The IZA Discussion Paper Series (ISSN: 2365-9793) disseminates high-quality research by IZA network members to the scientific community and the interested public worldwide before they are later published in academic journals. Comprising more than 17,000 papers, IZA's publication flagship is the most influential working paper series in labor economics.

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87 IZA Discussion Papers
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17182
Work Meaningfulness and Effort
Femke Cnossen, Milena Nikolova
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15793
The Influence of Start-up Motivation on Entrepreneurial Performance
Marco Caliendo, Alexander S. Kritikos, Claudia Stier
published in: Small Business Economics, 2023, 61, 869-889.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15183
Can Meaning Make Cents? Making the Meaning of Work Salient for US Manufacturing Workers
Alberto Salamone, Grace Lordan
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14668
Academics' Attitudes toward Engaging in Public Discussions - Experimental Evidence on the Impact of Engagement Conditions
Vitus Püttmann, Jens Ruhose, Stephan L. Thomsen
published online in: Research in Higher Education, 5 December 2022
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14595
Incentives, Self-Selection, and Coordination of Motivated Agents for the Production of Social Goods
Kevin Bauer, Michael Kosfeld, Ferdinand von Siemens
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14285
Job Design, Learning & Intrinsic Motivation
Michael Gibbs
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14142
Motivational Goal Bracketing with Non-rational Goals
Alexander K. Koch, Julia Nafziger
published in: Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics, 2021, 94, 101740
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13872
Own Motivation, Peer Motivation, and Educational Success
Jan Bietenbeck
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13860
Labor-Market Conditions and Leadership Styles
Robert Dur, Ola Kvaløy, Anja Schöttner
revised version published in: Management Science, 2022, 68 (4), 3150-3168
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13112
What Makes Work Meaningful and Why Economists Should Care about It
Milena Nikolova, Femke Cnossen
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12782
Incorporating Conditional Morality into Economic Decisions
David Masclet, David L. Dickinson
published online in: Theory and Decision, 28 August 2024
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12758
Immigrant Examination Behavior
Gil S. Epstein, Shahar Sansani
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12667
Paying Gig Workers – Evidence from a Field Experiment
Sebastian Butschek, Roberto González Amor, Patrick Kampkötter, Dirk Sliwka
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12338
Math Scores in High Stakes Grades
Giorgio Brunello, David Kiss
published in: Economics of Education Review, 2022, 82, 102219
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12250
The Pied Piper: Prizes, Incentives, and Motivation Crowding-In
Luigino Bruni, Vittorio Pelligra, Tommaso G. Reggiani, Matteo Rizzolli
revised version published in: Journal of Business Ethics, 2020, 166(3), 643-658
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11970
Effects of Timing and Reference Frame of Feedback: Evidence from a Field Experiment
Mira Fischer, Valentin Wagner
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11927
Socially Useless Jobs
Robert Dur, Max van Lent
published in: Industrial Relations, 2019, 58 (1), 3-16
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11920
High-Powered Performance Pay and Crowding out of Non-Monetary Motives
David B. Huffman, Michael L. Bognanno
published in: Management Science, 2018, 64 (10), 4669-4680.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11789
Prosocial Managers, Employee Motivation, and the Creation of Shareholder Value
Agne Kajackaite, Dirk Sliwka
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11774
Thinking of Incentivizing Care? The Effect of Demand Subsidies on Informal Caregiving and Intergenerational Transfers
Joan Costa-Font, Sergi Jimenez-Martin, Cristina Vilaplana-Prieto
revised version published as 'Do Public Caregiving Subsidies and Supports affect the Provision of Care and Transfers?' in: Journal of Health Economics, 2022, 84,102639
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11714
Tax Morale and the Role of Social Norms and Reciprocity: Evidence from a Randomized Survey Experiment
Philipp Doerrenberg, Andreas Peichl
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11678
Motivated to Succeed? Attitudes to Education among Native and Immigrant Pupils in England
Simon Burgess, Gabriel Heller-Sahlgren
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11674
Paying for What Kind of Performance? Performance Pay and Multitasking in Mission-Oriented Jobs
Daniel Jones, Mirco Tonin, Michael Vlassopoulos
substantially revised version published online in: Games and Economic Behavior, 29 August 2023
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11395
Parental Occupation and Children's School Outcomes in Math
Gianna Claudia Giannelli, Chiara Rapallini
Published in: Research in Economics, 2019; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rie.2019.08.003
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11327
Confidence in Knowledge or Confidence in the Ability to Learn: An Experiment on the Causal Effects of Beliefs on Motivation
Mira Fischer, Dirk Sliwka
published in: Games and Economic Behavior, 2018, 111, 122-142.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11229
The Motivation of Temporary Agency Workers: An Empirical Analysis
Christian Grund, Axel Minten, Nevena Toporova
revised version published as 'Motivation assessments of temporary agency workers - an empirical analysis based on appraisals compiled by hiring companies' in: management revue - Socio-Economic Studies, 2019, 30, 5-39
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11095
Serving the Public Interest in Several Ways: Theory and Empirics
Robert Dur, Max van Lent
published in: Labour Economics, 2018, 51, 13-24
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11038
Dual Practice by Health Workers: Theory and Evidence from Indonesia
Paula Gonzalez, Gabriel V. Montes-Rojas, Sarmistha Pal
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10899
Workplace Employee Representation and Industrial Relations Performance: New Evidence from the 2013 European Company Survey
John T. Addison, Paulino Teixeira
published in: Jahrbuecher fuer Nationaloekonomie und Statistik (Journal of Economics and Statistics), 2019, 239 (1), 111-154
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10737
HRM and Small-Firm Employee Motivation: Before and after the Recession
Alex Bryson, Michael White
published in: Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 2019, 72, 3: 749-773
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10671
Past, Present and Future Compensation Research: Economist Perspectives
Michael Gibbs
published in: Compensation & Benefits Review, 2017, 48 (1-2), 3-16
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10576
Ceding Control: An Experimental Analysis of Participatory Management
Philip Mellizo, Jeffrey P. Carpenter, Peter Hans Matthews
published in: Journal of the Economic Science Association, 2017, 3, 62 - 74
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10410
Trust the Police? Self-Selection of Motivated Agents into the German Police Force
Guido Friebel, Michael Kosfeld, Gerd Thielmann
published in: American Economic Journal: Microeconomics, 2019, 11 (4), 59-78
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10288
Locus of Control and Performance Appraisal
John S. Heywood, Uwe Jirjahn, Cornelia Chadi
revised version published in: Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 2017, 142, 205-225
IZA Discussion Paper No. 9778
The Labor Supply of Fixed-Wage Workers: Estimates from a Real Effort Experiment
Jeffrey P. Carpenter
IZA Discussion Paper No. 9705
Identity-driven Cooperation versus Competition
Dennis J. Snower, Steven J. Bosworth
IZA Discussion Paper No. 9703
Cooperation, Motivation and Social Balance
Steven J. Bosworth, Tania Singer, Dennis J. Snower
IZA Discussion Paper No. 9701
Bread and Bullets
George A. Akerlof, Dennis J. Snower
IZA Discussion Paper No. 9385
Disentangling the Role of Contract Types and Sector Disparities for Public Service Motivation
Christian Grund, Kirsten Thommes
revised version published as 'The Role of Contract Types for Employees' Public Service Motivation' in: Schmalenbach Business Review, 2017, 18, 377-398
IZA Discussion Paper No. 8853
Behavioral Economics of Education: Progress and Possibilities
Adam M. Lavecchia, Heidi Liu, Philip Oreopoulos
IZA Discussion Paper No. 8738
Spillovers of Prosocial Motivation: Evidence from an Intervention Study on Blood Donors
Adrian Bruhin, Lorenz Götte, Simon Haenni, Lingqing Jiang
IZA Discussion Paper No. 8448
Tax Morale
Erzo F.P. Luttmer, Monica Singhal
IZA Discussion Paper No. 8412
Grades and Rank: Impacts of Non-Financial Incentives on Test Performance
Nina Jalava, Juanna Schrøter Joensen, Elin Pellas
published in: Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 2015, 115, 161-196
IZA Discussion Paper No. 8311
Employee Recognition and Performance: A Field Experiment
Christiane Bradler, Robert Dur, Susanne Neckermann, Arjan Non
published in: Management Science, 2016, 62(11), 3085-3099
IZA Discussion Paper No. 8239
Intrinsic Motivations of Public Sector Employees: Evidence for Germany
Robert Dur, Robin Zoutenbier
published in: German Economic Review, 2015, 16(3), 343-366
IZA Discussion Paper No. 8238
Are Public Sector Workers Different? Cross-European Evidence from Elderly Workers and Retirees
Mirco Tonin, Michael Vlassopoulos
published in: IZA Journal of Labor Economics, 4:11, 2015
IZA Discussion Paper No. 8108
Playing 'Hard to Get': An Economic Rationale for Crowding Out of Intrinsically Motivated Behavior
Wendelin Schnedler, Christoph Vanberg
published in: European Economic Review, 2014, 68, 106–115
IZA Discussion Paper No. 8096
A Field Experiment in Motivating Employee Ideas
Michael Gibbs, Susanne Neckermann, Christoph Siemroth
published in: Review of Economics and Statistics, 2017, 99(4), 577-590
IZA Discussion Paper No. 7935
Job Satisfaction and Public Service Motivation
Lutz C. Kaiser
IZA Discussion Paper No. 7500
Moonlighting Politicians: Motivation Matters!
Alessandro Fedele, Paolo Naticchioni
published in: German Economic Review, 2016, 17 (2), 127 - 156
IZA Discussion Paper No. 7499
Exploitation Aversion: When Financial Incentives Fail to Motivate Agents
Jeffrey P. Carpenter, David Dolifka
IZA Discussion Paper No. 7058
Working for a Good Cause
Robert Dur, Robin Zoutenbier
published in: Public Administration Review, 2014, 74(2), 144-155
IZA Discussion Paper No. 7040
Understanding the Mechanisms Through Which an Influential Early Childhood Program Boosted Adult Outcomes
James J. Heckman, Rodrigo Pinto, Peter A. Savelyev
published in: American Economic Review, 2013, 103 (6), 2052-86
IZA Discussion Paper No. 6955
Negative Reciprocity and Retrenched Pension Rights
Raymond Montizaan, Frank Cörvers, Andries de Grip, Thomas Dohmen
published as 'The Impact of Negatively Reciprocal Inclinations on Worker Behavior: Evidence from a Retrenchment of Pension Rights' in: Management Science, 2016, 62(3), 668-681
IZA Discussion Paper No. 6815
Incentives and Group Identity
Paolo Masella, Stephan Meier, Philipp Zahn
published in: Games and Economic Behavior, 2014, 86, 12-25
IZA Discussion Paper No. 6645
Strengthening State Capabilities: The Role of Financial Incentives in the Call to Public Service
Ernesto Dal Bó, Frederico S. Finan, Martín A. Rossi
IZA Discussion Paper No. 6460
Pro-Social Missions and Worker Motivation: An Experimental Study
Sebastian Fehrler, Michael Kosfeld
published in: Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 2014, 100, 99-110
IZA Discussion Paper No. 6290
Laws and Norms
Roland Benabou, Jean Tirole
IZA Discussion Paper No. 6284
Who Benefits from Benefits? Empirical Research on Tangible Incentives
Andrea Hammermann, Alwine Mohnen
published in: Journal of Economic Psychology, 2014, 43 (1), 1-15.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 5255
Mentoring, Educational Services, and Incentives to Learn: What Do We Know About Them?
Núria Rodríguez-Planas
substantially revised version published in: Evaluation and Program Planning, 2012, 35 (4), 481-490
IZA Discussion Paper No. 5058
Extrinsic Rewards and Intrinsic Motives: Standard and Behavioral Approaches to Agency and Labor Markets
James B. Rebitzer, Lowell J. Taylor
published in: O. Ashenfelter and D. Card (eds.), Handbook of Labor Economics, Vol. 4A, Chapter 8, Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2011
IZA Discussion Paper No. 5020
Performance Appraisals and the Impact of Forced Distribution: An Experimental Investigation
Johannes Berger, Christine Harbring, Dirk Sliwka
published in: Management Science, 2013, 59 (1), 54-68
IZA Discussion Paper No. 4766
Managerial Talent, Motivation, and Self-Selection into Public Management
Josse Delfgaauw, Robert Dur
published in: Journal of Public Economics, 2010, 94 (9-10), 654-660
IZA Discussion Paper No. 4754
Longer-Term Impacts of Mentoring, Educational Services, and Incentives to Learn: Evidence from a Randomized Trial
Núria Rodríguez-Planas
substantially revised version published as 'Longer-Term Impacts of Mentoring, Educational Services, and Learning Incentives: Evidence from a Randomized Trial in the United States' in: American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 2012, 4 (4), 121-139
IZA Discussion Paper No. 4746
Intrinsic Motivations and the Non-Profit Health Sector: Evidence from Ethiopia
Danila Serra, Pieter Serneels, Abigail Barr
published in: Personality and Individual Differences, 2011, 51 (3), 309-314
IZA Discussion Paper No. 4607
The Effects of a Sick Pay Reform on Absence and on Health-Related Outcomes
Patrick A. Puhani, Katja Sonderhof
published in: Journal of Health Economics, 2010, 29 (2), 285-302
IZA Discussion Paper No. 4471
Motivational Goal Bracketing
Alexander K. Koch, Julia Nafziger
published in: Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics, 2021, 94, 101740
IZA Discussion Paper No. 4401
Public Sector Employees: Risk Averse and Altruistic?
Margaretha Buurman, Robert Dur, Seth van den Bossche
revised version published in: Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 2012, 83 (3), 279-291
IZA Discussion Paper No. 4049
Commitment to Self-Rewards
Alexander K. Koch, Julia Nafziger
published in European Economic Review, 2014, 68, 151-167.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 3974
Why Do Individuals Choose Self-Employment?
Christopher Dawson, Andrew Henley, Paul L. Latreille
published as 'Individual Motives for Choosing Self-employment in the UK: Does Region Matter?' in: Regional Studies, 2014, 48(5), 804-822
IZA Discussion Paper No. 3893
Self-Regulation through Goal Setting
Alexander K. Koch, Julia Nafziger
published in: Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 2011, 113 (1), 212-227;
IZA Discussion Paper No. 3685
Non-Profit Organizations in a Bureaucratic Environment
Paul Grout, Wendelin Schnedler
improved version is available here
IZA Discussion Paper No. 3143
Team Governance: Empowerment or Hierarchical Control
Guido Friebel, Wendelin Schnedler
published in: Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 2011, 78 (1-2), 1-13
IZA Discussion Paper No. 3013
Legitimacy of Control
Wendelin Schnedler, Radovan Vadovic
published in: Journal of Economics and Management Strategy, 2011, 20 (4), 985-1009
IZA Discussion Paper No. 2968
Doing Good or Doing Well? Image Motivation and Monetary Incentives in Behaving Prosocially
Dan Ariely, Anat Bracha, Stephan Meier
published in: American Economic Review, 2009, 99 (1), 544–555
IZA Discussion Paper No. 2697
Performance Pay, Group Selection and Group Performance
Manfred Königstein, Gabriele K. Ruchala
IZA Discussion Paper No. 2423
Relative Rewards within Team-Based Compensation
Bernd Irlenbusch, Gabriele K. Ruchala
published in: Labour Economics, 2008, 15 (2), 141-167
IZA Discussion Paper No. 2293
Trust as a Signal of a Social Norm and the Hidden Costs of Incentive Schemes
Dirk Sliwka
published in: American Economic Review, 2007, 97 (3), 999-1012
IZA Discussion Paper No. 2293
Trust as a Signal of a Social Norm and the Hidden Costs of Incentive Schemes
Dirk Sliwka
published in: American Economic Review, 2007, 97 (3), 999-1012
IZA Discussion Paper No. 1812
High Performance Workplaces and Family Friendly Practices: Promises Made and Promises Kept
John S. Heywood, W. Stanley Siebert, Xiangdong Wei
published in: International Journal of Human Resource Management, 2010, 21 (11), 1976-1995
IZA Discussion Paper No. 1695
Incentives and Prosocial Behavior
Roland Benabou, Jean Tirole
published in: American Economic Review, 2006, 96 (5), 1652-1678
IZA Discussion Paper No. 1529
Why Are Jobs Designed the Way They Are?
Cindy Zoghi, Alec R. Levenson, Michael Gibbs
published in: Research in Labor Economics, 2010, 30, 107-154
IZA Discussion Paper No. 1222
Does Monitoring Decrease Work Effort? The Complementarity Between Agency and Crowding-Out Theories
David L. Dickinson, Marie Claire Villeval
revised version published in: Games and Economic Behavior, 2008, 63 (1), 56-76.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 1203
Distrust – The Hidden Cost of Control
Armin Falk, Michael Kosfeld
published in: American Economic Review, 2006, 96 (5), 1611 - 1630
IZA Discussion Paper No. 844
On the Hidden Costs of Incentive Schemes
Dirk Sliwka
revised version published as IZA DP 2293 and in: American Economic Review, 2007, 97 (3), 999 - 1012
IZA Discussion Paper No. 844
On the Hidden Costs of Incentive Schemes
Dirk Sliwka
revised version published as IZA DP 2293 and in: American Economic Review, 2007, 97 (3), 999 - 1012
IZA Discussion Paper No. 507
Psychological Foundations of Incentives
Ernst Fehr, Armin Falk
published in: European Economic Review, 2002, 46 (4-5), 687-724
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