scientific community and the interested public worldwide before they are later published in academic journals. Comprising more than 17,000 papers, IZA's publication flagship is the most influential working paper series in labor economics.

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190 IZA Discussion Papers
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18140
The Unequal Motherhood Penalty: Maternal Preferences and Education
Lauro Carnicelli, Greta Morando
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17878
Estimating the Green Wage Premium
Wenjing Kuai, Robert J. R. Elliott, Toshihiro Okubo, Ceren Ozgen
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17817
The Daughter Penalty
Damian Clarke, Sonia R. Bhalotra, Angelina Nazarova
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17558
Gender Inequality in the Labor Market: Continuing Progress?
Francine D. Blau
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17318
Women's Sexual Orientation and Occupational Tasks: Partners, Prejudice, and Motherhood
Raquel Carrasco, Ana Nuevo-Chiquero
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17293
Unraveling the Gender Wage Gap: Exploring Early Career Patterns among University Graduates
Malte Sandner, Ipek Yükselen
published in: Scottish Journal of Political Economy, 2025, 72 (2), e12405
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17277
Equal Pay for Better Health: The Health Cost of the Gender Wage Gap
Susan L. Averett, Adam Biener, Olena Ogrokhina
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17255
The Gender Wage Gap across Life: Effects of Genetic Predisposition Towards Higher Educational Attainment
Alex Bryson, Tim Morris, David Bann, David Wilkinson
published in: Economics and Human Biology, 2025, 56, 101471
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17124
The Wage of Temporary Agency Workers
Antonin Bergeaud, Pierre Cahuc, Clément Malgouyres, Sara Signorelli, Thomas Zuber
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17033
The Underconfidence Wage Penalty
Anna Adamecz, Nikki Shure
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16890
There and Back Again: Women's Marginal Commuting Costs
Annette Bergemann, Stephan Brunow, Isabel Stockton
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16762
The Cost of Following Traditional Gender Norms: Evidence from a Paid Leave for Seriously Ill Children
Valentina Paredes, Francisca Perez, Francisco J. Pino, Patricia Olmedo Cortés
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16754
Who Makes It to the Top? Differential Rewards to Personality across Gender and Occupation in the UK
Cecily Josten, Grace Lordan
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16743
Baby Bumps in the Road: The Impact of Parenthood on Job Performance, Human Capital, and Career Advancement
Olivia Healy, Jennifer A. Heissel
published online in: Review of Economics and Statistics, 22 August 2024
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16612
What Explains the Growing Gender Education Gap? The Effects of Parental Background, the Labor Market and the Marriage Market on College Attainment
Zvi Eckstein, Michael P. Keane, Osnat Lifshitz
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16577
Gender Differences in Reservation Wages in Search Experiments
Andrew McGee, Peter McGee
published in: Labour Economics, 2025, 94, 102698
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16233
External Pay Transparency and the Gender Wage Gap
Wolfgang Frimmel, Bernhard Schmidpeter, Rene Wiesinger, Rudolf Winter-Ebmer
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16134
Cognitive Skills among Adults: An Impeding Factor for Gender Convergence?
Michele Battisti, Alexandra Fedorets, Lavinia Kinne
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15973
Gender Wage Gap among Young Adults: A Comparison across British Cohorts
Francesca Foliano, Alex Bryson, Heather Joshi, Bożena Wielgoszewska, David Wilkinson
published in: Labour Economics, 2024, 91, 102614
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15639
Women's Careers and Family Formation
Sonia R. Bhalotra, Damian Clarke, Selma Walther
published in: Klaus. F. Zimmermann (ed.), Handbook of Labor, Human Resources and Population Economics, Springer Nature, 2023
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15357
Earnings Discrimination in the Workplace
John Forth, Nikolaos Theodoropoulos
published in: Klaus F. Zimmermannn (ed.), Handbook of Labor, Human Resources and Population Economics, Springer, Cham. 2022
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15357
Earnings Discrimination in the Workplace
John Forth, Nikolaos Theodoropoulos
published in: Klaus F. Zimmermannn (ed.), Handbook of Labor, Human Resources and Population Economics, Springer, Cham. 2022
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15258
The Distribution of the Gender Wage Gap: An Equilibrium Model
Sonia R. Bhalotra, Manuel Fernandez Sierra, Fan Wang
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15079
Differential Patterns between Private and Public Sector Wages in Spain
Alba Couceiro de León, Juan J. Dolado
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15048
What's the Risk from Competing? Competition Aversion and the Gender Wage Gap
Chung Choe, SeEun Jung, Ronald L. Oaxaca
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14990
Health and Labor Market Impacts of Twin Birth: Evidence from a Swedish IVF Policy Mandate
Sonia R. Bhalotra, Damian Clarke, Hanna Mühlrad, Mårten Palme
revised version available from the authors
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14926
Did the Minimum Wage Reduce the Gender Wage Gap in Germany?
Marco Caliendo, Linda Wittbrodt
published in: Labour Economics, 2022, 78, 102228
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14897
Gender Discrimination
Kailing Shen
published online in: Handbook of Labor, Human Resources and Population Economics, Springer, Cham, 28 January 2022
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14813
Wage Effects of Educational Mismatch According to Workers' Origin: The Role of Demographics and Firm Characteristics
Valentine Jacobs, François Rycx, Mélanie Volral
published in: De Economist, 2022, 170 (4), 459-501
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14697
The Role of the Workplace in Ethnic Wage Differentials
John Forth, Nikolaos Theodoropoulos, Alex Bryson
published in: British Journal of Industrial Relations, 2023, 61 (2), 259-290
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14696
Wage Differences According to Workers' Origin: The Role of Working More Upstream in GVCs
Valentine Fays, Benoît Mahy, François Rycx
published in: Labour: Review of Labour Economics and Industrial Relations, 2023, 37 (2), 319-342
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14578
Temporal Flexibility, Breaks at Work, and the Motherhood Wage Gap
José Ignacio Gimenez-Nadal, José Alberto Molina, Almudena Sevilla
published in: J.A. Molina (ed.), Mothers in the Labor Market, Springer, 2022, 83-105
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14446
'It Ain't Where You're from, It's Where You're At': Hiring Origins, Firm Heterogeneity, and Wages
Sabrina Di Addario, Patrick Kline, Raffaele Saggio, Mikkel Sølvsten
published in: Journal of Econometrics, 2023, 233 (2), 340-374
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14398
Five Decades of Union Wages, Nonunion Wages, and Union Wage Gaps at Unionstats.com
David A. Macpherson, Barry Hirsch
published as 'Five decades of CPS wages, methods, and union-nonunion wage gaps at Unionstats.com' in: Industrial Relations, 2023, 62 (4), 439-452
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14394
Gender Wage and Longevity Gaps and the Design of Retirement Systems
Francesca Barigozzi, Helmuth Cremer, Jean-Marie Lozachmeur
published in: Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 209, 2023, 263-287.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14335
The Impact of Selection into the Labor Force on the Gender Wage Gap
Francine D. Blau, Lawrence M. Kahn, Nikolai Boboshko, Matthew Comey
published in: Journal of Labor Economics, 2024, 42 (2), 1093–1133
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14325
The Return to Hours Worked within and across Occupations: Implications for the Gender Wage Gap
Jeffrey T. Denning, Brian A. Jacob, Lars Lefgren, Christian vom Lehn
published in: ILR Review, 2022, 75 (5), 1321 - 1347
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14223
From Mancession to Shecession: Women's Employment in Regular and Pandemic Recessions
Titan Alon, Sena Coskun, Matthias Doepke, David Koll, Michèle Tertilt
published in: NBER Macroeconomics Annual, 2022, 362022, 83–151
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14206
The Austrian Pay Transparency Law and the Gender Wage Gap
René Böheim, Sarah Gust
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14110
The Gender Wage Gap Among University Vice Chancellors in the UK
Ray Bachan, Alex Bryson
published in: Labour Economics, 2022, 78, 102230
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14027
When Opportunity Knocks: Confronting Theory and Empirics about Dynamics of Gender Wage Inequality
Joanna Tyrowicz, Lucas van der Velde
published in:Social Indicators Research, 2021, 155, 837 - 864
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13934
Gender Wage Gap - A Matching Analysis for Three MENA Countries: Egypt, Jordan and Turkey
Ömer Tuğsal Doruk, Francesco Pastore
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13907
What Is the Role of Firm-Specific Pay Policies on the Gender Earnings Gap in Canada?
Jiang Li, Benoit Dostie, Gaëlle Simard-Duplain
published as 'Firm Pay Policies and the Gender Earnings Gap: The Mediating Role of Marital and Family Status', in: ILR Review, 2023, 76 (1), 160-188
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13754
Flexible Wages, Bargaining, and the Gender Gap
Barbara Biasi, Heather Sarsons
published in: Quarterly Journal of Economics, 2022, 137 (1), 215 - 266
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13601
Decomposing Gender Wage Gaps: A Family Economics Perspective
Dorothée Averkamp, Christian Bredemeier, Falko Juessen
published in: Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 2024, 126 (1), 3-37
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13562
This Time It's Different: The Role of Women's Employment in a Pandemic Recession
Titan Alon, Matthias Doepke, Jane Olmstead-Rumsey, Michèle Tertilt
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13477
Women in Economics: A UK Perspective
Danula K. Gamage, Almudena Sevilla, Sarah Smith
published in: Oxford Review of Economic Policy 2020, 36 (4), 962 - 982
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13289
A Short History of the Gender Wage Gap in Britain
Alex Bryson, Heather Joshi, Bożena Wielgoszewska, David Wilkinson
published in: Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 2020, 36 (4), 836-854
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12859
Selection into Employment and the Gender Wage Gap across the Distribution and over Time
Patricia Gallego Granados, Katharina Wrohlich
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12786
Revisiting Union Wage and Job Loss Effects Using the Displaced Worker Surveys
Abhir Kulkarni, Barry Hirsch
published in: ILR Review, 2021, 74 (4), 948-976
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