The IZA Discussion Paper Series (ISSN: 2365-9793) disseminates high-quality research by IZA network members to the scientific community and the interested public worldwide before they are later published in academic journals. Comprising more than 17,000 papers, IZA's publication flagship is the most influential working paper series in labor economics.

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63 IZA Discussion Papers
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17749
Narratives of Migration and Political Polarization: Private Preferences, Public Preferences and Social Media
Eugenio Levi, Michael Bayerlein, Gianluca Grimalda, Tommaso G. Reggiani
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17540
Partisan Discrimination in Hiring
Martin Abel, Andrea Robbett, Daniel F. Stone
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17448
Trump Ante Portas: Political Polarization Undermines Rule-Following Behavior
Christoph Feldhaus, Lukas Reinhardt, Matthias Sutter
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17154
(Don't) Walk This Way: The Econometrics of Crosswalks
Daniel L. Millimet
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16681
Media Coverage of Immigration and the Polarization of Attitudes
Sarah Schneider-Strawczynski, Jérôme Valette
published in: American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 2025, 17 (1), 337–368
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16381
International Trade and Job Polarization: Evidence at the Worker Level
Wolfgang Keller, Hale Utar
published in: Journal of International Economics, 2023, 145, 103810.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16078
Shifts in Composition of Jobs: Upgrading, Downgrading or Polarization? The Case of Russia 2000-2019
Vladimir Gimpelson, Rostislav Kapeliushnikov
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15780
Does Ethnic Diversity in Schools Affect Occupational Choices?
Damiano Pregaldini, Simone Balestra, Uschi Backes-Gellner
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15647
The Role of Within-Occupation Task Changes in Wage Development
Ronald Bachmann, Gökay Demir, Colin P. Green, Arne Uhlendorff
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15361
Can the Labor Demand Curve Explain Job Polarization?
Andreas Peichl, Martin Popp
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15032
The Politicized Pandemic: Ideological Polarization and the Behavioral Response to COVID-19
Gianluca Grimalda, Fabrice Murtin, David Pipke, Louis Putterman, Matthias Sutter
published in: European Economic Review, 2023, 156, 104472.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14884
COVID-19 and the Forces behind Social Unrest
Mario Lackner, Uwe Sunde, Rudolf Winter-Ebmer
forthcoming in: Plos One, 2025
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14870
Time, Income and Subjective Well-Being - 20 Years of Interdependent Multidimensional Polarization in Germany
Joachim Merz, Bettina Scherg
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14870
Time, Income and Subjective Well-Being - 20 Years of Interdependent Multidimensional Polarization in Germany
Joachim Merz, Bettina Scherg
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14870
Time, Income and Subjective Well-Being - 20 Years of Interdependent Multidimensional Polarization in Germany
Joachim Merz, Bettina Scherg
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14190
Occupational Mobility of Routine Workers
Terhi Maczulskij
published in: Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 2024, 86,(5), 1198 - 1229
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14005
Friendship Networks and Political Opinions: A Natural Experiment among Future French Politicians
Yann Algan, Nicolò Dalvit, Quoc-Anh Do, Alexis Le Chapelain, Yves Zenou
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13861
Importing Political Polarization? The Electoral Consequences of Rising Trade Exposure
David Autor, David Dorn, Gordon H. Hanson, Kaveh Majlesi
published in: American Economic Review, 2020, 110(10), 3139-3189
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13425
Labour Force Participation and Job Polarization: Evidence from Europe during the Great Recession
Gregory Verdugo, Guillaume Allègre
published in: Labour Economics, 2020, 66, 101881
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12931
The Skill-Specific Impact of Past and Projected Occupational Decline
Lena Hensvik, Oskar Nordström Skans
published in: Labour Economics, 2023, 81, 102326
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12913
The Macroeconomics of Automation: Data, Theory, and Policy Analysis
Nir Jaimovich, Itay Saporta-Eksten, Henry E. Siu, Yaniv Yedid-Levi
published in: Journal of Monetary Economics, 2021, 122, 1-16
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12911
Habemus Papam? Polarization and Conflict in the Papal States
Francisco J. Pino, Jordi Vidal-Robert
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12472
Is Employment Polarization Informative about Wage Inequality and Is Employment Really Polarizing?
Jennifer Hunt, Ryan Nunn
published as 'Has U.S. employment really polarized? A critical reappraisal' in: Labour Economics, 2022, 75, 102117
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12145
Parental Child Care Time, Income and Subjective Well-Being: A Multidimensional Polarization Approach for Germany
Joachim Merz, Normen Peters
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11579
Contract Employment as a Worker Discipline Device
Arnab K. Basu, Nancy H. Chau, Vidhya Soundararajan
revised version published in: Journal of Development Economics, 2021, 149, 102601
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11570
Long-Run Patterns of Labour Market Polarisation: Evidence from German Micro Data
Ronald Bachmann, Merve Cim, Colin P. Green
published in: British Journal of Industrial Relations, 2019, 57 (2), 350-376
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11569
Innovation, Wages, and Polarization in China
Belton M. Fleisher, William H. McGuire, Yaqin Su, Min Qiang Zhao
revised version available
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11487
Diversity and Conflict
Cemal Eren Arbatli, Quamrul Ashraf, Oded Galor, Marc Klemp
published in: Econometrica, 2020, 88 (2), 727-797
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11220
The Price of Polarization: Estimating Task Prices under Routine-Biased Technical Change
Michael Johannes Böhm
revised version published in: Quantitative Economics, 2020, 11, 761-799.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11219
The Roles of Increasing Inequality and Divergent Urban Development in Understanding Spatial Polarization in Tel-Aviv
Tal Modai-Snir, Maarten van Ham
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11013
A Tale of Two Countries: A Story of the French and US Polarization
Julien Albertini, Jean-Olivier Hairault, François Langot, Thepthida Sopraseuth
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10676
Returns to Postgraduate Education in Portugal: Holding on to a Higher Ground?
Andre Almeida, Hugo Figueiredo, João Cerejeira, Miguel Portela, Carla Sá, Pedro N. Teixeira
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10470
Is Modern Technology Responsible for Jobless Recoveries?
Georg Graetz, Guy Michaels
published in: American Economic Review, 2017, 107 (5), 168-173
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10285
Financial Literacy and Political Orientation in Great Britain
Alberto Montagnoli, Mirko Moro, Georgios A. Panos, Robert E. Wright
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10120
Delving into the Demand Side: Changes in Workplace Specialization and Job Polarization
Matias Cortes, Andrea Salvatori
published in: Labour Economics, 2019, 57, 164-176
IZA Discussion Paper No. 9851
Are Jobs More Polarized in ICT Firms?
Petri Böckerman, Seppo Laaksonen, Jari Vainiomäki
published as 'Does ICT Usage Erode Routine Occupations at the Firm Level?' in: Labour, 2019, 33 (1), 26-47
IZA Discussion Paper No. 9814
Good Jobs, Bad Jobs: What's Trade Got To Do With It?
James Lake, Daniel L. Millimet
IZA Discussion Paper No. 9814
Good Jobs, Bad Jobs: What's Trade Got To Do With It?
James Lake, Daniel L. Millimet
IZA Discussion Paper No. 9736
Differences in Job De-Routinization in OECD Countries: Evidence from PIAAC
Sara de la Rica, Lucas Gortazar
IZA Discussion Paper No. 9731
Identity Conflict with Cross-Border Spillovers
Dripto Bakshi, Indraneel Dasgupta
published in: Defence and Peace Economics, 2020, 31 (7), 786-809
IZA Discussion Paper No. 8882
Divided Cities: Increasing Socio-Spatial Polarization within Large Cities in the Netherlands
Merle Zwiers, Reinout Kleinhans, Maarten van Ham
IZA Discussion Paper No. 8836
Rise of the Machines: The Effects of Labor-Saving Innovations on Jobs and Wages
Andy Feng, Georg Graetz
IZA Discussion Paper No. 8782
Cultural Diversity: A Matter of Measurement
Peter Nijkamp, Jacques Poot
published in: P. Nijkamp, J. Poot and J. Bakens (eds.), The Economics of Cultural Diversity, Edward Elgar, 2015
IZA Discussion Paper No. 8688
Polarization or Upgrading? Evolution of Employment in Transitionary Russia
Vladimir Gimpelson, Rostislav Kapeliushnikov
published in: Russian Journal of Economics, 2016, 2 (2), 192-218
IZA Discussion Paper No. 8465
Unconditional and Conditional Wage Polarization in Europe
Paolo Naticchioni, Giuseppe Ragusa, Riccardo Massari
IZA Discussion Paper No. 7816
Employment Polarization in Spain along the Cycle 1997-2012
Brindusa Anghel, Sara de la Rica, Aitor Lacuesta
published as 'The Impact of the Great Recession on Employment Polarization in Spain' in: SERIEs, 2014, 5 (2-3), 143-171
IZA Discussion Paper No. 7600
Spatial Changes in Labour Market Inequality
Joanne Lindley, Stephen Machin
published in: Journal of Urban Economics, 2014, 79, 121-138
IZA Discussion Paper No. 7418
Polarization of Time and Income – A Multidimensional Approach with Well-Being Gap and Minimum 2DGAP: German Evidence
Joachim Merz, Bettina Scherg
IZA Discussion Paper No. 7418
Polarization of Time and Income – A Multidimensional Approach with Well-Being Gap and Minimum 2DGAP: German Evidence
Joachim Merz, Bettina Scherg
IZA Discussion Paper No. 7120
Economic Science and Political Influence
Gilles Saint-Paul
published in: Journal of the European Economic Association, 2013, 11 (5), 1004 - 1031
IZA Discussion Paper No. 7068
The Growth of Low Skill Service Jobs and the Polarization of the U.S. Labor Market
David Autor, David Dorn
published in: American Economic Review, 2013, 103 (5), 1553-1597
IZA Discussion Paper No. 5708
The Aftermath of Reunification: Sectoral Transition, Gender, and Rising Wage Inequality in East Germany
Karsten Kohn, Dirk Antonczyk
published in: Economics of Transition, 2013, 21 (1), 73-110
IZA Discussion Paper No. 5542
Occupational Tasks and Changes in the Wage Structure
Sergio Firpo, Nicole M. Fortin, Thomas Lemieux
IZA Discussion Paper No. 4842
Polarization and Rising Wage Inequality: Comparing the U.S. and Germany
Dirk Antonczyk, Thomas DeLeire, Bernd Fitzenberger
published in: Econometrics, 2018, 6 (2), 1-33
IZA Discussion Paper No. 4597
Dynamic Ethnic Fractionalization and Economic Growth in the Transition Economies from 1989 to 2007
Nauro F. Campos, Ahmad Saleh, Vitaliy S. Kuzeyev
published in: Journal of International Trade and Economic Development, 2011, 20 (2),129-152
IZA Discussion Paper No. 4592
When Supply Meets Demand: Wage Inequality in Portugal
Mario Centeno, Alvaro A. Novo
published in: IZA Journal of European Labor Studies, 2014, 3 (23)
IZA Discussion Paper No. 4290
Inequality and Specialization: The Growth of Low-Skill Service Jobs in the United States
David Autor, David Dorn
see IZA DP No. 7068 for a substantially updated version
IZA Discussion Paper No. 4050
Can a Task-Based Approach Explain the Recent Changes in the German Wage Structure?
Dirk Antonczyk, Bernd Fitzenberger, Ute Leuschner
published in: Jahrbücher für Nationalökonomie und Statistik, 2009, 229 (2-3), 214-238
IZA Discussion Paper No. 3970
This Job Is 'Getting Old:' Measuring Changes in Job Opportunities Using Occupational Age Structure
David Autor, David Dorn
published in: American Economic Review, Papers & Proceedings, 2009, 99 (2), 45-51
IZA Discussion Paper No. 3048
Spillovers from High-Skill Consumption to Low-Skill Labor Markets
Francesca Mazzolari, Giuseppe Ragusa
published in: Review of Economics and Statistics, 2013, 95 (1), 74-86
IZA Discussion Paper No. 2822
On the Dynamics of Ethnic Fractionalization
Nauro F. Campos, Vitaliy S. Kuzeyev
published in: American Journal of Political Science, 2007, 51(3), 620-639
IZA Discussion Paper No. 2702
Income Satisfaction and Deprivation in Spain
José M. Labeaga, José Alberto Molina, Maria Navarro Paniagua
published as 'Deprivation using satisfaction measures in Spain' in: Journal of Policy Modeling, 2011, 33 (2), 287-310
IZA Discussion Paper No. 2685
Revisiting the German Wage Structure
Christian Dustmann, Johannes Ludsteck, Uta Schönberg
revised version published in: Quaterly Journal of Economics, 2009, 124 (2), 843-88
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