IZA Discussion Papers

published as 'Early-Life Circumstances and Racial Disparities in Cognition Among Older Adults in the US' in: JAMA Internal Medicine, 2024, 184 (8), 904-914

IZA Discussion Paper No. 17020

Putting Low Emission Zone (LEZ) to the Test: The Effect of London's LEZ on Education

Antonio Avila-Uribe, Sefi Roth, Brian Shields

IZA Discussion Paper No. 16983

Do Grow-Your-Own Programs Work? Evidence from the Teacher Academy of Maryland

David Blazar, Wenjing Gao, Seth Gershenson, Ramon Goings, Francisco Lagos

forthcoming in: Journal of Policy Analysis & Management, 2025

IZA Discussion Paper No. 16945

Students' Grit and Their Post-compulsory Educational Choices and Trajectories: Evidence from Switzerland

Janine Albiez, Maurizio Strazzeri, Stefan C. Wolter

published online in: , 16 September 2025

IZA Discussion Paper No. 16907

Well-Being throughout the COVID-19 Pandemic in Germany: Gendered Effects of Daycare and School Closures

Mathias Huebener, Sevrin Waights, C. Katharina Spieß

published in: K. Couch (ed.), Handbook of Inequality and COVID-19, Edward Elgar Publishing, 2025, 183 - 197

IZA Discussion Paper No. 16815

New Findings on Racial Bias in Teachers' Evaluations of Student Achievement

Maria Zhu

IZA Discussion Paper No. 16782

Do Women Fare Worse When Men Are Around? Quasi-Experimental Evidence

Marcela Gomez-Ruiz, María Cervini-Plá, Xavier Ramos

IZA Discussion Paper No. 16731

COVID-19, School Closures, and Student Learning Outcomes: New Global Evidence from PISA

Maciej Jakubowski, Tomasz Gajderowicz, Harry Anthony Patrinos

published in: Science of Learning, 2025, 10, 5 (2025)

IZA Discussion Paper No. 16712

A Scalable Approach to High-Impact Tutoring for Young Readers: Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial

Kalena E. Cortes, Karen Kortecamp, Susanna Loeb, Carly D. Robinson

published as 'A scalable approach to high-impact tutoring for young readers' in: Learning and Instruction, 2025, 95, 102021

IZA Discussion Paper No. 16419

Race and the Income-Achievement Gap

Ryan Bacic, Angela Zheng

pubished in: Economic Inquiry, 2024, 62 (1), 5- 23

IZA Discussion Paper No. 16398

When Effective Teacher Training Falls Short in the Classroom: Evidence from an Experiment in Primary Schools

Suzanne Bellue, Adrien Bouguen, Marc Gurgand, Valerie Munier, André Tricot

published in: Economics of Education Review, 2024,103,102599

IZA Discussion Paper No. 16392

Group Meetings and Boosters to Sustain Early Impacts on Child Development: Experimental Evidence from Kenya

Italo Lopez Garcia, Jill E. Luoto, Frances E. Aboud, Lia C.H. Fernald

IZA Discussion Paper No. 16386

Housing Unaffordability and Adolescent Academic Achievement in Urban China

Peng Nie, Qiaoge Li, Lanlin Ding, Alfonso Sousa-Poza

published online in: Applied Economics, 21 August 2024

IZA Discussion Paper No. 16384

The Effect of Classroom Rank on Learning throughout Elementary School: Experimental Evidence from Ecuador

Pedro Carneiro, Yyannu Cruz Aguayo, Francesca Salvati, Norbert Schady

published in: Journal of Labor Economics, 2025, 43 (2), 293-663

IZA Discussion Paper No. 16322

Air Pollution and Education Investment

Zhiming Cheng, Liwen Guo, Massimiliano Tani, Sarah Cook

published in: Energy Economics 2024, 132, 107496,

IZA Discussion Paper No. 16250

Sibling Spillovers May Enhance the Efficacy of Targeted School Policies

David N. Figlio, Krzysztof Karbownik, Umut Özek

IZA Discussion Paper No. 16197

Playing the System: Address Manipulation and Access to Schools

Andreas Bjerre-Nielsen, Lykke Sterll Christensen, Mikkel Høst Gandil, Hans Henrik Sievertsen

IZA Discussion Paper No. 16183

Driving, Dropouts, and Drive-Throughs: Mobility Restrictions and Teen Human Capital

Valerie Bostwick, Christopher Severen

IZA Discussion Paper No. 16111

School Quality beyond Test Scores: The Role of Schools in Shaping Educational Outcomes

Annalisa Loviglio

IZA Discussion Paper No. 16109

Swallow This: Childhood and Adolescent Exposure to Fast Food Restaurants, BMI, and Cognitive Ability

Sara Abrahamsson, Aline Bütikofer, Krzysztof Karbownik

IZA Discussion Paper No. 15991

Human Capital and Climate Change

Noam Angrist, Kevin Winseck, Harry Anthony Patrinos, Joshua Graff Zivin

published online in: Review of Economics and Statistics, March 2024

IZA Discussion Paper No. 15975

Women in Political Power and School Closure during COVID Times

Natalia Danzer, Sebastian Garcia-Torres, Max F. Steinhardt, Luca Stella

published in: Economic Policy, 2024, 39 (120), 765–810

IZA Discussion Paper No. 15899

Addressing Vaccine Hesitancy Using Local Ambassadors: A Randomized Controlled Trial in Indonesia

Asadul Islam, Gita Kusnadi, Jahen Rezki, Armand Sim, Giovanni van Empel, Michael Vlassopoulos, Yves Zenou

published in: European Economic Review, 2024, 163, 104683

IZA Discussion Paper No. 15895

Month-of-Birth Effects on Skills and Skill Formation

Shintaro Yamaguchi, Hirotake Ito, Makiko Nakamuro

published in: Labour Economics, 2023, 84, 102392

IZA Discussion Paper No. 15874

Taking It to the Limit: Effects of Increased Student Loan Availability on Attainment, Earnings, and Financial Well-Being

Sandra E. Black, Jeffrey T. Denning, Lisa J. Dettling, Sarena Goodman, Lesley J. Turner

published in: American Economic Review, 2024, 113 (12), 3357–3400

IZA Discussion Paper No. 15756

Does It Pay to Attend More Selective High Schools? Regression Discontinuity Evidence from China

Bin Huang, Bo Li, Ian Walker, Yu Zhu

IZA Discussion Paper No. 15751

Do Class Closures Affect Students' Achievements? Heterogeneous Effects of Students' Socioeconomic Backgrounds

Masato Oikawa, Ryuichi Tanaka, Shun-ichiro Bessho, Akira Kawamura, Haruko Noguchi

published in: Journal of the Japanese and International Economies, vol.78, Article 101387, December (2025)

IZA Discussion Paper No. 15711

Medical Innovation and Health Disparities

Barton H. Hamilton, Andrés Hincapié, Emma C. Kalish, Nicholas W. Papageorge

IZA Discussion Paper No. 15634

The Effect of Labor Market Shocks across the Life Cycle

Kjell G. Salvanes, Barton Willage, Alexander Willén

published in: Journal of Labor Economics, 2024, 42 (1), 121–160

IZA Discussion Paper No. 15630

The Timing of Parental Job Displacement, Child Development and Family Adjustment

Pedro Carneiro, Kjell G. Salvanes, Barton Willage, Alexander Willén

IZA Discussion Paper No. 15588

Can Grit Be Taught? Lessons from a Nationwide Field Experiment with Middle-School Students

Indhira Santos, Violeta Petroska-Beska, Pedro Carneiro, Lauren Eskreis-Winkler, Ana Maria Munoz Boudet, Inés Berniell, Christian Krekel, Omar Arias, Angela Lee Duckworth

IZA Discussion Paper No. 15531

Universal Early Childhood Education and Adolescent Risky Behavior

Michihito Ando, Hiroaki Mori, Shintaro Yamaguchi

IZA Discussion Paper No. 15389

Children in the Aftermath of the Great Recession

Carsten Andersen, Mikkel Aagaard Houmark, Helena Skyt Nielsen, Michael Svarer

published in: Nationaløkonomisk Tidsskrift/ Danish Economic Journal, 2022, 2022 (1), Article 3

IZA Discussion Paper No. 15379

A Note on Evaluating Formal Education for Adults

Anders Stenberg

published as 'Does Formal Education for Adults Yield Long-Term Multiplier Effects or Human Capital Depreciation?' in: Economics of Education Review, 2022, 90, 102306

IZA Discussion Paper No. 15350

High School and Exam Scores: Does Their Predictive Validity for Academic Performance Vary with Programme Selectivity?

Pedro Luís Silva, Carla Sá, Ricardo Biscaia, Pedro N. Teixeira

IZA Discussion Paper No. 15213

Do Management Practices Matter in Further Education?

Sandra McNally, Luis Schmidt, Anna Valero

published in: Economica, 2024, 91 (363), 740-769

IZA Discussion Paper No. 15211

Integration of Technological and Social Components in a Smart Urban Development Model: A Case Study of China

Almas Heshmati, Somayeh Koohborfardhaghighi, Christopher R. Summers

IZA Discussion Paper No. 15141

The Making of Civic Virtues: A School-Based Experiment in Three Countries

Simon Briole, Marc Gurgand, Eric Maurin, Sandra McNally, Jenifer Ruiz-Valenzuela, Daniel Santín

forthcoming in: American Economic Journal: Economic Policy

IZA Discussion Paper No. 15107

From Epidemic to Pandemic: Effects of the COVID-19 Outbreak on High School Program Choices in Sweden

Aino-Maija Aalto, Dagmar Müller, Lucas Tilley

published in: Labour Economics, 2023, 82, 102346

IZA Discussion Paper No. 15021

When Promising Interventions Fail: Personalized Coaching for Teachers in a Middle-Income Country

Yyannu Cruz Aguayo, Pedro Carneiro, Ruthy Intriago, Juan Ponce, Norbert Schady, Sarah Schodt

published in: Journal of Public Economics Plus, 2022, 3, 100012

IZA Discussion Paper No. 14831

Preferences, Selection, and the Structure of Teacher Pay

Andrew C. Johnston

published in: American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 2025, 17 (3), 310–346

IZA Discussion Paper No. 14820

Individualism, Human Capital Formation, and Labor Market Success

Katharina Hartinger, Sven Resnjanskij, Jens Ruhose, Simon Wiederhold

IZA Discussion Paper No. 14796

The Legacy of COVID-19 in Education

Katharina Werner, Ludger Woessmann

published in: Economic Policy, 2023, 38 (115), 609-668

IZA Discussion Paper No. 14655

Does Education Enhance Entrepreneurship?

Kunwon Ahn, John V. Winters

IZA Discussion Paper No. 14652

College Credit on the Table? Advanced Placement Course and Exam Taking

Ishtiaque Fazlul, Todd R. Jones, Jonathan Smith

IZA Discussion Paper No. 14500

Using Predictive Analytics to Track Students: Evidence from a Seven-College Experiment

Peter Bergman, Elizabeth Kopko, Julio Rodriguez

IZA Discussion Paper No. 14345

"Too Shocked to Search": The COVID-19 Shutdowns' Impact on the Search for Apprenticeships

Daniel Goller, Stefan C. Wolter

published in: Swiss Journal of Economics and Statistics, 2021,157, 6 (2021)

IZA Discussion Paper No. 14338

Decreasing Time to Baccalaureate Degree in the United States

Jeffrey T. Denning, Eric R. Eide, Kevin J. Mumford, Daniel Sabey

published in: Economics of Education Review, 2022, 90, 102287

IZA Discussion Paper No. 14288

Do High Schools Choose Financial Education Policies Based on Their Neighbors?

Allison Oldham Luedtke, Carly Urban

IZA Discussion Paper No. 14277

Effects of Measures of Teachers' Quality on Tertiary Education Attendance: Evaluation Tests versus Value Added

Juan Díaz, Rafael Sánchez, Gabriel Villarroel, Mauricio G. Villena

IZA Discussion Paper No. 14251

Teacher Shortage in India: Myth or Reality? The Fiscal Cost of Surplus Teachers, Fake Enrolment and Absences

Sandip Datta, Geeta G. Kingdon

IZA Discussion Paper No. 14247

International Student Applications in the United Kingdom after Brexit

Catalina Amuedo-Dorantes, Agnese Romiti

published in: Journal of Economic Geography, 2024, 24 (5), 637–662,

IZA Discussion Paper No. 14230

Class Size and Learning: Has India Spent Too Much on Reducing Class Size?

Sandip Datta, Geeta G. Kingdon

published in: World Bank Economic Review, 2023, 37 (1), 24–48,

IZA Discussion Paper No. 14214

Upside-Down Down-Under: Cold Temperatures Reduce Learning in Australia

David W. Johnston, Rachel Knott, Silvia Mendolia, Peter Siminski

published in: Economics of Education Review, 2021, 85, 102172

IZA Discussion Paper No. 14200

Grades and Employer Learning

Anne Toft Hansen, Ulrik Hvidman, Hans Henrik Sievertsen

published in: Journal of Labor Economics, 2024, 42 (3), 659–682

IZA Discussion Paper No. 14134

Setting a Good Example? Examining Sibling Spillovers in Educational Achievement Using a Regression Discontinuity Design

Krzysztof Karbownik, Umut Özek

published in: Journal of Human Resources, 2023, 58 (5), 1567-1607

IZA Discussion Paper No. 14122

Understanding the Mechanisms of Parental Divorce Effects on Child's Higher Education

Yen-Chien Chen, Elliott Fan, Jin-Tan Liu

forthcoming in: Demography 2025, 62 (4)

IZA Discussion Paper No. 14120

Persecution and Escape: Professional Networks and High-Skilled Emigration from Nazi Germany

Sascha O. Becker, Volker Lindenthal, Sharun Mukand, Fabian Waldinger

published in: American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 2024, 16 (3), 1–43

IZA Discussion Paper No. 14107

Central Exams and Adult Skills: Evidence from PIAAC

Lisa Leschnig, Guido Schwerdt, Katarina Zigova

published in: Economics of Education Review, 2022, 90, 102289

IZA Discussion Paper No. 14075

Minding the Gap: Academic Outcomes from Pre-college Programs

Phoebe Kotlikoff, Ahmed S. Rahman, Katherine Smith

published in: Education Economics 2022, 30 (19), 3-24

IZA Discussion Paper No. 14036

Fear and Loathing in the Classroom: Why Does Teacher Quality Matter?

Michael Insler, Alexander F. McQuoid, Ahmed S. Rahman, Katherine Smith

IZA Discussion Paper No. 14007

The Family Origin of the Math Gender Gap Is a White Affluent Phenomenon

Gaia Dossi, David N. Figlio, Paola Giuliano, Paola Sapienza

published in: AEA Papers and Proceedings, 2021, 111, 179 - 183

IZA Discussion Paper No. 14000

Labour Market Shocks during the COVID-19 Pandemic, Inequalities and Child Outcomes

Claudia Hupkau, Ingo E. Isphording, Stephen Machin, Jenifer Ruiz-Valenzuela

revised version published as 'Labour Market Shocks and Parental Investments during the Covid-19 Pandemic' in: Labour Economics, 2023, 82, 102341

IZA Discussion Paper No. 13919

Parental Resources and College Attendance: Evidence from Lottery Wins

George Bulman, Robert W. Fairlie, Sarena Goodman, Adam Isen

published in: American Economic Review, 2021, 111 (4), 1201–1240

IZA Discussion Paper No. 13845

Understanding the Response to High-Stakes Incentives in Primary Education

Maximilian Bach, Mira Fischer

IZA Discussion Paper No. 13837

Closing the Gap between Vocational and General Education? Evidence from University Technical Colleges in England

Stephen Machin, Sandra McNally, Camille Terrier, Guglielmo Ventura

forthcoming in: Journal of Human Resources

IZA Discussion Paper No. 13830

Does Test-Based Teacher Recruitment Work in the Developing World? Experimental Evidence from Ecuador

Maria Daniela Araujo, Guido Heineck, Yyannu Cruz Aguayo

IZA Discussion Paper No. 13657

Time of Day, Cognitive Tasks and Efficiency Gains

Alessio Gaggero, Denni Tommasi

published as 'Time of Day and High-Stake Cognitive Assessments' in: Economic Journal, 2023, 133 (652), 1407–1429

IZA Discussion Paper No. 13641

Lost Wages: The COVID-19 Cost of School Closures

George Psacharopoulos, Victoria Collis, Harry Anthony Patrinos, Emiliana Vegas

published as 'The COVID-19 Cost of School Closures in Earnings and Income across the World' in: Comparative Education Review, 2021, 65, 271–287

IZA Discussion Paper No. 13630

Educational Gender Gaps

Shelly Lundberg

published in: Southern Economic Journal, 2020, 87 (2), 416-439

IZA Discussion Paper No. 13555

Task Specialization and Cognitive Skills: Evidence from PIAAC and IALS

Marta Martínez Matute, Ernesto Villanueva

published in: Review of Economics of the Household, 2023, 21, 59 - 92

IZA Discussion Paper No. 13450

Should School-Level Results of National Assessments Be Made Public?

Atsuyoshi Morozumi, Ryuichi Tanaka

IZA Discussion Paper No. 13376

Dynamics of Social Mobility during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Canada

Mutlu Yuksel, Yigit Aydede, Francisko Begolli

IZA Discussion Paper No. 13362

Gender Gap in Intergenerational Educational Persistence: Can Compulsory Schooling Reduce It?

Merve Demirel-Derebasoglu, Cagla Okten

IZA Discussion Paper No. 13305

Centralized Admission Systems and School Segregation: Evidence from a National Reform

Macarena Kutscher, Shanjukta Nath, Sergio Urzua

published in: Journal of Public Economics, 2023, 221, 104863

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