The IZA Discussion Paper Series (ISSN: 2365-9793) disseminates high-quality research by IZA network members to the scientific community and the interested public worldwide before they are later published in academic journals. Comprising more than 17,000 papers, IZA's publication flagship is the most influential working paper series in labor economics.

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534 IZA Discussion Papers
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11055
The Post-Reform Effectiveness of the New German Start-Up Subsidy for the Unemployed
Lutz Bellmann, Marco Caliendo, Stefan Tübbicke
published in: LABOUR: Review of Labour Economics and Industrial Relations, 2018, 32(3), 293-319
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11048
The Role of Entrepreneurial Human Capital as a Driver of Endogenous Economic Growth
Isaac Ehrlich, Dunli Li, Zhiqiang Liu
published in: Journal of Human Capital, 2017, 11 (3), 310–351
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11018
The Returns to Entrepreneurship: Evidence from Matched Person-Firm Data
Mirjam C. van Praag, Arvid Raknerud
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11017
Badge of Honor or Scarlet Letter? Unpacking Investors' Judgment of Entrepreneurs' Past Failure
Diego Zunino, Mirjam C. van Praag, Gary Dushnitsky
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11015
Media and Occupational Choice
Alexander Konon, Alexander S. Kritikos
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11007
Poverty and Material Deprivation among the Self-Employed in Europe: An Exploration of a Relatively Uncharted Landscape
Jeroen Horemans, Ive Marx
published in: W. Conen and E. Reuter (eds.), Research Handbook on Self-Employment and Public Policy, 2024, 80–98
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10855
Entrepreneurship, Education and the Fourth Industrial Revolution in Africa
Wim Naudé
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10737
HRM and Small-Firm Employee Motivation: Before and after the Recession
Alex Bryson, Michael White
published in: Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 2019, 72, 3: 749-773
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10724
What Drives Differences in Management?
Nicholas Bloom, Erik Brynjolfsson, Lucia Foster, Ron Jarmin, Megha Patnaik, Itay Saporta-Eksten, John Van Reenen
published in: American Economic Review, 2019, 109 (5), 1648 - 1683
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10704
Entrepreneurship, Institutions and Skills in Low-Income Countries
Zuzana Brixiova, Balázs Égert
published in: Economic Modelling, 2017, 67, 381 - 391
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10688
Self-Employment Differentials among Foreign-Born STEM and Non-STEM Workers
Zhengyu Cai, John V. Winters
published in: Journal of Business Venturing, 2017, 32 (4), 371-384
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10658
Firms' Global Engagement and Management Practices
Holger Görg, Aoife Hanley
published in: Economics Letters, 2017, 155, 80–83
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10615
Growing Markets through Business Training for Female Entrepreneurs: A Market-Level Randomized Experiment in Kenya
David McKenzie, Olga Susana Puerto
published in: American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 2021 13 (2), 297-332
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10570
The Extent of Rent Sharing along the Wage Distribution
Alessia Matano, Paolo Naticchioni
published in: British Journal of Industrial Relation, 2017, 55 (4), 751-777
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10546
The Effectiveness of Incentive Schemes in the Presence of Implicit Effort Costs
Sebastian J. Goerg, Sebastian Kube, Jonas Radbruch
substantially revised version published in: Management Science, 2019, 65 (9), 3949-4450.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10498
The Origins and Extent of Entrepreneurial Action-Orientedness: An Experimental Study
Ahmad Barirani, Randolph Sloof, Mirjam C. van Praag
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10486
Does Job Support Make Workers Happy?
Petri Böckerman, Alex Bryson, Antti Kauhanen, Mari Kangasniemi
published in: Scottish Journal of Political Economy, 2020, 67 (1), 31-52
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10458
Teacher Assessments versus Standardized Tests: Is Acting
Adriana Di Liberto, Laura Casula
published as 'Grading practices, gender bias and educational outcomes: evidence from Italy' in: Education Economics, 2022, 30 (5), 481 - 508
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10455
Gender Disparities in Employment and Earnings in Sub-Saharan Africa: Evidence from Swaziland
Zuzana Brixiova, Thierry Kangoye
updated and substantially revised and rewritten version available as IZA DP No. 14350
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10436
Boards of Directors in Russian Publicly Traded Companies in 1998-2014: Structure, Dynamics and Performance Effects
Alexander Muravyev
published in: Economic Systems, 2017, 41(1), 5-25
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10435
Gender Differences in the Union Wage Premium? A Comparative Case Study
Alex Bryson, Harald Dale-Olsen, Kristine Nergaard
published in: European Journal of Industrial Relations, 2020, 26 (2), 173 - 190
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10371
Firm Size Distribution and Employment Fluctuations: Theory and Evidence
Holger Görg, Philipp Henze, Viroj Jienwatcharamongkhol, Daniel Kopasker, Hassan Molana, Catia Montagna, Fredrik Sjöholm
published in: Research in Economics, 2017, 71(4), 690-703
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10370
Management Practices and Productivity in Germany
Sandra Broszeit, Ursula Fritsch, Holger Görg, Marie-Christine Laible
published in: German Economic Review, 2019, 20 (4), e663-e688
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10328
Global Talent Flows
Sari Pekkala Kerr, William Kerr, Caglar Ozden, Christopher Parsons
published in: Journal of Economic Perspectives; 2016, 30 (4), 83 - 106
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10324
Entrepreneurship in the Shadows: Wealth Constraints and Government Policy
Semih Tumen
published in: Economics of Transition, 2017, 25(2), 239-270
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10280
Does Crime Deter South Africans from Self-Employment?
Katharina Grabrucker, Michael Grimm
published in: Journal of Comparative Economics, 2018, 46 (2), 413-435.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10278
On the Origins of Entrepreneurship: Evidence from Sibling Correlations
Matthew J. Lindquist, Joeri Sol, Mirjam C. van Praag, Theodor Vladasel
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10153
How Do Labor Representatives Affect Incentive Orientation of Executive Compensation?
Katharina Dyballa, Kornelius Kraft
published in: CESifo Economic Studies, 2020, 66 (1), 60 - 90
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10127
Charitable Donations by China's Private Enterprises
Björn Anders Gustafsson, Xiuna Yang, Gang Shuge, Dai Jianzhong
published in: Economic Systems, 2017, 41 (3), 456 - 469
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10104
The "Entrepreneurial Boss" Effect on Employees' Future Entrepreneurship Choices: A Role Model Story?
Vera Rocha, Mirjam C. van Praag
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10042
What Role Did Management Practices Play in SME Growth Post-Recession?
Alex Bryson, John Forth
published as 'Management Practices and SME Performance' in: Scottish Journal of Political Economy, 2019, 66 (4), 527 - 558
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10033
Worker-Level Consequences of Import Shocks
Katariina Nilsson Hakkala, Kristiina Huttunen
IZA Discussion Paper No. 9987
Management as a Technology?
Nicholas Bloom, Raffaella Sadun, John Van Reenen
IZA Discussion Paper No. 9984
Gendered Entrepreneurship Networks
Simen Markussen, Knut Røed
revised version published as 'The Gender Gap in Entrepreneurship - The Role of Peer Effects' in: Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 2017, 134, 356-373
IZA Discussion Paper No. 9949
Work Experience from Paid Employment and the Path to Entrepreneurship: Business Takeover versus New Venture Start-Up
Guoqian Xi, Jörn Block, Frank Lasch, Frank Robert, Roy Thurik
IZA Discussion Paper No. 9919
Entrepreneurial Choices of Initial Human Capital Endowments and New Venture Success
Vera Rocha, Mirjam C. van Praag, Timothy B. Folta, Anabela Carneiro
IZA Discussion Paper No. 9914
Minimum Wages and Firm Value
Brian Bell, Stephen Machin
published in: Journal of Labor Economics, 2018, 36, 159-95
IZA Discussion Paper No. 9913
Temporary Agency Work and the Great Recession
Daniel Baumgarten, Michael Kvasnicka
published in: Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 2017, 136, 29-44
IZA Discussion Paper No. 9874
Social Capital, Entrepreneurship and Living Standards: Differences between Immigrants and the Native Born
Matthew Roskruge, Jacques Poot, Laura King
published in: H Westlund and JP Larsson (eds.), Handbook of Social Capital and Regional Development, Cheltenham UK: Edward Elgar, 2016
IZA Discussion Paper No. 9848
Taking the Leap: The Determinants of Entrepreneurs Hiring their First Employee
Robert W. Fairlie, Javier Miranda
published in: Journal of Economics & Management Strategy, 2017, 26 (1), 3 - 34
IZA Discussion Paper No. 9822
Labour Supply after Inheritances and the Role of Expectations
Karina Doorley, Nico Pestel
published in: Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 2020, 82(4), 843-863
IZA Discussion Paper No. 9806
Size of Training Firms: The Role of Firms, Luck, and Ability in Young Workers' Careers
Steffen Müller, Renate Neubäumer
published in: International Journal of Manpower, 2018, 39 (5), 658-673
IZA Discussion Paper No. 9805
Born Entrepreneur? Adolescents' Personality Characteristics and Self-Employment in Adulthood
Jutta Viinikainen, Guido Heineck, Petri Böckerman, Mirka Hintsanen, Olli Raitakari, Jaakko Pehkonen
published in: Journal of Business Venturing Insights, 2017, 8, 9-12
IZA Discussion Paper No. 9744
The Entrepreneurship Beveridge Curve
Thomas Gries, Stefan Jungblut, Wim Naudé
published in: International Journal of Economic Theory, 2016, 12 (2), 151-165
IZA Discussion Paper No. 9743
Business in Genocide: Understanding and Avoiding Complicity
Nora Stel, Wim Naudé
published in: Charles H. Anderton and Jurgen Brauer (eds.), Economic Aspects of Genocides, Other Mass Atrocities, and Their Preventions, Oxford University Press, 2016, 591–612
IZA Discussion Paper No. 9741
Offshoring and Labor Markets
David Hummels, Jakob R. Munch, Chong Xiang
published in: Journal of Economic Literature, 2018, 56, 981-1028
IZA Discussion Paper No. 9740
Firm Dynamics and Employment Protection: Evidence from Sectoral Data
Anna Bottasso, Maurizio Conti, Giovanni Sulis
published in: Labour Economics, 2017, 78, 35-53
IZA Discussion Paper No. 9734
The Link between R&D, Innovation and Productivity: Are Micro Firms Different?
Julian Baumann, Alexander S. Kritikos
published in: Research Policy, 2016, 45 (6), 1263–1274
IZA Discussion Paper No. 9733
To Be Born Is Not Enough: The Key Role of Innovative Startups
Alessandra Colombelli, Jackie Krafft, Marco Vivarelli
published in: Small Business Economics, 2016, 47, 277-291
IZA Discussion Paper No. 9693
Who Works for Whom? Worker Sorting in a Model of Entrepreneurship with Heterogeneous Labor Markets
Emin Dinlersoz, Henry R. Hyatt, Hubert P. Janicki
published in: Review of Economic Dynamics, 2019, 34, 244-266
IZA Discussion Paper No. 9628
Personality Traits and the Evaluation of Start-Up Subsidies
Marco Caliendo, Steffen Künn, Martin Weißenberger
published in: European Economic Review, 2016, 86, 87-108
IZA Discussion Paper No. 9625
The Support Paradox in Community Enterprise Experiments in The Netherlands
Reinout Kleinhans, Maarten van Ham
published in: International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business, 2017, 31 (4), 570-589
IZA Discussion Paper No. 9521
Entrepreneurship and the Reallocation of African Farmers
Wim Naudé
IZA Discussion Paper No. 9473
A Theory of Intra-Firm Group Design
Semih Tumen
published in: Journal of Productivity Analysis, 2016, 45(1), 89-102
IZA Discussion Paper No. 9463
The Impact of Part-Time Work on Firm Total Factor Productivity: Evidence from Italy
Francesco Devicienti, Elena Grinza, Davide Vannoni
published in: Industrial and Corporate Change, 2018, 27 (2), 321 - 347
IZA Discussion Paper No. 9429
Broadband Diffusion and Firm Performance in Rural Areas: Quasi-Experimental Evidence
Giulia Canzian, Samuele Poy, Simone Schüller
revised version published in: Regional Science and Urban Economics, 2019, 77, 87–103.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 9411
Identifying Sorting in Practice
Cristian Bartolucci, Francesco Devicienti, Ignacio Monzón
published in. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 2018, 10 (4), 408 - 438
IZA Discussion Paper No. 9373
Lifting the Iron Curtain: School-Age Education and Entrepreneurial Intentions
Oliver Falck, Robert Gold, Stephan Heblich
published in: Journal of Economic Geography, 2017, 17 (5), 1111–1148,
IZA Discussion Paper No. 9331
Women Have to Enter the Leadership Race to Win: Using Random Selection to Increase the Supply of Women into Senior Positions
Amanda H. Goodall, Margit Osterloh
IZA Discussion Paper No. 9316
Team Incentives and Performance: Evidence from a Retail Chain
Guido Friebel, Matthias Heinz, Miriam Krüger, Nick Zubanov
published in: American Economic Review, 2017, 107(8), 2168-2203
IZA Discussion Paper No. 9284
Migration, Entrepreneurship and Development: A Critical Review
Wim Naudé, Melissa Siegel, Katrin Marchand
IZA Discussion Paper No. 9262
Intangible Investment and Technical Efficiency: The Case of Software-Intensive Manufacturing Firms in Turkey
Derya Findik, Aysit Tansel
published in: P.E. Thomas, M. Srihari and S. Kaur (eds.): Handbook of Research on Cultural and Economic Impacts of the Information Society, Hershey, Pennsylvania, 2015, Ch. 8
IZA Discussion Paper No. 9239
Does ICT Investment Spur or Hamper Offshoring? Empirical Evidence from Microdata
Luigi Benfratello, Tiziano Razzolini, Alessandro Sembenelli
IZA Discussion Paper No. 9229
Do Hospitals Respond to Increasing Prices by Supplying Fewer Services?
Martin Salm, Ansgar Wübker
revised version published as "Do hospitals react to lower prices by supplying more services?" in: Health Economics, 2020, 29, 209-220
IZA Discussion Paper No. 9222
Organizational Barriers to Technology Adoption: Evidence from Soccer-Ball Producers in Pakistan
David Atkin, Azam Chaudhry, Shamyla Chaudry, Amit K. Khandelwal, Eric Verhoogen
published in: Quarterly Journal of Economics, 2017, 132 (3), 1101–1164,
IZA Discussion Paper No. 9008
Is Self-employment a Way to Escape from Skill Mismatches?
Judit Albiol Sanchez, Luis Diaz-Serrano, Graciela Teruel
IZA Discussion Paper No. 8981
The Rise of Female Entrepreneurs: New Evidence on Gender Differences in Liquidity Constraints
Robert M. Sauer, Tanya Wilson
published in: European Economic Review, 2016, 86, 73-86
IZA Discussion Paper No. 8887
Court-ship, Kinship and Business: A Study on the Interaction between the Formal and the Informal Institutions and Its Effect on Entrepreneurship
Tanika Chakraborty, Anirban Mukherjee, Sarani Saha
published in: IZA Journal of Labor & Development, 2015, 4, 7 (2015)
IZA Discussion Paper No. 8818
Why Did Self-Employment Increase so Strongly in Germany?
Michael Fritsch, Alexander S. Kritikos, Alina Sorgner
published in: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 2015, 67 (2), 307-333
IZA Discussion Paper No. 8817
Subsidized Start-Ups out of Unemployment: A Comparison to Regular Business Start-Ups
Marco Caliendo, Jens Hogenacker, Steffen Künn, Frank Wießner
published in: Small Business Economics, 45(1), 2015, 165-190
IZA Discussion Paper No. 8816
Public Health Insurance and Entry into Self-Employment
Frank M. Fossen, Johannes König
revised version published in: Small Business Economics, 2017, 49 (3), 647-669
IZA Discussion Paper No. 8777
Community Entrepreneurship in Deprived Neighbourhoods: Comparing UK Community Enterprises with US Community Development Corporations
David P. Varady, Reinout Kleinhans, Maarten van Ham
published as 'The Potential of Community Entrepreneurship for Neighbourhood Revitalization in the United Kingdom and the United States' in: Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy, 2015, 9 (3), 253-276.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 8707
Helping in Teams
Anastasia Danilov, Christine Harbring, Bernd Irlenbusch
revised version published as 'Helping Under a Combination of Team and Tournament Incentives' in: Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 2019, 162, 120-135.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 8704
Strategic Incomplete Contracts: Theory and Experiments
Nisvan Erkal, Steven Y. Wu, Brian E. Roe
IZA Discussion Paper No. 8652
The Continued Search for the Solow Residual: The Role of National Entrepreneurial Ecosystem
Zoltan J. Acs, Saul Estrin, Tomasz Mickiewicz, László Szerb
IZA Discussion Paper No. 8651
Do Entrepreneurs Really Earn Less?
Alina Sorgner, Michael Fritsch, Alexander S. Kritikos
revised version published in: Small Business Economics, 2017, 49 (2), 251–272
IZA Discussion Paper No. 8620
Does Management Matter in Schools?
Nicholas Bloom, Renata Lemos, Raffaella Sadun, John Van Reenen
published in: Economic Journal, 2015, 125 (584), 647-674
IZA Discussion Paper No. 8577
Risk, Uncertainty and Entrepreneurship: Evidence from a Lab-in-the-Field Experiment
Martin Koudstaal, Randolph Sloof, Mirjam C. van Praag
published in: Management Science, 2016, 62 (10), 2897 - 2915
IZA Discussion Paper No. 8564
Young Entrepreneurs in Rural Africa: Prevalence, Determinants, Productivity
Paula Nagler, Wim Naudé
IZA Discussion Paper No. 8524
Labor Productivity in Rural African Enterprises: Empirical Evidence from the LSMS-ISA
Paula Nagler, Wim Naudé
IZA Discussion Paper No. 8506
Innovation, Productivity, and Training
Benoit Dostie
published as 'The Impact of Training on Innovation' in: ILR Review, 2018, 71(1): 64-87.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 8486
Female Self-Employment and Children: The Case of Sweden
Pernilla Andersson Joona
revised version published as 'Are mothers of young children more likely to be self-employed? The case of Sweden' in: Review of Economics of the Household, 2017, 15, 307 - 333
IZA Discussion Paper No. 8475
Managerial Practices and Students' Performance
Adriana Di Liberto, Fabiano Schivardi, Giovanni Sulis
published in: Economic Policy, 2015, 30 (84), 683-728
IZA Discussion Paper No. 8462
Top Team Diversity and Business Performance: Latent Class Analysis for Firms and Cities
Max Nathan
Published in Environment and Planning A, 2016, 48 (12) 2462–2483
IZA Discussion Paper No. 8416
Who Do Unions Target? Unionization over the Life-Cycle of U.S. Businesses
Emin Dinlersoz, Jeremy Greenwood, Henry R. Hyatt
published in: ILR Review, 2017, 70(3): 733-766
IZA Discussion Paper No. 8367
Behind the GATE Experiment: Evidence on Effects of and Rationales for Subsidized Entrepreneurship Training
Robert W. Fairlie, Dean Karlan, Jonathan Zinman
published in: American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, 2015, 7 (2), 125 - 161
IZA Discussion Paper No. 8295
Non-Farm Enterprise Productivity and Spatial Autocorrelation in Rural Africa: Evidence from Ethiopia and Nigeria
Nkechi S. Owoo, Wim Naudé
IZA Discussion Paper No. 8285
Corporate Efficiency, Credit Status and Investment
Manzur Quader, Karl Taylor
published in: European Journal of Finance, 2018, 24 (6), 439-457
IZA Discussion Paper No. 8273
By Choice and by Necessity: Entrepreneurship and Self-Employment in the Developing World
David N. Margolis
IZA Discussion Paper No. 8272
Convergence to the Managerial Frontier
William F. Maloney, Mauricio Sarrias
IZA Discussion Paper No. 8237
Jacks-of-All-Trades? The Effect of Balanced Skills on Team Performance
Laura Rosendahl Huber, Randolph Sloof, Mirjam C. van Praag
IZA Discussion Paper No. 8219
Necessity Entrepreneurship and Competitive Strategy
Jörn Block, Karsten Kohn, Danny Miller, Katrin Ullrich
published in: Small Business Economics, 2015, 44 (1), 37-54
IZA Discussion Paper No. 8195
Return Migration, Self-Selection and Entrepreneurship in Mozambique
Catia Batista, Tara McIndoe Calder, Pedro C. Vicente
published in: Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 2017, 79, 797–821.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 8192
Skills and Youth Entrepreneurship in Africa: Analysis with Evidence from Swaziland
Zuzana Brixiova, Mthuli Ncube, Zorobabel Bicaba
revised version published in: World Development, 2015, 67 (3), 11 - 26
IZA Discussion Paper No. 8186
Entrepreneurial Couples
Michael S. Dahl, Mirjam C. van Praag, Peter Thompson
IZA Discussion Paper No. 8111
Is Religion Associated with Entrepreneurial Activity?
Andrew Henley
published as 'Does Religion Influence Entrepreneurial Behaviour?' in: International Small Business Journal, 2017, 35 (5), 597 - 617
IZA Discussion Paper No. 8033
Educational Diversity and Knowledge Transfers via Inter-Firm Labor Mobility
Marianna Marino, Pierpaolo Parrotta, Dario Pozzoli
published in: Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 2016, 123 (3), 168-183
IZA Discussion Paper No. 7994
Crowdfunding, Cascades and Informed Investors
Simon C. Parker
IZA Discussion Paper No. 7991
The Firm Size Distribution across Countries and Skill-Biased Change in Entrepreneurial Technology
Markus Poschke
published in: American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics, 2018, 10 (3), 1-41
IZA Discussion Paper No. 7988
When Banana Import Restrictions Lead to Exports: A Tale of Cyclones and Quarantine Policies
Chia Chiun Ko, Paul Frijters
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