The IZA Discussion Paper Series (ISSN: 2365-9793) disseminates high-quality research by IZA network members to the scientific community and the interested public worldwide before they are later published in academic journals. Comprising more than 17,000 papers, IZA's publication flagship is the most influential working paper series in labor economics.

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4,258 IZA Discussion Papers
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18246
Motherhood and Labour Market Outcomes: Penalty or Premium?
Souvik Banerjee, Sankar Mukhopadhyay, Preeti Jaiswal
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18245
Evaluators’ Masculine Gender Identity May Drive Gender Biases in Peer Evaluation of Business Plans
Magdalena Adamus, Martin Guzi, Eva Ballová Mikušková
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18241
Empowered Mothers, Empowered Generations: The Impact of Women’s Economic Rights
Esther Arenas-Arroyo, Elisabeth Wurm
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18238
The Lasting Effects of Working While in School: A Long-Term Follow-Up
Mery Ferrando, Noemi Katzkowicz, Thomas Le Barbanchon, Diego Ubfal
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18237
Cohabitation, Child Development, and College Costs
Effrosyni Adamopoulou, Anne Hannusch, Karen A. Kopecky, Tim Obermeier
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18232
Will You Follow Your Job to the Suburbs? Commuting, Locational Amenities and Wages in a Large Metro Area
Gregory Verdugo, Malak Kandoussi
forthcoming in: Journal of Urban Economics, 2025
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18230
Do Women Ask for Less? Evidence from Reservation Wages in Italy
Vincenzo Scoppa, Idola Francesca Spanò
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18226
Stereotypes, Awareness, and STEM Major Choice
Maria De Paola, Patrizia Ordine, Giuseppe Rose
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18223
Unequal Expression: Social Position, APOE Genotype and Risk of Dementia
José M. Aravena, Xi Chen, Becca R. Levy
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18222
Does Local Diversity Affect Charitable Giving?
Baris Yörük
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18221
Promoting Women’s Leadership: What Works, What Doesn’t, and What’s Missing
Francesca Bramucci, Ana Maria Munoz Boudet, Mariana Viollaz
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18217
Exclusionary Government Rhetoric and Migration Intentions
Pawel Adrjan, Jan Gromadzki
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18216
Firm Productivity and Ethnic Wages
David C. Maré, Richard Fabling
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18209
Gender Identity, Norms, and Happiness
Natalia Danzer, Rachel Kranton, Piotr Larysz, Claudia Senik
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18208
Freed from the Boys: How Single-Sex Schooling Shapes Girls’ Effort and Performance in High-Stakes Exams
Caterina Calsamiglia, Yarine Fawaz, Daniel Fernández-Kranz, Junhee Lee
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18207
Female Empowerment and Intimate Partner Violence
Elisabetta Calabresi, Núria Rodríguez-Planas
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18206
Firms and Ethnic Wage Differences
David C. Maré, Richard Fabling
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18198
Only-Child Matching Penalty in the Marriage Market
Keisuke Kawata, Mizuki Komura
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18197
'The Queen of Inventions': How Home Technology Shaped Women’s Work and Children’s Futures
Esther Arenas-Arroyo
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18194
Parental Leave and Intimate Partner Violence
Dan Anderberg, Line Hjorth Andersen, N. Meltem Daysal, Mette Ejrnæs
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18193
The Effects of Maternity Leave Benefits on Mothers and Children. A Reexamination
Otto Sevaldson Lillebø, Simen Markussen, Knut Røed
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18192
Do Anti-Immigration Attitudes Discourage Immigration? Evidence from a New Instrument
Etienne Bacher, Michel Beine, Hillel Rapoport
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18188
Caring Connections in Italy: The Role of Immigrant Caregivers in Improving the Welfare of Elders and Reducing Public Health Costs
Lisa Capretti, Joanna Kopinska, Rama Dasi Mariani, Furio C. Rosati
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18187
Working from Home and Mental Health: Giving Employees a Choice Does Make a Difference
Uwe Jirjahn, Cinzia Rienzo
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18185
The Second Spanish Immigration Boom
Jesús Fernández-Huertas Moraga
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18174
What Did We Learn from the North American Income Maintenance Experiments? New Data and Evidence on Household Behavior and Labor Supply
Chris Riddell, W. Craig Riddell
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18173
Employer Monopsony Power Does Not Reduce the Value of a Statistical Life
Robert J Cramer, Thomas J. Kniesner, W. Kip Viscusi
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18172
Relative Income and Gender Norms: Evidence from Latin America
Ercio A. Muñoz, Dario Sansone, João Tampellini
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18164
Trading Pay for Pensions: Evidence from a Discrete Choice Experiment in the United Kingdom
Nick Deschacht, Inés Guillemyn, Suncica Vujic
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18162
Ex Ante Heterogeneity, Separations, and Labor Market Dynamics
Cesar Barreto, Christian Merkl
published online in: Journal of Monetary Economics, 2025, 156, 103845
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18159
Shaping Future Success: Evidence from an Early Childhood Human Capital Formation Intervention
Deepak Saraswat, Shwetlena Sabarwal, Lindsey Lacey, Natasha Jha, Nishith Prakash, Rachel Cohen
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18158
The Evolution of the Child Penalty and Gender-Related Inequality in the Netherlands, 1989–2022
Renren Gan, Egbert L. W. Jongen, Simon Rabaté, Bo Terpstra
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18157
Refugee Exposure and Political Backlash: Poland during the Russia-Ukraine War
Joanna Clifton-Sprigg, Ines Homburg, Suncica Vujic
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18152
The Price of Breaking Up: Wage Shocks and Household Dissolution
Jorge Velilla, José Alberto Molina, Pierre-André Chiappori
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18151
COVID-19 Induced Asian Discrimination and Health: What Can We Learn from Reported Health Status?
Abdihafit Shaeye, Ruth Uwaifo Oyelere
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18150
Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) Participation and Cognitive Decline Among Older Americans
Linlin Da, Zhezheng Jin, Qianhui Xu, Lisa M. Renzi-Hammond, Zhuo Chen, M. Mahmud Khan, Janani Rajbhandari-Thapa, Xi Chen, Bei Wu, Suhang Song
published online in: Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 25 September 2025
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18146
Multigenerational Inequality
Jan Stuhler
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18143
AI Business Applications Training and Business Outcomes: An Inclusive Intervention for Underrepresented Entrepreneurs
Nick Drydakis
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18141
Gender Identity Norms, Mental Health, and Relationship Strain
David W. Johnston, Rachel Knott, Nidhiya Menon
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18140
The Unequal Motherhood Penalty: Maternal Preferences and Education
Lauro Carnicelli, Greta Morando
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18138
The Formation of AI Capital in Higher Education: Enhancing Students’ Academic Performance and Employment Rates
Nick Drydakis
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18127
Workplace Peer Effects in Fertility Decisions
Maria De Paola, Roberto Nistico, Vincenzo Scoppa
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18125
Board Gender Diversity and Workforce Composition, Compensation, and Retention for U.S. Publicly Traded Firms
Tanya Byker, Sara Malik, Elena Patel, Jason Sandvik
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18118
Early Effects of Cognitive-Impairment Friendly Community on Health Care Utilization in China: Evidence from Administrative Data
Jingyi Ai, Xi Chen, Jin Feng, Yufei Xie
published in: Social Science & Medicine, 2025, 385, 118570
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18115
Strategic Responses to Disparities in Spousal Desired Fertility: Experimental Evidence from Rural Tanzania
Catalina Herrera-Almanza, Aine Seitz McCarthy
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18113
The Heterosis Effect in Human Capital and Wealth Accumulation
Chen Zhu, Petri Böckerman
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18105
Guaranteed Minimum Income and Fertility
Giuseppe Dachille, Maria De Paola, Roberto Nistico
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18104
Long-Term Care Insurance Policy and Development of Elderly Care Enterprises in China
Tianli Yang, Zhong Zhao
published online in: China Economic Review, 22 September 2025, 102564
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18099
Political Views and College Choices in a Polarized America
Riley Acton, Emily E. Cook, Paola Ugalde Araya
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18097
The Digital Gender Divide in Germany: The Role of Preferences and Constraints in Digital Involvement and Wages
Martin Abraham, Luisa Wieser, Claus Schnabel, Cornelia Niessen, Sara Bergmann
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18093
Trapped in Purgatory? The Impact of Divorce Laws on Women’s Welfare with Separation
Paula Calvo, Murat Iyigun, Jeanne Lafortune
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18089
Work-from-Home Desires in the Post-COVID Workplace: Managerial and Gender Heterogeneity
Benjamin Artz, Sarinda Siemers, Tianfang Li
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18088
The Labour Market Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Individuals with Disabilities: The Case of Ireland
Elish Kelly, Bertrand Maitre
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18086
Adolescent Core Self-Evaluation and Adult Interpersonal Trust: Evidence from the 1970 British Cohort Study
Anna Adamecz, Hubert János Kiss
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18085
Education and Mortality: Evidence for the Silent Generation from Linked Census and Administrative Data
Ciprian Domnisoru, Anna Malinovskaya, Evan J. Taylor
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18083
The Effects of Tenure-Track Systems on Selection and Productivity in Economics
Marco Nieddu, Roberto Nistico, Lorenzo Pandolfi
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18081
How Religion Mediates the Fertility Response to Maternity Benefits
Elizabeth Brainerd, Olga Malkova
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18078
Germs in the Family: The Short- and Long-Term Consequences of Intra-Household Disease Spread
N. Meltem Daysal, Hui Ding, Maya Rossin-Slater, Hannes Schwandt
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18069
Antidepressant Treatment in Childhood
Sonia R. Bhalotra, N. Meltem Daysal, Mircea Trandafir
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18064
Orchestrating Success: Music Proficiency, Emotional Intelligence and Mental Health in Young Adulthood
Lucia Mangiavacchi, Luca Piccoli, Giulia Gambardella
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18063
Parenting, Social Norms and Adolescent Risky Behaviors
Donatella Lanari, Lucia Mangiavacchi, Luca Piccoli, Luca Pieroni
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18049
Labor Market Shocks, Parental Beliefs, and Children’s Socio-Emotional Development
Maria Josefina Baez, Gianna Claudia Giannelli, Lucia Mangiavacchi
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18048
Institutions, Development, and Parenting in Latin America
Maria Josefina Baez, Gianna Claudia Giannelli, Lucia Mangiavacchi
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18046
Stunted Adolescence: The Anomalous Growth Pattern of Americans Born After Mid-Century
Nicholas Reynolds
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18039
The Wished-For Children: Do Mothers Carry the Burden While Fathers Reap the Joy?
Mathias Huebener, Reto Odermatt
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18038
Extreme Temperatures and Non-Work at Work
Ignacio Belloc, José Ignacio Gimenez-Nadal, José Alberto Molina
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18027
The Mental Health Consequences of Spousal Bereavement
Elena Bassoli, Peter Eibich, Xianhua Zai
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18025
How Do Classmates Matter for the Class-Size Effects?
Ryuichi Tanaka, Tong Wang
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18022
The Time Cost of a Disability
Daniel S. Hamermesh, Michal Myck
published in: Journal of Health Economics, 2025, 104 (103079)
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18021
Effects of the Minimum Wage on Employment of Young Adults with Cognitive Disabilities
Barry R. Chiswick, Hope Corman, Dhaval M. Dave, Nancy E. Reichman
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18019
When Managers Choose: Gender Disparities in Employer Training Provision
Marco Caliendo, Deborah A. Cobb-Clark, Katrin Huber, Harald Pfeifer, Arne Uhlendorff, Sophie Wagner
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18013
Riskonnected: Social Media, Puberty and Risky Behaviours in Adolescence
Margherita Agnoletto, Marina Della Giusta, Silvia Mendolia
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18011
Disconnecting Women: Gender Disparities in the Impact of Online Instruction
Xiaoyue Shan, Ulf Zölitz, Uschi Backes-Gellner
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18006
Non-Fatal Strangulation Laws and Intimate Partner Homicides
Dércio de Assis, Arpita Ghosh, Sonia Oreffice, Climent Quintana-Domeque
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18005
Reaching Marginalized Job Seekers Through Public Employment Services: Experimental Evidence from Ethiopia
Marc J. Witte, Johanna Roth, Morgan Hardy, Christian Johannes Meyer
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18002
An Economic Theory of Sexual Exchanges and Human Capital
Elias Carroni, Marina Della Giusta, Davide Dragone
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18001
Can Better Information Reduce College Gender Gaps? The Impact of Relative Grade Signals on Academic Outcomes for Students in Introductory Economics
Francisca M. Antman, Evelyn Skoy, Nicholas E. Flores
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17999
The Labour Market and Health Effects of a Diabetes Warning: Evidence of Gender and Age Differences from the Lifelines Cohort Study
Claudio Annibali, Annette Bergemann, Rob Alessie
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17998
The Impact of Family Policies on Maternal Health
Fabian T. Dehos, Marie Elina Paul, Wiebke Schäfer, Karolin Süß
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17997
Rise in Home Working and Spousal Labor Supply
Mylène Feuillade, Dominique Goux, Eric Maurin
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17995
Chances or Choices? How We Think Parenthood Shapes Our Own and Others’ Careers
Morien El Haj, Axana Dalle, Elsy Verhofstadt, Luc Van Ootegem, Stijn Baert
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17992
The Demographic Impact of Leadership: Mayoral Education and COVID-19 Excess Mortality in Italy
Francesco Mattioli, Alessandra Minello, Tommaso Nannicini
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17988
Gender Segregation in Childhood Friendships and the Gender-Equality Paradox
Manuel Bagues, Natalia Zinovyeva
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17986
Does College Education Make Women Less Likely to Marry? Evidence from the Chinese Higher education Expansion
Bin Huang, Massimiliano Tani, Lei Xu, Yu Zhu
published in Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics, 2025, 118, 102433.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17984
Immigration and Adult Children's Care for Elderly Parents: Evidence from Western Europe
Andrea Berlanda, Elisabetta Lodigiani, Lorenzo Rocco
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17982
Gender Differences in Children’s Extracurricular Activities: Japanese Parental Preference for STEM Activities for Sons
Rikiya Matsukura, Takashi Oshio, Yuko Ueno, Emiko Usui
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17978
Hacking Anti-Immigration Attitudes and Stereotypes: A Field Experiment in Italian High Schools
Sara Giunti, Andrea Guariso, Mariapia Mendola, Irene Solmone
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17976
Measuring the Sources of Taste-Based Discrimination Using List Experiments
Ariel Listo, Ercio A. Muñoz, Dario Sansone
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17974
The Right Timing Matters: Sensitive Periods in the Formation of Socio-Emotional Skills
Laura Breitkopf, Shyamal Chowdhury, Daniel A. Kamhöfer, Hannah Schildberg-Hörisch, Matthias Sutter
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17969
A Matter of Time? Measuring Effects of Public Schooling Expansions on Families
Chloe Gibbs, Jocelyn Wikle, Riley Wilson
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17968
Polycrisis in Agrifood Systems: Climate-Conflict Interactions and Labor Dynamics for Women and Youth in 21 African Countries
Wolfgang Stojetz, Carlo Azzarri, Erdgin Mane, Tilman Brück
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17967
Spousal Bereavement and Long-Term Care Needs of Older Chinese Adults
Peng Nie, Bin Zhang, Lanlin Ding, Alfonso Sousa-Poza
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17965
Career, Family, and IVF: The Impact of Involuntary Childlessness and Fertility Treatment
Fabio I. Martinenghi, Maryam Naghsh Nejad
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17962
Voting Among Siblings
Michael D. Bloem, John B. Holbein, Samuel J. Imlay, Jonathan Smith
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17957
When Parents Work from Home
Pascal Achard, Michèle Belot, Arnaud Chevalier
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17956
Sorting in the Marriage Market: A New Approach to Measuring Assortative Mating
Jeongwon Choi, Jinyoung Kim
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17954
Contraceptive Concordance
Sarah Vincent, Catalina Herrera-Almanza, S Anukriti, Mahesh Karra
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17953
Teacher Gender Effects on Students’ Socio-Emotional Skills
Greta Morando, Sonkurt Sen
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17944
Racial Representation among Academics and Students’ Academic and Labor Market Outcomes
Angus J. Holford, Sonkurt Sen
published in: Labour Economics, 2025, 96, 102745
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17936
The Labor Supply Curve is Upward Sloping: The Labor Market Effects of Immigrant-Induced Demand Shocks
Sigurd Galaasen, Andreas Ravndal Kostøl, Joan Monras, Jonathan Vogel
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