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IZA Discussion Papers

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The IZA Discussion Paper Series (ISSN: 2365-9793) disseminates high-quality research by IZA network members to the scientific community and the interested public worldwide before they are later published in academic journals. Comprising more than 17,000 papers, IZA's publication flagship is the most influential working paper series in labor economics.

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161 IZA Discussion Papers
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18214
In BRAC We Trust? Comparing Schools for Disadvantaged Students in Dhaka’s Slums
John C. Ham, Saima Khan
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18165
Hotter Days, Wider Gap: The Distributional Impact of Heat on Student Achievement
Mika Akesaka, Hitoshi Shigeoka
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18117
Investing in Human Capital During Wartime: Experimental Evidence from Ukraine
Lelys Dinarte Diaz, James Gresham, Renata Lemos, Harry Anthony Patrinos, Rony Rodriguez-Ramirez
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18113
The Heterosis Effect in Human Capital and Wealth Accumulation
Chen Zhu, Petri Böckerman
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18080
The Educational Achievement Penalty from School Exclusion
Neil Rowland, Babak Jahanshahi, Duncan McVicar, Corina Miller
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18044
Does Being Excluded from School Harm Student Achievement? Evidence from Siblings in English Population Data
Andrew McLean, Duncan McVicar
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17930
Breaking the Early Bell: Lessons from the First Statewide Mandate on School Start Times
Jialu Dou, Rania Gihleb, Osea Giuntella, Jakub Lonsky
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17734
Time Well Spent? The Role of Test Effort in Explaining Achievement Gaps
Lex Borghans, Ron Diris, Mariana Tavares
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17631
More than Just Lunch: School-Meal Subsidies and Language Proficiency
Sara Ayllón, Samuel Lado
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17576
On-the-Job Learning: How Peers and Experience Drive Productivity Among Teachers
Romaine A. Campbell, Seth Gershenson, Constance A. Lindsay, Nicholas W. Papageorge, Jessica H. Rendon
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17462
Autonomous Schools, Achievement, and Segregation
Natalie Irmert, Jan Bietenbeck, Linn Mattisson, Felix Weinhardt
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17228
Free Schooling Reverses Sibling Rivalry
João R. Ferreira, Wayne Aaron Sandholtz
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17167
What Is Wrong with Ability-Tracking?
Hartmut Esser
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17135
Can the Teaching Style Reduce Inequality in the Classroom? Evidence from a Quasi-Experiment
Lei Xu, Massimiliano Tani, Yu Zhu
published in: British Educational Research Journal, 2024, 50 (6), 2849 - 2874
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16998
Identifying Peer Effects in Networks with Unobserved Effort and Isolated Students
Aristide Houndetoungan, Cristelle Kouame, Michael Vlassopoulos
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16847
Peer Creativity and Academic Achievement
Max van Lent
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16773
Competitive Effects of Charter Schools
David N. Figlio, Cassandra M. D. Hart, Krzysztof Karbownik
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16731
COVID-19, School Closures, and Student Learning Outcomes: New Global Evidence from PISA
Maciej Jakubowski, Tomasz Gajderowicz, Harry Anthony Patrinos
published in: Science of Learning, 2025, 10, 5 (2025)
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16498
Starting the School Year on the Right Foot. Effects of a Summer Learning Program Targeting Vulnerable Students in Italy
Davide Azzolini, Martina Bazzoli, Sergiu Burlacu, Enrico Rettore
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16458
Can Patience Account For Subnational Differences in Student Achievement? Regional Analysis with Facebook Interests
Eric A. Hanushek, Lavinia Kinne, Pietro Sancassani, Ludger Woessmann
published online as 'Patience and Subnational Differences in Human Capital: Regional Analysis with Facebook Interests' in: Economic Journal, 2025
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16419
Race and the Income-Achievement Gap
Ryan Bacic, Angela Zheng
pubished in: Economic Inquiry, 2024, 62 (1), 5- 23
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16386
Housing Unaffordability and Adolescent Academic Achievement in Urban China
Peng Nie, Qiaoge Li, Lanlin Ding, Alfonso Sousa-Poza
published online in: Applied Economics, 21 August 2024
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16258
Spillover Effects of Black Teachers on White Teachers' Racial Competency: Mixed Methods Evidence from North Carolina
Seth Gershenson, Constance A. Lindsay, Nicholas W. Papageorge, Romaine A. Campbell, Jessica H. Rendon
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16223
The Rising Influence of Family Background on Early School Performance
Simen Markussen, Knut Røed
published in: Economics of Education Review, 2023, 97, article 102491
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15751
Do Class Closures Affect Students' Achievements? Heterogeneous Effects of Students' Socioeconomic Backgrounds
Masato Oikawa, Ryuichi Tanaka, Shun-ichiro Bessho, Akira Kawamura, Haruko Noguchi
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15686
How Does Testing Young Children Influence Educational Attainment and Well-Being?
Colin P. Green, Ole Henning Nyhus, Kari Vea Salvanes
published as 'Does testing young children influence educational attainment and wellbeing?' in: Journal of Population Economics, 2025, 38 (1), 20
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15648
Global Universal Basic Skills: Current Deficits and Implications for World Development
Sarah Gust, Eric A. Hanushek, Ludger Woessmann
published in: Journal of Development Economics, 2024, 166, 103205
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15604
How Good Am I? Effects and Mechanisms behind Salient Ranks
Rigissa Megalokonomou, Yi Zhang
published in: European Economic Review, 2024, 170, 104870
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15556
Making the Grade: The Effect of Teacher Grading Standards on Student Outcomes
Seth Gershenson, Stephen B. Holt, Adam Tyner
published in: Contemporary Economic Policy, 2024, 42 (2): 305-318
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15528
Patterns, Determinants, and Consequences of Ability Tracking: Evidence from Texas Public Schools
Kate Antonovics, Sandra E. Black, Julie Berry Cullen, Akiva Yonah Meiselman
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15527
What Divides the First and Second Generations? Family Time of Arrival and Educational Outcomes for Immigrant Youth
Marie C. Hull
published in: Southern Economic Journal, 2023, 89 (3), 754-787
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15418
Genetic and Socioeconomic Achievement Gaps in Elementary School
Mikkel Aagaard Houmark, Victor Ronda, Esben Agerbo, Preben Bo Mortensen, Michael Rosholm
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15389
Children in the Aftermath of the Great Recession
Carsten Andersen, Mikkel Aagaard Houmark, Helena Skyt Nielsen, Michael Svarer
published in: Nationaløkonomisk Tidsskrift/ Danish Economic Journal, 2022, 2022 (1), Article 3
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14572
Tackling the Gender Gap in Mathematics with Active Learning Methodologies
Maria Laura Di Tommaso, Dalit Contini, Dalila De Rosa, Francesca Ferrara, Daniela Piazzalunga, Ornella Robutti
published in: Economics of Education Review, 2024, 100, 102538
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14461
Only a Matter of Time? The Role of Time in School on Four-Day School Week Achievement Impacts
Paul N. Thompson, Jason Ward
published in: Economics of Education Review, 2022, 86, 102198
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14342
Effects of Scaling up Private School Choice Programs on Public School Students
David N. Figlio, Cassandra M. D. Hart, Krzysztof Karbownik
published in: American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, 2023, 15 (4), 255-294
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14230
Class Size and Learning: Has India Spent Too Much on Reducing Class Size?
Sandip Datta, Geeta G. Kingdon
published in: World Bank Economic Review, 2023, 37 (1), 24–48,
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14168
Age of Starting School, Academic Performance, and the Impact of Non-Compliance: An Experiment within an Experiment, Evidence from Australia
Tony Beatton, Michael Kidd, Anthony Niu, Francis Vella
published in: Economic Record, 2023, 99 (325), 175 - 206
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14094
Apart but Connected: Online Tutoring and Student Outcomes during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Michela Carlana, Eliana La Ferrara
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14074
Gender and Educational Achievement: Stylized Facts and Causal Evidence
Judith M. Delaney, Paul J. Devereux
published as: The Economics of Gender and Educational Achievement: Stylized Facts and Causal Evidence, Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Economics and Finance, Oxford University Press, August 2021
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13918
The Duration of Compulsory Education and the Transition to Secondary Education: Panel Data Evidence from Low-Income Countries
Luis Diaz-Serrano
published in: International Journal of Educational Development, 2020, 75, 102189
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13685
Is There a Link between BMI and Adolescents' Educational Choices and Expectations?
Luis Diaz-Serrano, Alexandrina P. Stoyanova
published as 'The relationship between overweight and education revisited: a test of the selection hypothesis based on adolescents' educational aspirations' in: Public Health, 2023, 224, 237 - 243
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13630
Educational Gender Gaps
Shelly Lundberg
published in: Southern Economic Journal, 2020, 87 (2), 416-439
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13563
Obstacles on the Road to School: The Impacts of Mobility Restrictions on Educational Performance
Sami H. Miaari, Ines Lee
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13453
Culture and Student Achievement: The Intertwined Roles of Patience and Risk-Taking
Eric A. Hanushek, Lavinia Kinne, Philipp Lergetporer, Ludger Woessmann
published as 'Patience, Risk-Taking, and Human Capital Investment across Countries' in: Economic Journal, 2022, 132 (646), 2290-2307
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13299
How Gender and Prior Disadvantage Predict Performance in College
Judith M. Delaney, Paul J. Devereux
published in: Economic and Social Review, 2020, 51 (2), 189 -239
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13291
Conceptualizing Grade Inflation
Adam Tyner, Seth Gershenson
published in: Economics of Education Review, 2020, 78, 102037
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13121
Teacher Preferences, Working Conditions, and Compensation Structure
Andrew C. Johnston
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13065
Parents' Responses to Teacher Qualifications
Simon Chang, Deborah A. Cobb-Clark, Nicolás Salamanca
publisehd in: Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 2022, 197, 419 - 446
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12971
Long-Run Trends in the U.S. SES-Achievement Gap
Eric A. Hanushek, Paul E. Peterson, Laura M. Talpey, Ludger Woessmann
published in: Education Finance and Policy, 2022, 17 (4), 608-640
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12965
Can Pollution Cause Poverty? The Effects of Pollution on Educational, Health and Economic Outcomes
Claudia L. Persico
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12745
Does Pollution Drive Achievement? The Effect of Traffic Pollution on Academic Performance
Jennifer A. Heissel, Claudia L. Persico, David Simon
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12613
The Short- and Long-Run Impacts of Secondary School Absences
Jing Liu, Monica Lee, Seth Gershenson
published in: Journal of Public Economics, 2021, 199, 104441
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12503
Girls' Comparative Advantage in Reading Can Largely Account for the Gender Gap in Math-Intensive Fields
Thomas Breda, Clotilde Napp
published in: PNAS, 2019, 116 (31), 15435-15440
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12460
The Remarkable Unresponsiveness of College Students to Nudging and What We Can Learn from It
Philip Oreopoulos, Uros Petronijevic
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12396
Neighbourhood and School Poverty Simultaneously Predicting Educational Achievement, Taking into Account Timing and Duration of Exposure
Jaap Nieuwenhuis, Tom Kleinepier, Maarten van Ham
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12338
Math Scores in High Stakes Grades
Giorgio Brunello, David Kiss
published in: Economics of Education Review, 2022, 82, 102219
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12204
Effects of Four-Day School Weeks on Student Achievement: Evidence from Oregon
Paul N. Thompson
published as 'Is four less than five? Effects of four-day school weeks on student achievement in Oregon' in: Journal of Public Economics, 2021, 193, 104308
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12200
Selecting or Rewarding Teachers? International Evidence from Primary Schools
Michela Braga, Daniele Checchi, Christelle Garrouste, Francesco Scervini
published in: Economics of Education Review, 2020, 76, 101986
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12070
Inequality of Opportunity in Education: Accounting for the Contributions of Sibs, Schools and Sorting across East Africa
Paul Anand, Jere R. Behrman, Hai-Anh H Dang, Sam Jones
published as 'Decomposing Learning Inequalities in East Africa: How Much Does Sorting Matter?' in: World Bank Economic Review, 2022, 36 (1), 219-243
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11843
The Gender Gap in Attitudes and Test Scores: A New Construct of the Mathematical Capability
Maria Laura Di Tommaso, Anna Maccagnan, Silvia Mendolia
published as 'Going Beyond Test Scores: The Gender Gap in Italian Children's Mathematical Capability' in: Feminist Economics, 2021, 27 (3), 161-187
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11685
Do You Speak My Language? The Effect of Sharing a Teacher's Native Language on Student Achievement
Kelvin Seah
published in: Southern Economic Journal, 2021, 88(1), 245-273
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11683
Testing
Annika B. Bergbauer, Eric A. Hanushek, Ludger Woessmann
published in: Journal of Human Resources, 2024, 59 (2), 349-388
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11682
Asian Segregation and Scholastic Achievement: Evidence from Primary Schools in New York City
Rocco d'Este, Elias Einiö
published in: Economics of Education Review, 2021,83, 102129.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11623
Stand Against Bullying: An Experimental School Intervention
Italo A. Gutierrez, Oswaldo Molina, Hugo R. Nopo
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11516
Educator Incentives and Educational Triage in Rural Primary Schools
Daniel O. Gilligan, Naureen Karachiwalla, Ibrahim Kasirye, Adrienne Lucas, Derek Neal
published in: Journal of Human Resources, 2022, 57 (1), 79-111
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11166
Snooze or Lose: High School Start Times and Academic Achievement
Jeffrey A. Groen, Sabrina Wulff Pabilonia
published in: Economics of Education Review, 2019, 72, 204–218
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10950
(How) Do Non-Cognitive Skills Programs Improve Adolescent School Achievement? Experimental Evidence
Pedro S. Martins
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10886
One-To-One Technology and Student Outcomes
Marie C. Hull, Katherine Duch
published in: Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 2019, 41 (1), 79-97
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10884
The Value of Redistribution: Natural Resources and the Formation of Human Capital under Weak Institutions
Jorge M. Aguero, Carlos Felipe Balcázar, Stanislao Maldonado, Hugo R. Nopo
published in: Journal of Development Economics, 2021, 148, 102581
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10709
Do Higher Achievers Cheat Less? An Experiment of Self-Revealing Individual Cheating
Erez Siniver, Yossef Tobol, Gideon Yaniv
published in: Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics, 2017, 68, 91 - 96
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10612
The Private Schooling Phenomenon in India: A Review
Geeta G. Kingdon
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10356
What Grades and Achievement Tests Measure
Lex Borghans, Bart H.H. Golsteyn, James J. Heckman, John Eric Humphries
published in: Proceedings of the National Academy of Science (PNAS), 2016, 113 (47), 13354-13359
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10343
Boys Lag Behind: How Teachers' Gender Biases Affect Student Achievement
Camille Terrier
published in: Economics of Education Review, 2020, 71, 101981
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10091
Short-Run Externalities of Civic Unrest: Evidence from Ferguson, Missouri
Seth Gershenson, Michael S. Hayes
published in: Journal of Economic Geography, 2018, 18 (3), 663-685.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10076
The Three I's of Public Schools: Irrelevant Inputs, Insufficient Resources and Inefficiency
Daniel J. Henderson, Léopold Simar, Le Wang
published in: Applied Economics, 2017, 49(12), 1164-1184
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10065
The Impact of Immigrant Peers on Native Students' Academic Achievement in Countries Where Parents of Immigrants Are Relatively Skilled
Kelvin Seah
published in: Australian Economic Review, 2021, 54(1), 94-116
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10053
The Gender Gap in Mathematics Achievement: Evidence from Italian Data
Maria Laura Di Tommaso, Silvia Mendolia, Dalit Contini
published in: Economics of Education Review, 2017, 58, 32-42.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10032
Immigrant Educators and Students' Academic Achievement
Kelvin Seah
published in: Labour Economics, 2018, 51C, 152-169
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10001
The Importance of School Systems: Evidence from International Differences in Student Achievement
Ludger Woessmann
published in: Journal of Economic Perspectives, 2016, 30 (3), 3-31
IZA Discussion Paper No. 9661
Gender and Racial Differences in Peer Effects of Limited English Students: A Story of Language or Ethnicity?
Timothy M. Diette, Ruth Uwaifo Oyelere
published in: IZA Journal of Migration, 2017, 6:2
IZA Discussion Paper No. 9558
Are Student Absences Worth the Worry in U.S. Primary Schools?
Seth Gershenson, Alison Jacknowitz, Andrew Brannegan
published in: Education Finance and Policy, 2017, 12(2): 137-165.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 9535
Gender Gaps in Early Educational Achievement
Deborah A. Cobb-Clark, Julie Moschion
published in Journal of Population Economics, 2017, 30 (4), 1093–1134
IZA Discussion Paper No. 9458
Carrot and Stick? Impact of a Low-Stakes School Accountability Program on Student Achievement
Seokjin Woo, Soohyung Lee, Kyunghee Kim
published in: Economics Letters, 2015, 137 195 - 199
IZA Discussion Paper No. 9307
The Academic Progress of Hispanic Immigrants
Marie C. Hull
published in: Economics of Education Review, 2017, 57, 91-110
IZA Discussion Paper No. 9082
Is Ability Tracking (Really) Responsible for Educational Inequalities in Achievement? A Comparison between the Country States Bavaria and Hesse in Germany
Hartmut Esser, Ilona Relikowski
IZA Discussion Paper No. 8958
The Effect of Community Traumatic Events on Student Achievement: Evidence from the Beltway Sniper Attacks
Seth Gershenson, Erdal Tekin
published in: Education Finance and Policy, 2018, 13(4), 513-544.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 8939
Virtually No Effect? Different Uses of Classroom Computers and their Effect on Student Achievement
Oliver Falck, Constantin Mang, Ludger Woessmann
published in: Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 2018, 80 (1), 1-38
IZA Discussion Paper No. 8622
Assessing Teacher Quality in India
Mehtabul Azam, Geeta G. Kingdon
published in: Journal of Development Economics, 2015, 117, 74–83
IZA Discussion Paper No. 8620
Does Management Matter in Schools?
Nicholas Bloom, Renata Lemos, Raffaella Sadun, John Van Reenen
published in: Economic Journal, 2015, 125 (584), 647-674
IZA Discussion Paper No. 8543
Learning the Hard Way: The Effect of Violent Conflict on Student Academic Achievement
Tilman Brück, Michele Di Maio, Sami H. Miaari
published in: Journal of the European Economic Association, 2019, 17 (5), 1502 - 1037
IZA Discussion Paper No. 8411
Which Schools and Pupils Respond to Educational Achievement Surveys? A Focus on the English PISA Sample
Sylke V. Schnepf, Gabriele B. Durrant, John Micklewright
revised version published in: Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series A, 2018, 181 (4), 1057 - 1074
IZA Discussion Paper No. 8232
Mister Sandman, Bring Me Good Marks! On the Relationship Between Sleep Quality and Academic Achievement
Stijn Baert, Eddy Omey, Dieter Verhaest, Aurélie Vermeir
revised version published in: Social Science and Medicine , 2015, 130, 91 - 98
IZA Discussion Paper No. 8201
Gender Gaps in Primary School Achievement: A Decomposition into Endowments and Returns to IQ and Non-cognitive Factors
Bart H.H. Golsteyn, Trudie Schils
published in: Economics of Education Review, 2014, 41, 176-187
IZA Discussion Paper No. 8142
Does High School Homework Increase Academic Achievement?
Charlene M. Kalenkoski, Sabrina Wulff Pabilonia
published in: Education Economics, 2017, 25 (1), 45-59
IZA Discussion Paper No. 7887
Unionization and Productivity: Evidence from Charter Schools
Cassandra M. D. Hart, Aaron Sojourner
published in: Industrial Relations, 2015. 55 (4), 422-448
IZA Discussion Paper No. 7856
Gender and Race Heterogeneity: The Impact of Increases in Students with Limited English on Native Students' Performance
Timothy M. Diette, Ruth Uwaifo Oyelere
published in: American Economic Review: Papers & Proceedings, 2014, 104 (5), 412-417
IZA Discussion Paper No. 7799
Are Females Scared of Competing with Males? Results from a Field Experiment
Maria De Paola, Francesca Gioia, Vincenzo Scoppa
published in: Economics of Education Review, 2015, 48, 117-128
IZA Discussion Paper No. 7794
Is There an Educational Penalty for Being Suspended from School?
Deborah A. Cobb-Clark, Sonja C. de New, Trinh Le, Duncan McVicar, Rong Zhang
published in: Education Economics, 2015, 23 (4), 376-395
IZA Discussion Paper No. 7793
Impact of Duration of Primary Education on School Outcomes: A Cross-Country Analysis
Luis Diaz-Serrano, Jessica Pérez
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