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The IZA Discussion Paper Series (ISSN: 2365-9793) disseminates high-quality research by IZA network members to the scientific community and the interested public worldwide before they are later published in academic journals. Comprising more than 17,000 papers, IZA's publication flagship is the most influential working paper series in labor economics.

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140 IZA Discussion Papers
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17934
The Inequality and Mobility of Exposure to European Soviet Communism
Joan Costa-Font, Anna Nicinska, Melcior Rossello Roig
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17661
Government Support in Times of Crisis: Transfers and the Road to Socialism
Felipe González, Mounu Prem
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17172
Natural Disasters and Acceptance of Intimate Partner Violence: The Global Evidence
Astghik Mavisakalyan, Vladimir Otrachshenko, Olga Popova
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17115
The #Metoo Movement and Judges' Gender Gap in Decisions
Xiqian Cai, Shuai Chen, Zhengquan Cheng
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16779
Can Voluntary Adult Education Reduce Unemployment? Causal Evidence from East Germany after Reunification
Li Kathrin Kaja Rupieper, Stephan L. Thomsen
published in: Journal for Labour Market Research, 2025, 59, 2 (2025)
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16558
How and Why the Gender Pension Gap in Urban China Decreased between 1988 and 2018
Björn Anders Gustafsson, Peng Zhang, Hanrui Jia
published in: Economic Development and Cultural Change, 2025, 73 (2), 651–678
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16484
Does Economic Freedom Moderate Perceived Corruption for Firms in India?
Nabamita Dutta, Saibal Kar, Adam Stivers
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16255
China's Urban Poor – Comparing Twice Poverty between Residents and Migrants in 2013 and 2018
Björn Anders Gustafsson, Ding Sai
published in: China Economic Review, 2023, 80, 102012
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16238
Maternity Benefits and Marital Stability after Birth: Evidence from the Soviet Baltic Republics
Elizabeth Brainerd, Olga Malkova
published in: Journal of Population Economics, 2023, 36 (4), 2309-2345
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16026
Religion and Cooperation across the Globe
Felipe Valencia Caicedo, Thomas Dohmen, Andreas Pondorfer
published in: Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 2023, 215, 479–489.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15922
Understanding the Distributional Impacts of Increases in Fuel Prices on Poverty and Inequality in Paraguay
Gustavo J. Canavire Bacarreza, Lyliana Gayoso de Ervin, Juan José Galeano, Juan Pablo Baquero
published in: Revista Latinoamericana de Desarrollo Económico, 2023, 21 (39), 77 - 108
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15816
Children of Communism: The Former Party Membership and Demand for Redistribution
Alexander Libman, Olga Popova
revised version published in: Eastern European Economics, 2023, 61 (3), 199-237
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15569
The Anti-Corruption Campaign and the Inter-Generational Transmission of Working in Bureaucracy: Evidence from China
Shuai Chen, Erqi Ge
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15219
Incomplete Catching Up: Income among Manchurian, Yi and Han People in Rural China from 2002 to 2018
Björn Anders Gustafsson, Yudan Zhang
published in: China Quarterly, 2023, 253, 197 - 213.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14833
The COVID-19 Curtain: Can Past Communist Regimes Explain the Vaccination Divide in Europe?
Inés Berniell, Yarine Fawaz, Anne Laferrere, Pedro Mira, Elizaveta Pronkina
published in: Social Science & Medicine, 2023, 321, 115759
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14771
Comparing Receipt of Social Assistance in Urban and Rural China and the Role of Ethnicity
Björn Anders Gustafsson, Ding Sai
published in: China: An International Journal (CIJ), 2022, 20 (3), 122 - 139
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14712
Double-Edged Sword: Persistent Effects of Communism on Life Satisfaction
Vladimir Otrachshenko, Milena Nikolova, Olga Popova
revised version published in: Journal of Population Economics, 2023, 36(3), 1139–1185
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14535
Self-Employment in Rural China: Its Development, Characteristics, and Relation to Income
Björn Anders Gustafsson, Yudan Zhang
published in: China & World Economy, 2022, 30 (1), 136-165
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14531
The Rise of China's Global Middle Class in International Perspective
Terry Sicular, Xiuna Yang, Björn Anders Gustafsson
published in: China & World Economy, 2022, 30 (1), 5 - 27
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14458
Calling Baumol: What Telephones Can Tell Us about the Allocation of Entrepreneurial Talent in the Face of Radical Institutional Changes
Alina Sorgner, Michael Wyrwich
revised version published in: Journal of Business Venturing, 2022, 37(5), 106246
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14315
What Explains Vietnam's Exceptional Performance in Education Relative to Other Countries? Analysis of the 2012 and 2015 Pisa Data
Hai-Anh H Dang, Paul Glewwe, Khoa Vu, Jongwook Lee
published in: Economics of Education Review, 2023, 96, 102434.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14307
Sooner Rather Than Later: Social Networks and Technology Adoption
Shyamal Chowdhury, Varun Satish, Munshi Sulaiman, Yi Sun
published in: Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 2022, 203, 466-482
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14093
Can Information Influence the Social Insurance Participation Decision of China's Rural Migrants?
John T. Giles, Xin Meng, Sen Xue, Guochang Zhao
published in: Journal of Development Economics, 2021,150,102645.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13940
China's Great Boom as a Historical Process
Loren Brandt, Thomas G. Rawski
published in: In: Ma, D, and von Glahn, R. (eds.), The Cambridge Economic History of China, Cambridge University Press, 2022, 775-828
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13936
Corruption and Mental Health: Evidence from Vietnam
Smriti Sharma, Saurabh Singhal, Finn Tarp
published in: Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 2021, 185, 125-137
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13850
Comrades in the Family? Soviet Communism and Informal Family Insurance
Joan Costa-Font, Anna Nicinska
published in: Kyklos, 2023, 76 (4), 526-612
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13385
From Pink-Collar to Lab Coat: Cultural Persistence and Diffusion of Socialist Gender Norms
Naomi Friedman-Sokuler, Claudia Senik
published in: Journal of Population Economics, 2025, 38, 11
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13171
Echo Effects of Early-Life Health Shocks: The Intergenerational Consequences of Prenatal Malnutrition during the Great Leap Forward Famine in China
Jinhu Li, Nidhiya Menon
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13103
Political Networks across the Globe
Simon Commander, Stavros Poupakis
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13032
The Separation and Reunification of Germany: Rethinking a Natural Experiment Interpretation of the Enduring Effects of Communism
Sascha O. Becker, Lukas Mergele, Ludger Woessmann
published in: Journal of Economic Perspectives, 2020, 34 (2), 143-171
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12951
The Impact of Trade Liberalization on Firms' Product and Labor Market Power
Sabien Dobbelaere, Quint Wiersma
published in: Industrial and Corporate Change, 2025, 34 (1), 210 - 233
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12761
Former Communist Party Membership and Present-Day Entrepreneurship in Central and Eastern Europe
Artjoms Ivlevs, Milena Nikolova, Olga Popova
published in: Small Business Economics, 2021, 57 (4), 1783-1800
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12734
Reevaluating Distributional Consequences of the Transition to Market Economy in Poland: New Results from Combined Household Survey and Tax Return Data
Michał Brzeziński, Michal Myck, Mateusz Najsztub
revised version published as 'Sharing the gains of transition: evaluating changes in income inequality and redistribution in Poland using combined survey and tax return data' in: European Journal of Political Economy, 2022, 73, 102121
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12658
Transition from Plan to Market, Height and Well-Being
Alicia Adsera, Francesca Dalla Pozza, Sergei Guriev, Lukas Kleine-Rueschkamp, Elena Nikolova
published as 'Height and well-being during the transition from plan to market' in: Economic Policy, 2021, 36 (105), 77 - 120
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12345
Catching up with the West: Chinese Pathways to the Global Middle Class
Björn Anders Gustafsson, Xiuna Yang, Terry Sicular
published in: China Journal, 2020, 84, 102-127
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12222
Implications of the Polish 1999 Administrative Reform for Regional Socio-Economic Development
Michal Myck, Mateusz Najsztub
published in: Economics of Transition and Institutional Change, 2020, 28 (4), 559–579
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12220
Policy in the Pipeline: Identifying Regional Public Investment Priorities Using a Natural Experiment
Michal Myck, Mateusz Najsztub
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11594
Former Communist Party Membership and Bribery in the Post-Socialist Countries
Artjoms Ivlevs, Timothy Hinks
published in: Journal of Comparative Economics, 2018, 46 (4), 1411-1422
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11532
Math, Girls and Socialism
Quentin Lippmann, Claudia Senik
published in: Journal of Comparative Economics, 2018, 46 (3), 874-888.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11342
Shocked by Therapy? Unemployment in the First Years of the Socio-Economic Transition in Poland and its Long-Term Consequences
Michal Myck, Monika Oczkowska
published in: Economics of Transition, 2018, 26 (4), 695-724
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11250
Wage Inequality and Structural Change
Joanna Tyrowicz, Magdalena Smyk
published in Social Indicators Research, 2019, 141(2), 503-538
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10445
International Migration, Return Migration, and their Effects: A Comprehensive Review on the Romanian Case
Remus Gabriel Anghel, Alina Botezat, Anatolie Coșciug, Ioana Manafi, Monica Roman
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10364
Gender Differences in Willingness to Compete: The Role of Culture and Institutions
Alison L. Booth, Elliott Fan, Xin Meng, Dandan Zhang
published in: Economic Journal, 2019, 129 (618), 734 - 764
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10277
Spatial Segregation and Socio-Economic Mobility in European Cities
Maarten van Ham, Tiit Tammaru, Elise de Vuijst, Merle Zwiers
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10139
Informal Employment in China: Trends, Patterns and Determinants of Entry
Zhe Liang, Simon Appleton, Lina Song
IZA Discussion Paper No. 9713
The Economics of Healthy Ageing in China
Almas Heshmati
published as 'The Social and Economics of Healthy Ageing in China' in: World Health Design, 2016, 64-70
IZA Discussion Paper No. 9678
Long-Lasting Effects of Socialist Education
Nicola Fuchs-Schündeln, Paolo Masella
IZA Discussion Paper No. 9660
When Do Gender Wage Differences Emerge? A Study of Azerbaijan's Labor Market
Francesco Pastore, Sarosh Sattar, Nistha Sinha, Erwin R. Tiongson
IZA Discussion Paper No. 9641
Leader Networks and Transaction Costs: A Chinese Experiment in Interjurisdictional Contracting
Nancy H. Chau, Yu Qin, Weiwen Zhang
published as 'Leader Networks and Interjurisdictional Contracting in Land Conversion Quotas' in: Land Economics, 2024, 100 (3), 568-587
IZA Discussion Paper No. 9540
Left Behind but Doing Good? Civic Engagement in Two Post-Socialist Countries
Milena Nikolova, Monica Roman, Klaus F. Zimmermann
published in: Journal of Comparative Economics, 2017, 45 (3), 658 - 684
IZA Discussion Paper No. 9466
What Do Unions Do in Times of Economic Crisis? Evidence from Central and Eastern Europe
Artjoms Ivlevs, Michail Veliziotis
published in: European Journal of Industrial Relations, 2017, 23 (1), 81-96
IZA Discussion Paper No. 9373
Lifting the Iron Curtain: School-Age Education and Entrepreneurial Intentions
Oliver Falck, Robert Gold, Stephan Heblich
published in: Journal of Economic Geography, 2017, 17 (5), 1111–1148,
IZA Discussion Paper No. 9261
Is Privatization Working in Ukraine? New Estimates from Comprehensive Manufacturing Firm Data, 1989-2013
J. David Brown, John S. Earle, Solomiya Shpak, Volodymyr Vakhitov
published as 'Is Privatization Working in Ukraine?' in: Comparative Economic Studies, 2019, 61 (1), 1 - 35
IZA Discussion Paper No. 9055
Life Satisfaction in Germany after Reunification: Additional Insights on the Pattern of Convergence
Christian Pfeifer, Inna Petrunyk
published in: Journal of Economics and Statistics (Jahrbuecher fuer Nationaloekonomie und Statistik), 2016, 236 (2), 217-239
IZA Discussion Paper No. 8895
The Effect of Public Pension Wealth on Saving and Expenditure
Marta Lachowska, Michal Myck
revised version published in: American Economic Journal - Economic Policy, 2018, 10 (3), 284-308
IZA Discussion Paper No. 8842
Do Negative Native-Place Stereotypes Lead to Discriminatory Wage Penalties in China's Migrant Labor Markets?
Margaret Maurer-Fazio, Rachel Connelly, Ngoc-Han Thi Tran
published in Handbook on Migration, Identity and Well-Being in China, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2015
IZA Discussion Paper No. 8735
College Expansion and the Marginal Returns to Education: Evidence from Russia
Olga Belskaya, Klara Sabirianova Peter, Christian Posso
IZA Discussion Paper No. 8652
The Continued Search for the Solow Residual: The Role of National Entrepreneurial Ecosystem
Zoltan J. Acs, Saul Estrin, Tomasz Mickiewicz, László Szerb
IZA Discussion Paper No. 8595
Mapping and Understanding Ethnic Disparities in Length of Schooling: The Case of Ningxia Autonomous Region, China
Björn Anders Gustafsson, Ding Sai
published in: Social Indicators Research, 2015, 124 (2), 517-535.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 8354
New Evidence on the Relationship between Risk Attitudes and Self-Employment
Olga Skriabikova, Thomas Dohmen, Ben Kriechel
published in: Labour Economics, 2014, 30, 176-184
IZA Discussion Paper No. 8244
Data for Studying Earnings, the Distribution of Household Income and Poverty in China
Björn Anders Gustafsson, Shi Li, Hiroshi Sato
published in China Economic Review, 2014, 30, 419-431
IZA Discussion Paper No. 7860
The RUMiC Longitudinal Survey: Fostering Research on Labor Markets in China
Mehtap Akgüç, Corrado Giulietti, Klaus F. Zimmermann
published in: IZA Journal of Labor & Development, 2014, 3:5,
IZA Discussion Paper No. 7821
Asset Stripping, Rule of Law and Firm Survival: The Hoff-Stiglitz Model and Mass Privatization in Montenegro
Matjaž Koman, Milan Lakičević, Janez Prašnikar, Jan Svejnar
IZA Discussion Paper No. 7798
Intangible Knowledge Capital and Innovation in China
Belton M. Fleisher, William H. McGuire, Adam Nicholas Smith, Mi Zhou
published as 'Knowledge capital, innovation, and growth in China' in: Journal of Asian Economics, 2015, 39, 31-42.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 7636
Corruption, Networking and Foreign Ownership: Recent Evidence from CEE Countries
Sarmistha Pal
IZA Discussion Paper No. 7461
Gender Differences in Earnings and Labor Supply in Early Career: Evidence from Kosovo's School-to-Work Transition Survey
Francesco Pastore, Sarosh Sattar, Erwin R. Tiongson
published in: IZA Journal of Labor & Development, 2013, 2:5
IZA Discussion Paper No. 7370
Showing Off to the New Neighbors? Income, Socioeconomic Status and Consumption Patterns of Internal Migrants
Alexander M. Danzer, Barbara Dietz, Kseniia Gatskova, Achim Schmillen
published in: Journal of Comparative Economics, 2014, 42(1), 230-245
IZA Discussion Paper No. 7318
Post-Socialist Transition and the Intergenerational Transmission of Education in Kyrgyzstan
Tilman Brück, Damir Esenaliev
published in: Economics of Transition and Institutional Change, 2018, 26 (1), 61 - 89
IZA Discussion Paper No. 7196
China's Life Satisfaction, 1990-2010
Richard A. Easterlin, Robson Morgan, Maggie Switek, Fei Wang
published in: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2012, 109 (25), 9775-9780
IZA Discussion Paper No. 6907
Intergenerational Income Persistency in Urban China
Deng Quheng, Björn Anders Gustafsson, Shi Li
published in: Review of Income and Wealth, 2013, 59 (3), 416-436
IZA Discussion Paper No. 6783
The Gorbachev Anti-Alcohol Campaign and Russia's Mortality Crisis
Jay Bhattacharya, Christina Gathmann, Grant Miller
published in: American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 2013, 5 (2), 232-60
IZA Discussion Paper No. 6487
"I Wish I Had 100 Dollars a Month …" - The Intergenerational Transfer of Poverty in Mongolia
Francesco Pastore
substantially revised version published as 'I wish I had 100 dollars a month…: The Determinants of Poverty in Mongolia' in: European Journal of Development Research, 2016, 28 (5), 934-956
IZA Discussion Paper No. 6417
Social Identity and Inequality: The Impact of China's Hukou System
Farzana Afridi, Sherry Xin Li, Yufei Ren
published in Journal of Public Economics,Vol. 123, March 2015: 17-29
IZA Discussion Paper No. 6289
Economic and Spatial Determinants of Interregional Migration in Kazakhstan
Alisher Aldashev, Barbara Dietz
published in: Economic Systems, 2014, 38 (3) 379-396
IZA Discussion Paper No. 5836
Did Growth and Reforms Increase Citizens' Support for the Transition?
Roberto Golinelli, Riccardo Rovelli
revised version published in: European Journal of Political Economy, 2013, 30, 112-137
IZA Discussion Paper No. 5610
Can Economic Crises Be Good for Your Diet?
Ralitza Dimova, Ira N. Gang, Monnet Benoit Patrick Gbakou, Daniel Hoffman
IZA Discussion Paper No. 5509
Too Low to Be True: The Use of Minimum Thresholds to Fight Tax Evasion
Mirco Tonin
published in: Clemens Fuest and George R. Zodrow (eds.), Critical Issues in Taxation and Development, Cambridge (MA), MIT press, 2013
IZA Discussion Paper No. 5504
Institutions and Entry: A Cross-Regional Analysis in Russia
Randolph Luca Bruno, Maria Bytchkova, Saul Estrin
published in: Review of Economics and Statistics, 2013, 95 (5), 1740-1749
IZA Discussion Paper No. 5499
Labor Supply and Consumption Smoothing When Income Shocks Are Non-Insurable
Alexander M. Danzer
revised version published as 'Can Secondary Jobs Smooth Consumption? Evidence from Unanticipated Wage Arrears' in: Economic Development and Cultural Changes, 2019, 67 (3), 571-594.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 5194
The Lasting Impact of Mothers' Fetal Malnutrition on Their Offspring: Evidence from the China Great Leap Forward Famine
Seonghoon Kim, Deng Quheng, Belton M. Fleisher, Shi Li
published in: Word Development, 2014, 54, 232-242
IZA Discussion Paper No. 5052
Size Matters: Entrepreneurial Entry and Government
Ruta Aidis, Saul Estrin, Tomasz Mickiewicz
published in: Small Business Economics, 2012, 39 (1), 119-139
IZA Discussion Paper No. 4919
Economic Reform, Education Expansion, and Earnings Inequality for Urban Males in China, 1988-2007
Xin Meng, Kailing Shen, Sen Xue
published in: Journal of Comparative Economics, 2013, 41 (1), 227–244
IZA Discussion Paper No. 4888
Children's Schooling and Parental Migration: Empirical Evidence on the
Gianna Claudia Giannelli, Lucia Mangiavacchi
published in: Labour, 2010, 24 (s1), 76 - 92
IZA Discussion Paper No. 4668
Land Rights Insecurity and Temporary Migration in Rural China
Maëlys de la Rupelle, Deng Quheng, Shi Li, Thomas Vendryes
IZA Discussion Paper No. 4572
Public Infrastructure, Location of Private Schools and Primary School Attainment in an Emerging Economy
Sarmistha Pal
published in: Economics of Education Review, 2010, 29 (5), 783-794
IZA Discussion Paper No. 4483
Prospective NATO or EU Membership and Institutional Change in Transition Countries
Ansgar H. Belke, Ingo Bordon, Inna Melnykovska, Rainer Schweickert
published in: Economics of Transition, 2011, 19 (4), 667-692
IZA Discussion Paper No. 4480
The Gender Gap in Early Career in Mongolia
Francesco Pastore
published in: International Journal of Manpower, 2010, 31 (2), 188-207
IZA Discussion Paper No. 4381
Impact of Paternal Temporary Absence on Children Left Behind
Alison L. Booth, Yuji Tamura
IZA Discussion Paper No. 4224
Transition Fatigue? Cross-Country Evidence from Micro Data
Riccardo Rovelli, Anzelika Zaiceva
substantially revised version published as 'Did Support for Economic and Political Reforms Increase During the Post-Communist Transition, and If So, Why?' in: The Economics of Transition, 2013, 21 (2), 193-240.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 4123
Entrepreneurial Entry: Which Institutions Matter?
Ruta Aidis, Saul Estrin, Tomasz Mickiewicz
published in: Grzegorz Kolodko and Jacek Tomkiewicz (eds.), 20 Years of Transformation: Achievements, Problems and Perspectives, New York: Nova, 2011
IZA Discussion Paper No. 3979
Cream-Skimmer or Underdog? Labor Type Selectivity, Pre-Program Wage, and Rural Labor Training Program Outcome
Yiu Por (Vincent) Chen
IZA Discussion Paper No. 3958
Helping Hand or Grabbing Hand? State Bureaucracy and Privatization Effectiveness
J. David Brown, John S. Earle, Scott Gehlbach
published in: American Political Science Review, 2009, 103(2), 264-283
IZA Discussion Paper No. 3863
Convergence in Institutions and Market Outcomes: Cross-Country and Time-Series Evidence from the BEEPS Surveys in Transition Economies
Pradeep Mitra, Alexander Muravyev, Mark E Schaffer
substantially revised version published as 'Labor reallocation and firm growth: benchmarking transition countries against mature market economies' in: IZA Journal of Labor & Development, 2014, 3:13
IZA Discussion Paper No. 3843
Rank, Income and Income Inequality in Urban China
Björn Anders Gustafsson, Ding Sai
published in: China Economic Review, 2009, 20 (3), 497-507
IZA Discussion Paper No. 3730
Tournaments and Managerial Incentives in China's Listed Firms: New Evidence
Takao Kato, Cheryl Long
published in: China Economic Review, 2011, 22 (1), 1-10 (lead article)
IZA Discussion Paper No. 3724
Institutional Determinants of New Firm Entry in Russia: A Cross Regional Analysis
Randolph Luca Bruno, Maria Bytchkova, Saul Estrin
substantially revised and rewritten version available as IZA DP No. 5504
IZA Discussion Paper No. 3688
Employment and Wage Effects of Privatization: Evidence from Hungary, Romania, Russia, and Ukraine
J. David Brown, John S. Earle, Álmos Telegdy
published in: Economic Journal, 2010, 120(545), 683-708
IZA Discussion Paper No. 3621
Regional Price Differences in Urban China 1986-2001: Estimation and Implication
Cathy Honge Gong, Xin Meng
IZA Discussion Paper No. 3454
The Economics of Communist Party Membership: The Curious Case of Rising Numbers and Wage Premium during China’s Transition
Simon Appleton, John Knight, Lina Song, Qingjie Xia
published in: Journal of Development Studies, 2009, 45, (2), 256-275
IZA Discussion Paper No. 3282
Are Oligarchs Productive? Theory and Evidence
Yuriy Gorodnichenko, Yegor Grygorenko
published in: Journal of Comparative Economics, 2008, 36 (1), 17-42
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