The IZA Discussion Paper Series (ISSN: 2365-9793) disseminates high-quality research by IZA network members to the scientific community and the interested public worldwide before they are later published in academic journals. Comprising more than 17,000 papers, IZA's publication flagship is the most influential working paper series in labor economics.

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1,396 IZA Discussion Papers
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13470
Gender Stereotyping in Sports
Miriam Marcén, Marina Morales, Almudena Sevilla
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13461
The Gender Gap in Time Allocation in Europe
José Ignacio Gimenez-Nadal, José Alberto Molina
published as 'The Gender Gap in Time Allocation' in: IZA World of Labor, 2022, 497
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13447
Workplace Presenteeism, Job Substitutability and Gender Inequality
Ghazala Azmat, Lena Hensvik, Olof Rosenqvist
published online in. Journal of Human Resources, 10 November 2022, 1121-12014R2
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13443
Initial Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Employment and Hours of Self-Employed Coupled and Single Workers by Gender and Parental Status
Charlene M. Kalenkoski, Sabrina Wulff Pabilonia
published as 'Impacts of COVID-19 on the Self-employed' in: Small Business Economics, 2022, 58, 741–768
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13434
How the COVID-19 Lockdown Affected Gender Inequality in Paid and Unpaid Work in Spain
Lídia Farré, Yarine Fawaz, Libertad González, Jennifer Graves
published as 'Gender Inequality in Paid and Unpaid Work During Covid-19 Times' in: Review of Income and Wealth, 2022, 68 (2), 323-347
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13404
Changes in Female Employment in Mexico: Demographics, Economics, and Policies
Gladys Lopez-Acevedo, Samuel Freije-Rodriguez, Mexico Alberto Vergara Bahena, Diego Cardozo Medeiros
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13402
Less School (Costs), More (Female) Education? Lessons from Egypt Reducing Years of Compulsory Schooling
Ahmed Elsayed, Olivier Marie
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13396
The Effect of Peer Gender on Major Choice in Business School
Ulf Zölitz, Jan Feld
published in: Management Science, 2021, 67 (11), 6936-6979
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13385
From Pink-Collar to Lab Coat: Cultural Persistence and Diffusion of Socialist Gender Norms
Naomi Friedman-Sokuler, Claudia Senik
published in: Journal of Population Economics, 2025, 38, 11
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13380
Things versus People: Gender Differences in Vocational Interests and in Occupational Preferences
Andreas Kuhn, Stefan C. Wolter
revised version published in: Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 2022, 203, 210-234
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13378
Inequality in Personality over the Life Cycle
Miriam Gensowski, Mette Gørtz, Stefanie Schurer
published in: Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 2021, 184, 46-77
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13372
Evidence for a Two-Women Quota in University Departments across Disciplines
Lena Janys
published as 'Testing the Presence of Implicit Hiring Quotas with Application to German Universities' in: Review of Economics and Statistics, 2024, 106 (3), 627–637
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13362
Gender Gap in Intergenerational Educational Persistence: Can Compulsory Schooling Reduce It?
Merve Demirel-Derebasoglu, Cagla Okten
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13359
What Accounts for the Rising Share of Women in the Top 1%?
Richard V. Burkhauser, Nicolas Herault, Stephen P. Jenkins, Roger Wilkins
published in: Review of Income and Wealth, 2023, 69 (1), 1 - 33
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13348
Italian Families in the 21st Century: Gender Gaps in Time Use and Their Evolution
Francesca Barigozzi, Cesare Di Timoteo, Chiara Monfardini
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13336
The Gender Dimension of Occupational Exposure to Contagion in Europe
Piotr Lewandowski, Katarzyna Lipowska, Iga Magda
published in: Feminist Economics, 2021, 27 (1-2), 48 - 65
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13329
In Sickness and in Health: Job Displacement and Health Spillovers in Couples
Christina Gathmann, Kristiina Huttunen, Laura Jernström, Lauri Sääksvuori, Robin Stitzing
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13323
Gender Gaps in Competition: New Experimental Evidence from UK Professionals
Sophie Clot, Marina Della Giusta, Giovanni Razzu
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13318
The Gender Pay Gap: What Can We Learn from Northern Ireland?
Melanie K. Jones, Ezgi Kaya
published in: Oxford Economic Papers, 2022, 74 (1), 94–114
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13313
Comparative Advantage and Gender Gap in STEM
Sofoklis Goulas, Silvia Griselda, Rigissa Megalokonomou
published in: Journal of Human Resources, 2024, 59 (6), 1937-1980
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13306
Should We Cheer Together? Gender Differences in Instantaneous Well-Being during Joint and Solo Activities
José Ignacio Gimenez-Nadal, José Alberto Molina, Jorge Velilla
published as 'Should we cheer together? Gender differences in instantaneous well-being: An application to COVID-19 lockdowns' in: Journal of Happiness Studies, 2023, 24, 529 - 562
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13302
Baby Steps: The Gender Division of Childcare during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Almudena Sevilla, Sarah Smith
published in: Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 2020, 36 (S1), S169–S186,
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13299
How Gender and Prior Disadvantage Predict Performance in College
Judith M. Delaney, Paul J. Devereux
published in: Economic and Social Review, 2020, 51 (2), 189 -239
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13299
How Gender and Prior Disadvantage Predict Performance in College
Judith M. Delaney, Paul J. Devereux
published in: Economic and Social Review, 2020, 51 (2), 189 -239
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13289
A Short History of the Gender Wage Gap in Britain
Alex Bryson, Heather Joshi, Bożena Wielgoszewska, David Wilkinson
published in: Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 2020, 36 (4), 836-854
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13225
Collaboration, Alphabetical Order and Gender Discrimination – Evidence from the Lab
Vegard Sjurseike Wiborg, Kjell Arne Brekke, Karine Nyborg
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13216
Gender-Specific Duration of Parental Leave and Current Earnings
Benedikt Gerst, Christian Grund
published in: Work, Employment & Society, 2023, 37, 215 - 235
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13213
Commuting Time and the Gender Gap in Labor Market Participation
Lídia Farré, Jordi Jofre-Monseny, Juan Torrecillas
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13174
Gender Differences in Professional Career Dynamics: New Evidence from a Global Law Firm
Ina Ganguli, Ricardo Hausmann, Martina Viarengo
published in: Economica, 2021, 88 (349), 104 - 128
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13163
Do Female Role Models Reduce the Gender Gap in Science? Evidence from French High Schools
Thomas Breda, Julien Grenet, Marion Monnet, Clémentine Van Effenterre
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13143
Gender Gaps and the Structure of Local Labor Markets
Barbara Petrongolo, Maddalena Ronchi
published in: Labour Economics, 2020, 64, 101819
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13126
Gendered Language
Pamela Jakiela, Owen Ozier
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13126
Gendered Language
Pamela Jakiela, Owen Ozier
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13126
Gendered Language
Pamela Jakiela, Owen Ozier
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13125
Female Political Representation and Substantive Effects on Policies: A Literature Review
Zohal Hessami, Mariana Lopes da Fonseca
published in: European Journal of Political Economy, 2020, 63, 101896
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13105
Ancestral Norms, Legal Origins, and Female Empowerment
Abel Brodeur, Marie Christelle Mabeu, Roland Pongou
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13093
Culture and Gender Allocation of Tasks: Source Country Characteristics and the Division of Non-market Work among US Immigrants
Francine D. Blau, Lawrence M. Kahn, Matthew Comey, Amanda Eng, Pamela Meyerhofer, Alexander Willén
published in: Review of Economics of the Household, 2020, 18 (4), 907-958
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13058
Life Satisfaction, Subjective Wealth, and Adaptation to Vulnerability in the Russian Federation during 2002-2017
Hai-Anh H Dang, Kseniya Abanokova, Michael Lokshin
published in: Hacienda Pública Española / Review of Public Economics, 2023, 247 (4), 125-153.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13054
Becoming Sensitive: Males' Risk and Time Preferences after the 2008 Financial Crisis
Michael Jetter, Leandro Magnusson, Sebastian Roth
published in: European Economic Review, 2020, 128, 103512
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13053
Gender Differences in Preferences for Meaning at Work
Vanessa Burbano, Nicolas Padilla, Stephan Meier
published in: American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, 2024, 16 (3), 61–94
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13031
What Does Someone's Gender Identity Signal to Employers?
Hannah Van Borm, Marlot Dhoop, Allien Van Acker, Stijn Baert
revised version published in: International Journal of Manpower, 2020, 41 (6), 753 - 777
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12984
Does Emigration Affect Pro-Environmental Behaviour Back Home? A Long-Term, Local-Level Perspective
Artjoms Ivlevs
published in: Kyklos, 2021, 74(1): 48-76
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12983
Ask and You Shall Receive? Gender Differences in Regrades in College
Cher H Li, Basit Zafar
published in: American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, 2023, 15 (2), 359 - 394
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12977
Rethinking Specialisation and the Sexual Division of Labour in the 21st Century
Peter Siminski, Rhiannon Yetsenga
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12959
Do Women Shy Away from Public Speaking? A Field Experiment
Maria De Paola, Rosetta Lombardo, Valeria Pupo, Vincenzo Scoppa
published in: Labour Economics, 2021, 70, 102001
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12959
Do Women Shy Away from Public Speaking? A Field Experiment
Maria De Paola, Rosetta Lombardo, Valeria Pupo, Vincenzo Scoppa
published in: Labour Economics, 2021, 70, 102001
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12950
Decomposing US Income Inequality à La Shapley: Race Matters, but Gender Too
Frédéric Chantreuil, Kévin Fourrey, Isabelle Lebon, Therese Rebiere
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12946
Raising the Bar: Causal Evidence on Gender Differences in Risk-Taking from a Natural Experiment
René Böheim, Mario Lackner, Wilhelm Wagner
published in: Journal of Sports Economics, 2022, 23 (4), 460 - 478
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12944
Vulnerable Boys: Short-Term and Long-Term Gender Differences in the Impacts of Adolescent Disadvantage
Ziteng Lei, Shelly Lundberg
published in: Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 2020, 178, 242 -448
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12926
Enterprising Women in Southern Africa: When Does Land Ownership Matter?
Zuzana Brixiova Schwidrowski, Thierry Kangoye, Fiona Tregenna
published in: Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 2020, 41 (1), 37 - 51
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12916
Trends in Commuting Time of European Workers: A Cross-Country Analysis
José Ignacio Gimenez-Nadal, José Alberto Molina, Jorge Velilla
published in: Transport Policy, 2022, 116, 327 - 342
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12912
The Effect of Unfair Chances and Gender Discrimination on Labor Supply
Nickolas Gagnon, Kristof Bosmans, Arno Riedl
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12907
When Do Teachers Respond to Student Feedback? Evidence from a Field Experiment
Margaretha Buurman, Josse Delfgaauw, Robert Dur, Robin Zoutenbier
published in: Labour Economics, 2020, 65, 101858
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12902
Gender Promotion Gaps: Career Aspirations and Workplace Discrimination
Ghazala Azmat, Vicente Cuñat, Emeric Henry
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12894
Linguistic Traits and Human Capital Formation
Oded Galor, Ömer Özak, Assaf Sarid
published in: AEA Papers and Proceedings, 2020. 110, 309-313
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12894
Linguistic Traits and Human Capital Formation
Oded Galor, Ömer Özak, Assaf Sarid
published in: AEA Papers and Proceedings, 2020. 110, 309-313
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12883
All on Board? New Evidence on Board Gender Diversity from a Large Panel of Firms
Joanna Tyrowicz, Siri Terjesen, Jakub Mazurek
published in: European Management Journal, 2020, 38 (4), 634 - 645
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12861
The Strength of Gender Norms and Gender-Stereotypical Occupational Aspirations among Adolescents
Andreas Kuhn, Stefan C. Wolter
revised version published in: Kyklos, 2023, 76 (1), 101-124
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12859
Selection into Employment and the Gender Wage Gap across the Distribution and over Time
Patricia Gallego Granados, Katharina Wrohlich
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12846
The Effect of High School Rank in English and Math on College Major Choice
Judith M. Delaney, Paul J. Devereux
published as 'High School Rank in Math and English and the Gender Gap in STEM' in: Labour Economics, 2021, 69, 101969
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12820
Robots, Labor Markets, and Family Behavior
Massimo Anelli, Osea Giuntella, Luca Stella
published in: Journal of Human Resources, 2020, 128 (6), 2188–2244
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12814
Childcare and Maternal Employment: Evidence from Vietnam
Hai-Anh H Dang, Masako Hiraga, Cuong Viet Nguyen
published in: World Development, 2022, 159, 106022
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12800
Refugees' and Irregular Migrants' Self-Selection into Europe: Who Migrates Where?
Cevat Giray Aksoy, Panu Poutvaara
revised version published as 'Refugees' and irregular migrants' self-selection into Europe' in: Journal of Development Economics, 2021, 152, 102681
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12785
Gender Gaps in Pay and Inter-Firm Mobility
Christian Bredemeier
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12732
Workplace Positive Actions, Trans People's Self-Esteem and Human Resources' Evaluations
Vasiliki Bozani, Nick Drydakis, Katerina Sidiropoulou, Benjamin Harvey, Anna Paraskevopoulou
published in: International Journal of Manpower, 2020, 41 (6), 809-83
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12726
Female Workers, Male Managers: Gender, Leadership, and Risk-Taking
Ulf Rinne, Hendrik Sonnabend
published in: Southern Economic Journal, 2022, 88 (3), 906 - 930
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12725
The Gender Gap in Wages over the Life Course: Evidence from a British Cohort Born in 1958
Heather Joshi, Alex Bryson, David Wilkinson, Kelly Ward
published in: Gender, Work & Organization, 2021, 28, 397 - 415
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12724
Gender Gaps in Education
Graziella Bertocchi, Monica Bozzano
published in: K.F. Zimmermann (ed.); Handbook of Labor, Human Resources and Population Economics, Springer, Cham, 2020, 1-31
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12711
Attainment and Gender Equality in Higher Education: Evidence from a Large Scale Expansion
Asena Caner, Merve Demirel-Derebasoglu, Cagla Okten
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12707
Gender Differences in the Effect of Employee-Manager Friendships on Salary Dynamics in CPA Firms
Yossef Tobol, Ronen Bar-El, Yuval Arbel, Ofer H. Azar
published in: Heliyon, 2019, 5 (10), e02658
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12705
The Heterogeneous Effects of Workers' Countries of Birth on Over-Education
Valentine Jacobs, Benoît Mahy, François Rycx, Mélanie Volral
published as 'Over-education Among Immigrants: The Role of Demographics, Time, and Firm Characteristics' in: Applied Economics, 2021, 53 (1), 61-78
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12703
Explaining the Gender Gap in Job Satisfaction
Paul Redmond, Seamus McGuinness
published in: Applied Economics Letters, 2020, 27 (17), 1415 - 1418
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12702
You’re the One That I Want! Public Employment and Women’s Labor Market Outcomes
Pedro Maia Gomes, Zoë Kuehn
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12695
Trans People, Transitioning, Mental Health, Life and Job Satisfaction
Nick Drydakis
published in: K. F. Zimmermann (Ed.) Handbook of Labor, Human Resources and Population Economics, New York: Springer, First Online: 04 March 2020
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12692
Culture or Context? Revisiting the Role of Culture in Shaping Economic Outcomes
Wifag Adnan
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12688
Scientifico! like Dad: On the Intergenerational Transmission of STEM Education in Italy
Diana Chise, Margherita Fort, Chiara Monfardini
revised version published as 'On the Intergenerational Transmission of STEM Education among Graduate Students' in: B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis and Policy, 2021, 21 (1), 115 - 145
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12671
Gender Bias in Intra-Household Allocation of Education in India: Has It Fallen over Time?
Sandip Datta, Geeta G. Kingdon
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12671
Gender Bias in Intra-Household Allocation of Education in India: Has It Fallen over Time?
Sandip Datta, Geeta G. Kingdon
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12661
Changing Returns to Occupational Skill and Women's Wages
Felix Schran
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12657
Are Women Doing It For Themselves? Gender Segregation and the Gender Wage Gap
Nikolaos Theodoropoulos, John Forth, Alex Bryson
published in: Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 2022, 84 (6), 1329-1355
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12643
Career or Flexible Work Arrangements? Gender Differences in Self-Employment in a Young Market Economy
Dominik Buttler, Eva Sierminska
published in: Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 2020, 41, 70 - 95
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12629
A Bit of Salt, a Trace of Life: Gender Norms and the Impact of a Salt Iodization Program on Human Capital Formation of School Aged Children
Zichen Deng, Maarten Lindeboom
published in: Journal of Health Economics, 2022, 83, 102615
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12620
The Role of Culture on Female Labor Supply: Evidence from Turkey
Pelin Akyol, Cagla Okten
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12611
Do Workers Discriminate against Female Bosses?
Martin Abel
published in: Journal of Human Resources, 2024, 59 (2), 470 - 501
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12582
Exposure to More Female Peers Widens the Gender Gap in STEM Participation
Anne Ardila Brenøe, Ulf Zölitz
published in: Journal of Labor Economics, 2020, 38 (4), 1009-1054
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12569
Gender Differences in Political Career Progression: Evidence from U.S. Elections
Ryan Brown, Hani Mansour, Stephen D. O'Connell, James Reeves
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12530
Selecting Talent: Gender Differences in Participation and Success in Competitive Selection Processes
Lídia Farré, Francesc Ortega
published in: Journal of Human Resources, 2023, 58 (6), 1881-1913
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12528
The Early Life Influences of Teachers' Genders on Later Life Charitable Giving: Evidence from the Natural Disasters in Japan
Eiji Yamamura, Nattavudh Powdthavee
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12522
Gender Differences in Wage Expectations: Sorting, Children, and Negotiation Styles
Lukas Kiessling, Pia Pinger, Philipp K. Seegers, Jan Bergerhoff
published in: Labour Economics, 2024, 87, 12522
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12509
Immigration and the Evolution of Local Cultural Norms
Sophia Schmitz, Felix Weinhardt
An updated version of this paper is available as IZA DP No. 16428.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12503
Girls' Comparative Advantage in Reading Can Largely Account for the Gender Gap in Math-Intensive Fields
Thomas Breda, Clotilde Napp
published in: PNAS, 2019, 116 (31), 15435-15440
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12494
Gender Gaps in the Evaluation of Research: Evidence from Submissions to Economics Conferences
Laura Hospido, Carlos Sanz
published in: Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 2021, 83(3), 590-618
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12489
Maternal Age and Offspring Human Capital in India
Marcello Perez-Alvarez, Marta Favara
published in: Journal Population Econonmics, 2023, 36, 1573–1606
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12484
Early Education and Gender Differences
Daniela Del Boca, Enrica Maria Martino, Elena Claudia Meroni, Daniela Piazzalunga
published in: Economica Italiana, 2019, 3, 11-36
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12455
High-Performing Peers and Female STEM Choices in School
Pierre Mouganie, Yaojing Wang
published in: Journal of Labor Economics, 2020, 38 (3), 805 - 841
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12453
Gender Pay Gap Patterns in Domestic and Foreign-Owned Firms
Iga Magda, Katarzyna Salach
published in: Empirical Economics, 2021, 61, 2237–2263
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12449
Upstreamness, Wages and Gender: Equal Benefits for All?
Nicola Gagliardi, Benoît Mahy, François Rycx
published in: British Journal of Industrial Relations, 2021, 59 (1), 52-83
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12436
Societal Inequalities Amplify Gender Gaps in Math
Thomas Breda, Elyès Jouini, Clotilde Napp
published in: Science Magazine, 2018, 359 (6381), 1219-1220
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12415
Female Science Advisors and the STEM Gender Gap
Serena Canaan, Pierre Mouganie
published as 'The Impact of Advisor Gender on Female Students’ STEM Enrollment and Persistence' in: Journal of Human Resources, 2023, 58 (2), 593-632
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12406
DIY or Ask Someone Nice?
Steven J. Bosworth, Sophie Clot, Marina Della Giusta
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