IZA Discussion Papers

also available as 'The price of inaction: the global private, fiscal and social costs of children and youth not learning', United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), Paris, 2024

IZA Discussion Paper No. 17291

Revisiting Sample Bias in the UK's Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings, with Implications for Estimates of Low Pay and the Bite of the National Living Wage

John Forth, Alex Bryson, Van Phan, Felix Ritchie, Carl Singleton, Lucy Stokes, Damian Whittard

IZA Discussion Paper No. 17235

Intersectional Analysis of the Labour Market Impacts of COVID: The Triple-Whammy of Females, Children, and Lower Skill

Tony Fang, Morley Gunderson, Viet Hoang Ha, Hui Ming

published online as 'Intersectional analysis of the labour market impacts of COVID on women with young children and in low-skilled jobs' in: International Journal of Manpower, 19 September 2024

IZA Discussion Paper No. 17204

Quality and Accountability of Large Language Models (LLMs) in Healthcare in Low- And Middle-Income Countries (LMIC): A Simulated Patient Study Using ChatGPT

Yafei Si, Yuyi Yang, Xi Wang, Ruopeng An, Jiaqi Zu, Xi Chen, Xiaojing Fan, Sen Gong

published as 'Quality and Accountability of ChatGPT in Health Care in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Simulated Patient Study' in: Journal of Medical Internet Research, 2024, 26, e56121

IZA Discussion Paper No. 17144

Greener Fleet, Cleaner Air: How Low Emission Zones Reduce Pollution

Eren Aydin, Markus Gehrsitz, Christian Traxler

IZA Discussion Paper No. 17132

The Impact of a Rising Wage Floor on Labour Mobility across Firms

John Forth, Carl Singleton, Alex Bryson, Van Phan, Felix Ritchie, Damian Whittard

IZA Discussion Paper No. 17131

Birth Order Effects on Education: Insights from Low- And Middle-Income Countries

Silvia Mendolia, Olena Stavrunova, Marian Vidal-Fernandez

IZA Discussion Paper No. 17020

Putting Low Emission Zone (LEZ) to the Test: The Effect of London's LEZ on Education

Antonio Avila-Uribe, Sefi Roth, Brian Shields

IZA Discussion Paper No. 17014

A Hands-on Machine Learning Primer for Social Scientists: Math, Algorithms and Code

Nikos Askitas

IZA Discussion Paper No. 17010

The Modification of Social Space as a Tool for Lowering Social Stress

Oded Stark

published in: Economics & Human Biology. 2024, 53, 101349

IZA Discussion Paper No. 17010

The Modification of Social Space as a Tool for Lowering Social Stress

Oded Stark

published in: Economics & Human Biology. 2024, 53, 101349

IZA Discussion Paper No. 16909

Food Coma Is Real: The Effect of Digestive Fatigue on Adolescents' Cognitive Performance

Justine Hervé, Subha Mani, Jere R. Behrman, Ramanan Laxminarayan, Arindam Nandi

IZA Discussion Paper No. 16878

Life-Cycle Worker Flows and Cross-Country Differences in Aggregate Employment

Jonathan Créchet, Etienne Lalé, Linas Tarasonis

IZA Discussion Paper No. 16777

Let's Roll Back! The Challenging Task of Regulating Temporary Contracts

Davide Fiaschi, Cristina Tealdi

IZA Discussion Paper No. 16771

Greenhouse Gas Mitigation and Price-Driven Growth in a Solow-Swan Economy with an Environmental Limit

Michael C. Burda, Leopold Zessner-Spitzenberg

IZA Discussion Paper No. 16722

Assessing Labor Market Conditions in Canada with Public-Use Microdata

Etienne Lalé

IZA Discussion Paper No. 16652

How Negative Labor Supply Shocks Affect Training in Firms: Lessons from Opening the Swiss-German Border

Caroline Neuber-Pohl, Damiano Pregaldini, Uschi Backes-Gellner, Sandra Dummert, Harald Pfeifer

IZA Discussion Paper No. 16627

Resilience-Thinking Training for College Students: Evidence from a Randomized Trial

Núria Rodríguez-Planas, Alan Secor, Rafael De Balanzó Joue

IZA Discussion Paper No. 16603

The Ins and Outs of Selling Houses: Understanding Housing-Market Volatility

L. Rachel Ngai, Kevin D. Sheedy

published in: International Economic Review, 2024, 65 (3), 1415-1440

IZA Discussion Paper No. 16547

Re-Assessing the Impacts of Exports on Local Labour Market Outcomes: A Supply Chain Perspective. Evidence from Egypt

Pablo Tillian, Deeksha Kokas, Carlos Góes, Gladys Lopez-Acevedo

IZA Discussion Paper No. 16546

Exports to Improve Women's Economic Opportunities in Morocco

Jaime Alfonso Roche Rodriguez, Raymond Robertson, Gladys Lopez-Acevedo, Daniela Ruiz Zárate

IZA Discussion Paper No. 16538

From the Death of God to the Rise of Hitler

Sascha O. Becker, Hans-Joachim Voth

IZA Discussion Paper No. 16500

Fertility in High-Income Countries: Trends, Patterns, Determinants, and Consequences

David E. Bloom, Michael Kuhn, Klaus Prettner

published in: Annual Review of Economics, 2024, 16, 159-184

IZA Discussion Paper No. 16500

Fertility in High-Income Countries: Trends, Patterns, Determinants, and Consequences

David E. Bloom, Michael Kuhn, Klaus Prettner

published in: Annual Review of Economics, 2024, 16, 159-184

IZA Discussion Paper No. 16500

Fertility in High-Income Countries: Trends, Patterns, Determinants, and Consequences

David E. Bloom, Michael Kuhn, Klaus Prettner

published in: Annual Review of Economics, 2024, 16, 159-184

IZA Discussion Paper No. 16356

A Multisector Perspective on Wage Stagnation

L. Rachel Ngai, Orhun Sevinc

this version: July 2024

IZA Discussion Paper No. 16262

Labor Market Regulation and Firm Adjustments in Skill Demand

Anna Bottasso, Massimiliano Bratti, Gabriele Cardullo, Maurizio Conti, Giovanni Sulis

revised version published as 'Labor Market Regulations and Firm Adjustments in Skill Demand' in: Journal of Public Economics, 2025, 242, 105292

IZA Discussion Paper No. 16213

Trade Liberalization and Local Labor Markets in Morocco

Jaime Alfonso Roche Rodriguez, Raymond Robertson, Gladys Lopez-Acevedo, Daniela Ruiz Zárate

IZA Discussion Paper No. 16205

A Behaviorally-Validated Warm Glow Questionnaire

Jeffrey P. Carpenter, Alex Lyford, Mingfang Zhang

published in: Journal of the Economic Sciene Association, 2024, 10, 310–329

IZA Discussion Paper No. 16153

Long-Term Effects of Hiring Subsidies for Low-Educated Unemployed Youths

Andrea Albanese, Bart Cockx, Muriel Dejemeppe

revised version published in: Journal of Public Economics, 2024, 235, 105137

IZA Discussion Paper No. 16114

Socioeconomic Inequality in Low-Carbon Technology Adoption

Andrew Burlinson, Apostolos Davillas, Monica Giulietti

revised version published in: Energy Economics, 2025, 143, 108244

IZA Discussion Paper No. 16062

The Pandemic Push: Digital Technologies and Workforce Adjustments

Christina Gathmann, Christian Kagerl, Laura Pohlan, Duncan H.W. Roth

revised version published in: Labour Economics, 2024, 89, 102541

IZA Discussion Paper No. 15923

A Pure Theory of Population Distribution When Preferences Are Ordinal

Holger Stark, Grzegorz Kosiorowski

IZA Discussion Paper No. 15646

The Slow Demographic Transition in Regions Vulnerable to Climate Change

Thang Dao, Matthias Kalkuhl, Chrysovalantis Vasilakis

IZA Discussion Paper No. 15401

Why Should We Integrate Income and Employment Support? A Conceptual and Empirical Investigation

Antonia Asenjo, Veronica Escudero, Hannah Liepmann

published in: Journal of Development Studies, 2024, 60 (1), 1-20.

IZA Discussion Paper No. 15400

Brain Refrain and Human Capital Formation in Spain

Jose Blanco-Álvarez, Christopher Parsons, Sam Tang, Yong Wang

IZA Discussion Paper No. 15328

The Effects of Alcohol Excise Tax Increases by Drinking Level and by Income Level

Henry Saffer, Markus Gehrsitz, Michael Grossman

published online in: National Tax Journal, 18 October 2024

IZA Discussion Paper No. 15303

The Impact of Robots on Labour Market Transitions in Europe

Ronald Bachmann, Myrielle Gonschor, Piotr Lewandowski, Karol Madoń

published in: Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 2024, 70, 422-441

IZA Discussion Paper No. 15266

The Relationship between Cognitive Ability and Risk Preferences in a Developing Nation: Findings from the Field

Ali Moghaddasi Kelishomi, Daniel Sgroi

published in: Economics Letters, 2022, 216, 110576

IZA Discussion Paper No. 15163

Poor Workers in Rich Democracies: On the Nature of In-Work Poverty and Its Relationship to Labour Market Policies

Rod Hick, Ive Marx

IZA Discussion Paper No. 15139

Do Second Chances Pay Off? Evidence from a Natural Experiment with Low-Achieving Students

Aspasia Bizopoulou, Rigissa Megalokonomou, Stefania Simion

published in: Journal of Public Economics, 2024, 239, 105214

IZA Discussion Paper No. 15102

Scarring Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Italian Labour Market

Davide Fiaschi, Cristina Tealdi

IZA Discussion Paper No. 15030

Employer-to-Employer Transitions and Time Aggregation Bias

Antoine Bertheau, Rune Majlund Vejlin

published in: Labour Economics, 2022, 75, 102130

IZA Discussion Paper No. 14968

Do Changes in Employment and Hours Worked Contribute to a Decreasing in the Mental Health of Single Mothers during a Period of Welfare Reform in the UK? A Longitudinal Analysis (2009-2019)

Julija Simpson, Clare Bambra, Heather Brown

IZA Discussion Paper No. 14848

Labour Mobility with Vocational Skill: Australian Demand and Pacific Supply

Satish Chand, Michael A. Clemens

published in: Australian Economic Review, 2023, 56 (4), 462-486

IZA Discussion Paper No. 14847

Population Growth, Immigration and Labour Market Dynamics

Michael Elsby, Jennifer C. Smith, Jonathan Wadsworth

published in: Demography, 2024, 61 (5), 1559–1584.

IZA Discussion Paper No. 14681

Does the Community Reinvestment Act Increase Small Business Lending in Lower Income Neighborhoods?

Mee Jung Kim, Kyung Min Lee, John S. Earle

published in: Economics Letters, 2021, 209, 110146

IZA Discussion Paper No. 14643

Publishing Economics: How Slow? Why Slow? Is Slow Productive? Fixing Slow?

Aboozar Hadavand, Daniel S. Hamermesh, Wesley W. Wilson

published in: Journal of Economic Literature, 2024, 62 (1), 269 - 293

IZA Discussion Paper No. 14610

The Productivity Puzzle in Business Services

Alexander S. Kritikos, Alexander Schiersch, Caroline Stiel

published as 'The productivity shock in business services' in: Small Business Economics, 2022, 59 (3), 1273 - 1299

IZA Discussion Paper No. 14561

Family Ties, Geographic Mobility and the Gender Gap in Academic Aspirations

Lídia Farré, Francesc Ortega

published as 'Geographic mobility of college students and the gender gap in academic aspirations' in: Labour Economics, 2024, 90, 102550

IZA Discussion Paper No. 14479

Young People between Education and the Labour Market during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Italy

Davide Fiaschi, Cristina Tealdi

IZA Discussion Paper No. 14376

Killing Prescriptions Softly: Low Emission Zones and Child Health from Birth to School

Hannah Klauber, Felix Holub, Nicolas Koch, Nico Pestel, Nolan Ritter, Alexander Rohlf

revised version published in: American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, 2024, 16 (2), 220-248

IZA Discussion Paper No. 14279

Low, High and Super Congestion of a Renewable Natural Resource under Autarky and Trade

Maurice Schiff

IZA Discussion Paper No. 14274

The Effect of Child Benefits on Financial Difficulties and Spending Habits: Evidence from Poland's Family 500+ Program

Stefani Milovanska-Farrington

IZA Discussion Paper No. 14254

A General Methodology to Measure Labour Market Dynamics

Davide Fiaschi, Cristina Tealdi

IZA Discussion Paper No. 14108

The COVID-19 Pandemic's Evolving Impacts on the Labor Market: Who's Been Hurt and What We Should Do

Brad J. Hershbein, Harry J. Holzer

IZA Discussion Paper No. 14086

Estimating the Effects of the Minimum Wage Using the Introduction of Indexation

Daiji Kawaguchi, Yuko Mori

published in: Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 2021, 184, 388-408.

IZA Discussion Paper No. 14027

When Opportunity Knocks: Confronting Theory and Empirics about Dynamics of Gender Wage Inequality

Joanna Tyrowicz, Lucas van der Velde

published in:Social Indicators Research, 2021, 155, 837 - 864

IZA Discussion Paper No. 13956

Using Social Recognition to Address the Gender Difference in Volunteering for Low Promotability Tasks

Ritwik Banerjee, Priyoma Mustafi

IZA Discussion Paper No. 13950

Worker Surveillance Capital, Labour Share and Productivity

Philippe Askenazy

published in: Oxford Economic Papers, 2022, 74 (1), 85–93

IZA Discussion Paper No. 13918

The Duration of Compulsory Education and the Transition to Secondary Education: Panel Data Evidence from Low-Income Countries

Luis Diaz-Serrano

published in: International Journal of Educational Development, 2020, 75, 102189

IZA Discussion Paper No. 13869

The Spanish Labour Market at the Crossroads: COVID-19 Meets the Megatrends

Juan J. Dolado, Florentino Felgueroso, Juan F. Jimeno

published in: Applied Economic Analysis, 2021, 29 (85), 21-41.

IZA Discussion Paper No. 13820

COVID-19 and Educational Inequality: How School Closures Affect Low- and High-Achieving Students

Elisabeth Grewenig, Philipp Lergetporer, Katharina Werner, Ludger Woessmann, Larissa Zierow

published in: European Economic Review, 2021, 140, 103920

IZA Discussion Paper No. 13761

An Adverse Social Welfare Effect of Quadruply Gainful Trade

Oded Stark, Grzegorz Kosiorowski

published in: East Asian Economic Review, 2020, 24 (3), 207-235

IZA Discussion Paper No. 13681

Employment Reallocation over the Business Cycle: Evidence from Danish Data

Antoine Bertheau, Henning Bunzel, Rune Majlund Vejlin

IZA Discussion Paper No. 13652

Low, High and Super Congestion of an Open-Access Natural Resource: The Autarky Case

Maurice Schiff

IZA Discussion Paper No. 13644

Hitting Where It Hurts Most: COVID-19 and Low-Income Urban College Students

Núria Rodríguez-Planas

published in: Economics of Education Review, 2022, 87, 102233

IZA Discussion Paper No. 13544

Subsidizing Domestic Services as a Tool to Fight Unemployment: Effectiveness and Hidden Costs

Elisabeth Leduc, Ilan Tojerow

published as 'Home work: Exploring the labor market effects of subsidizing domestic services' in: Labour Economics, 2024, 90, 102595

IZA Discussion Paper No. 13490

Training, Wages and a Missing School Graduation Cohort

Matthias Dorner, Katja Görlitz

updated version published as 'The impact of a missing school graduation cohort on the training market' in: Economics of Education Review, 2024, 103, 102580 (with Elke J. Jahn)

IZA Discussion Paper No. 13232

A Methodological Rejoinder to 'Does income relate to health due to psychosocial or material factors?'

Oded Stark, Marcin Jakubek

published in: Social Science & Medicine, 2020, 259, 112829

IZA Discussion Paper No. 13074

Provincial Trade, Financial Friction and Misallocation in China

Ohyun Kwon, Belton M. Fleisher, William H. McGuire, Min Qiang Zhao

IZA Discussion Paper No. 13062

Effects of Recent Minimum Wage Policies in California and Nationwide: Initial Results from a Pre-specified Analysis Plan

David Neumark, Maysen Yen

published in: Industrial Relations, 2022, 61 (2), 228-255

IZA Discussion Paper No. 13001

The Determinants of China's International Portfolio Equity Allocations

Isha Agarwal, Grace Weishi Gu, Eswar Prasad

published in: IMF Economic Review, 2020, 68, 643 - 692

IZA Discussion Paper No. 12921

Enhancing Employability by Responding to Work Motives: Lessons from a Field Experiment among Israeli Ultra-Religious Women

Yael Goldfarb, Shoshana Neuman

published as 'Labour-Market Integration by Responding to Work Motives: Lessons from a Study of Israeli Ultra-Orthodox Women' in: Journal of Economics, Management and Religion, 2020, 1 (1)

IZA Discussion Paper No. 12917

The Effects of Prenatal Exposure to Temperature Extremes on Birth Outcomes

Xi Chen, Chih Ming Tan, Xiaobo Zhang, Xin Zhang

published in: Journal of Population Economics, 2020, 33, 1263 - 1302

IZA Discussion Paper No. 12896

Not Much Bounce in the Springboard: On the Mobility of Low Pay Workers

Gail Pacheco, Alexander T. Plum, Peter J. Sloane

IZA Discussion Paper No. 12877

Prenatal Sunshine Exposure and Birth Outcomes in China

Xin Zhang, Yixuan Wang, Xi Chen, Xun Zhang

published as 'Associations between prenatal sunshine exposure and birth outcomes in China' in: Science of the Total Environment, 2020, 713, 136472

IZA Discussion Paper No. 12825

New Evidence on Disability Benefit Claims in the UK: The Role of Health and the Local Labour Market

Jennifer Roberts, Karl Taylor

published in: Economica, 2022, 89, 131-169

IZA Discussion Paper No. 12756

Relative Deprivation as a Cause of Risky Behaviors

Oded Stark

published in: Journal of Gambling Studies, 2021, 37, 817–835

IZA Discussion Paper No. 12731

How Do Low-Income Enrollees in the Affordable Care Act Marketplaces Respond to Cost-Sharing?

Kurt Lavetti, Thomas DeLeire, Nicolas R. Ziebarth

revised version published in: Journal of Risk and Insurance, 2023, 90 (1), 155 - 183

IZA Discussion Paper No. 12605

Residential Noise Exposure and Health: Evidence from Aviation Noise and Birth Outcomes

Laura M. Argys, Susan L. Averett, Muzhe Yang

published in: Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 2020, 103, 102343

IZA Discussion Paper No. 12579

Labour Market Flows: Accounting for the Public Sector

Idriss Fontaine, Ismael Galvez-Iniesta, Pedro Maia Gomes, Diego Vila-Martin

published in: Labour Economics, 2020, 62, 101770

IZA Discussion Paper No. 12566

Interest Rate Hysteresis in Macroeconomic Investment under Uncertainty

Ansgar H. Belke, Matthias Göcke

IZA Discussion Paper No. 12565

The Yen Exchange Rate and the Hollowing Out of the Japanese Industry

Ansgar H. Belke, Ulrich Volz

published in: Open Economic Review, 2020, 31, 371 - 406

IZA Discussion Paper No. 12564

Trade and Capital Flows: Substitutes or Complements? An Empirical Investigation

Ansgar H. Belke, Clemens Domnick

published in: Review of International Economics, 2021, 29 (3), 573 - 589

IZA Discussion Paper No. 12561

Institutional Responses to Aging Populations and Economic Growth: A Panel Data Approach

Patrick M. Emerson, Shawn D. Knabb, Anca-Ioana Sirbu

IZA Discussion Paper No. 12545

Low Emission Zones for Better Health: Evidence from German Hospitals

Nico Pestel, Florian Wozny

revised version published as 'Health Effects of Low Emission Zones: Evidence from German Hospitals' in: Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 109, 2021, 102512

IZA Discussion Paper No. 12518

The Likelihood of Divorce and the Riskiness of Financial Decisions

Oded Stark, Krzysztof Szczygielski

published in: Journal of Demographic Economics, 2019, 85 (3), 209 - 229

IZA Discussion Paper No. 12423

On Social Preferences and the Intensity of Risk Aversion

Oded Stark

published in: Journal of Risk and Insurance, 2019, 86 (3), 807 - 826

IZA Discussion Paper No. 12331

The Pure Effect of Social Preferences on Regional Location Choices: The Evolving Dynamics of Convergence to a Steady State Population Distribution

Oded Stark, Wiktor Budzinski, Grzegorz Kosiorowski

published in: Journal of Regional Science, 2019, 59 (5), 883 - 909