The IZA Discussion Paper Series (ISSN: 2365-9793) disseminates high-quality research by IZA network members to the scientific community and the interested public worldwide before they are later published in academic journals. Comprising more than 17,000 papers, IZA's publication flagship is the most influential working paper series in labor economics.

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544 IZA Discussion Papers
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17994
Built, Not Born: How Education Predicts Billionaire Wealth
Michael Jan Kendzia, Tomas Neville, Maya Gadgil
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17966
Innovator Networks Within the Firm and the Quality of Innovation
Michael Gibbs, Friederike Mengel, Christoph Siemroth
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17926
Migration to Australia, the Transition from Sail to Steam, and the SS Great Britain
Timothy J. Hatton
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17889
Adjusters and Casualties: The Anatomy of Labor Market Displacement
Eric A. Hanushek, Simon Janssen, Jacob D. Light, Lisa Simon
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17875
Wage Profiles in STEM and Non-STEM Careers
Michael Alexeev, Yevgenia Chernina, Vladimir Gimpelson, Darya Zinchenko
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17866
The Rise of China and the Global Production of Scientific Knowledge
Hyejin Ku, Tianrui Mu
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17864
Robots Replacing Trade Unions: Novel Data and Evidence from Western Europe
Paolo Agnolin, Massimo Anelli, Italo Colantone, Piero Stanig
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17846
Firm-Level Technology Adoption in Times of Crisis
Melanie Arntz, Michael Johannes Böhm, Georg Graetz, Terry Gregory, Florian Lehmer, Cäcilia Lipowski
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17806
The Role of Business Visits in Fostering R&D Investment
Massimiliano Tani, Marco Vivarelli, Mariacristina Piva
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17794
Climate Technology Entrepreneurship: A Primer
Wim Naudé
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17779
A Twin Transition or a Policy Flagship? Emergent Constellations and Dominant Blocks in Green and Digital Technologies
Linnea Nelli, Maria Enrica Virgillito, Marco Vivarelli
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17764
China’s Import Competition, Innovation and the Role of Unions
Alessia Matano, Paolo Naticchioni
published in: Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 2025, 73, 423-433
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17753
Technological Change and the Upskilling of European Workers
Seamus McGuinness, Paul Redmond, Konstantinos Pouliakas, Lorcan Kelly, Luke Brosnan
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17747
Religion and Economic Development: Past, Present, and Future
Sascha O. Becker, Amma Panin, Steven Pfaff, Jared Rubin
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17746
Artificial Intelligence and Labor Market Transformations in Latin America
Pablo Egana-delSol, Claudio Bravo-Ortega
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17709
Political Spillovers of Worker Representation: With or Without Workplace Democracy?
Uwe Jirjahn
revised version published in: Analyse und Kritik - Journal of Philosophy and Social Theory, 2025, 47 (1), 5-30
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17686
New Technologies and Employment: The State of the Art
Marco Vivarelli, Guillermo Arenas Díaz
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17682
Artificial Intelligence, the Collapse of Consumer Society, and Oligarchy
Gilles Saint-Paul
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17668
Work from Home, Management, and Technology
Ryo Kambayashi, Atsushi Ohyama
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17659
Can AI Solve the Peer Review Crisis? A Large-Scale Experiment on LLM's Performance and Biases in Evaluating Economics Papers
Pat Pataranutaporn, Nattavudh Powdthavee, Pattie Maes
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17656
Employment Adjustments to Increased Imports: Evidence from a Developing Country
Beyza Ural Marchand
published online in: Contemporary Economic Policy, 15 March 2025
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17646
AI Bias for Creative Writing: Subjective Assessment Versus Willingness to Pay
Martin Abel, Reed Johnson
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17635
The Impact of Learning about AI Advancements on Trust
Milena Nikolova, Marco Angrisani
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17623
TV Digital Transition in Italy and the Impact on Pupils' Academic Performance
Andrea Caria, Daniele Checchi, Dimitri Paolini
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17581
Heterogeneous Innovations and Growth Under Imperfect Technology Spillovers
Karam Jo, Seula Kim
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17577
Neo-Schumpeterian Growth Theory: Missing Entrepreneurs Results in Incomplete Policy Advice
Magnus Henrekson, Dan Johansson
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17545
Remote Learning during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Evidence from a Three-Level Survey of Italian Schools
Andrea Caria, Adriana Di Liberto, Sara Pau
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17544
Automation, Trade Unions and Atypical Employment
Piotr Lewandowski, Wojciech Szymczak
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17503
Training, Automation, and Wages: International Worker-Level Evidence
Oliver Falck, Yuchen Guo, Christina Langer, Valentin Lindlacher, Simon Wiederhold
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17495
Regionalism, Productivity, and Innovation
Rolando Avendano, Massimiliano Tani, Lovely C. Tolin
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17485
Climate Change and the Decline of Labor Share
Xincheng Qiu, Masahiro Yoshida
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17472
Small-Scale Farmers' Willingness to Pay for Information: A Comparison of Individual Purchase Decisions with Contributions to a Club Good
Michael Grimm, Nathalie Luck, Alia Bihrajihant Raya, Udit Sawhney
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17433
Firm Ownership Control and Management Practices, with an Update on Sub-Saharan Africa
Andrew Dabalen, Saumik Paul
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17398
Inventors' Coworker Networks and Innovation
Sabrina Di Addario, Zhexin Feng, Michel Serafinelli
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17367
AI Adoption and Workplace Training
Samuel Mühlemann
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17329
The New Wave? The Role of Human Capital and STEM Skills in Technology Adoption in the UK
Mirko Draca, Max Nathan, Viet Nguyen-Tien, Juliana Oliveira-Cunha, Anna Rosso, Anna Valero
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17325
Is Distance from Innovation a Barrier to the Adoption of Artificial Intelligence?
Jennifer Hunt, Iain Cockburn, James Bessen
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17306
What They Don't Teach You about Artificial Intelligence at Business School: Stagnation, Oil, and War
Wim Naudé
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17275
Reducing the Gender Digital Divide Amongst Immigrant Entrepreneurs
Nick Drydakis
published in:G. Meramveliotakis and M. Manioudis (eds). Sustainable Economic Development Perspectives from Political Economy and Economics Pluralism, London: Routledge, 2025, 237-264.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17245
Measuring Bias in Job Recommender Systems: Auditing the Algorithms
Shuo Zhang, Peter J. Kuhn
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17218
Sailing Ship Technology, Navigation and the Duration of Voyages to Australia, 1848-85
Timothy J. Hatton
published in: Economic History Review, 2025, 78 (2), 452-473
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17206
The Knowledge Spillover Theory of Entrepreneurship and Innovation (KSTE+I) Approach and the Advent of AI Technologies: Evidence from the European Regions
Francesco D’Alessandro, Enrico Santarelli, Marco Vivarelli
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17194
Fast Internet, Women Identity, and Female Genital Mutilation
Jorge Garcia-Hombrados, Daniel Pérez-Parra, Ricardo Ciacci
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17183
Is Artificial Intelligence Generating a New Paradigm? Evidence from the Emerging Phase
Giacomo Damioli, Vincent Van Roy, Daniel Vertesy, Marco Vivarelli
published as 'Is artificial intelligence leading to a new technological paradigm?', in: Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 2025,72, 347-359
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17177
Online versus In-Person Services: Effects on Patients and Providers
Amanda Dahlstrand, Nestor Le Nestour, Guy Michaels
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17097
How Scary Is the Risk of Automation? Evidence from a Large Scale Survey Experiment
Maria Alejandra Cattaneo, Christian Gschwendt, Stefan C. Wolter
published in: Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 2025, 235, 107034
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17055
Artificial Intelligence and Entrepreneurship
Frank M. Fossen, Trevor McLemore, Alina Sorgner
published in: Foundations and Trends in Entrepreneurship, 2024, 20 (8), 781-904
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17026
R&D Decisions and Productivity Growth: Evidence from Switzerland and the Netherlands
Sabien Dobbelaere, Michael D. König, Andrin Spescha, Martin Wörter
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17003
The Role of Technological Change in the Evolution of the Employment to Output Elasticity
Pablo Egana-delSol, Alejandro Micco
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16992
The Adoption of ChatGPT
Anders Humlum, Emilie Vestergaard
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16980
Half Empty and Half Full? Women in Economics and the Rise in Gender-Related Research
Francisca M. Antman, Kirk Doran, Xuechao Qian, Bruce A. Weinberg
published in: AEA Papers and Proceedings, 2024, 114, 226-231
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16979
Demographic Diversity and Economic Research: Fields of Specialization and Research on Race, Ethnicity, and Inequality
Francisca M. Antman, Kirk Doran, Xuechao Qian, Bruce A. Weinberg
published in: AEA Papers and Proceedings, 2024, 114, 528-534
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16972
Artificial Intelligence and the Skill Premium
David E. Bloom, Klaus Prettner, Jamel Saadaoui, Mario Veruete
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16948
The Political Economy of AI: Towards Democratic Control of the Means of Prediction
Maximilian Kasy
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16944
Algorithmic Bias and Racial Inequality: A Critical Review
Maximilian Kasy
published in: Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 2024, 40 (3), 530–546
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16916
Is the Scholarly Field of Entrepreneurship at Its End?
Wim Naudé
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16869
The Anatomy of Chinese Innovation: Insights on Patent Quality and Ownership
Philipp Boeing, Loren Brandt, Ruochen Dai, Kevin Lim, Bettina Peters
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16766
Artificial Intelligence and the Discovery of New Ideas: Is an Economic Growth Explosion Imminent?
Derick Almeida, Wim Naudé, Tiago Neves Sequeira
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16740
De-Routinization in the Fourth Industrial Revolution - Firm-Level Evidence
Melanie Arntz, Sabrina Genz, Terry Gregory, Florian Lehmer, Ulrich Zierahn-Weilage
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16717
AI Unboxed and Jobs: A Novel Measure and Firm-Level Evidence from Three Countries
Erik Engberg, Holger Görg, Magnus Lodefalk, Farrukh Javed, Martin Längkvist, Natália Pimenta Monteiro, Hildegunn Kyvik Nordås, Giuseppe Pulito, Sarah Schroeder, Aili Tang
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16687
Automatability of Occupations, Workers' Labor-Market Expectations, and Willingness to Train
Philipp Lergetporer, Katharina Wedel, Katharina Werner
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16659
Technological Change and Returns to Training
Roman Klauser, Marcus Tamm
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16638
'This Time It's Different' - Generative Artificial Intelligence and Occupational Choice
Daniel Goller, Christian Gschwendt, Stefan C. Wolter
published online in: Labour Economics, 8 June 2025, 102746
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16631
Gender Diversity and Diversity of Ideas
Michèle Belot, Madina Kurmangaliyeva, Johanna Reuter
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16499
Automation and Income Inequality in Europe
Karina Doorley, Jan Gromadzki, Piotr Lewandowski, Dora Tuda, Philippe Van Kerm
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16487
Bottom-up Policies Trump Top-down Missions
Magnus Henrekson, Mikael Stenkula
published in: Magnus Henrekson, Christian Sandström, and Mikael Stenkula (eds.), Moonshots and the New Industrial Policy, Cham: Springer, 2024, 309–331
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16485
Artificial Intelligence and Workers' Well-Being
Osea Giuntella, Johannes König, Luca Stella
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16365
Why Has Science Become an Old Man's Game?
Christian Fons-Rosen, Patrick Gaule, Taras Hrendash
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16362
Contested Transparency: Digital Monitoring Technologies and Worker Voice
Filippo Belloc, Gabriel Burdin, Stefano Dughera, Fabio Landini
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16347
Gender-Biased Technological Change: Milking Machines and the Exodus of Women from Farming
Philipp Ager, Marc Goñi, Kjell G. Salvanes
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16345
Effects of E-commerce on Local Labor Markets
Anahid Bauer, Sofía Fernández Guerrico
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16317
The Electric Telegraph, News Coverage and Political Participation
Tianyi Wang
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16301
The Profit Motive in the Classroom - Friend or Foe?
Niklas Elert, Magnus Henrekson
published in: Journal of School Choice, 2024, 19 (1), 163–186
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16281
Emigrant Voyages from the UK to North America and Australasia, 1853-1913
Timothy J. Hatton
published in: Economic History Review, 2025, 78 (2), 452 - 473
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16274
Time on the Crossing: Emigrant Voyages across the Atlantic, 1853 to 1913
Timothy J. Hatton
published in: European Review of Economic History, 2024, 28 (1), 120–133
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16227
New Technologies and Jobs in Europe
Stefania Albanesi, António Dias da Silva, Juan F. Jimeno, Ana Lamo, Alena Wabitsch
published in: Economic Policy, 2025, 40 (121), 71–139
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16226
Household and Individual Economic Responses to Different Health Shocks: The Role of Medical Innovations
Volha Lazuka
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16203
Managerial Practices and Student Performance: Evidence from Changes in School Principals
Adriana Di Liberto, Ludovica Giua, Fabiano Schivardi, Marco Sideri, Giovanni Sulis
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16199
Innovation and the Labor Market: Theory, Evidence and Challenges
Nicoletta Corrocher, Daniele Moschella, Jacopo Staccioli, Marco Vivarelli
published in: Industrial and Corporate Change, 2024, 33 (3), 519–540
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16191
We Already Live in a Degrowth World, and We Do Not like It
Wim Naudé
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16139
Melancholy Hues: The Futility of Green Growth and Degrowth, and the Inevitability of Societal Collapse
Wim Naudé
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16114
Socioeconomic Inequality in Low-Carbon Technology Adoption
Andrew Burlinson, Apostolos Davillas, Monica Giulietti
revised version published in: Energy Economics, 2025, 143, 108244
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16108
The Long-Term Causal Effects of Winning an ERC Grant
Corinna Ghirelli, Enkelejda Havari, Elena Claudia Meroni, Stefano Verzillo
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16101
Is Mobile Money Changing Rural Africa? Evidence from a Field Experiment
Catia Batista, Pedro C. Vicente
published in: Review of Economics and Statistics, 2025, 107 (3), 835–844.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16046
Social Media Charity Campaigns and Pro-social Behaviour. Evidence from the Ice Bucket Challenge
Andrea Fazio, Tommaso G. Reggiani, Francesco Scervini
revised version published in: Journal of Economic Psychology, 2023, 96, 102624
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16043
Africa's Industrialization Prospects: A Fresh Look
Wim Naudé, Fiona Tregenna
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16034
Military Spending and Innovation: Learning from 19th Century World Fair Exhibition Data
Alexander M. Danzer, Natalia Danzer, Carsten Feuerbaum
published in: Industrial and Corporate Change, 2024, 33 (4), 831–854,
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16007
Political Connections, Business Groups and Innovation
Simon Commander, Saul Estrin, Thamashi De Silva
published in: Comperative Economic Studies, 2024, 66, 639–660
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16000
Artificial Intelligence and the Economics of Decision-Making
Wim Naudé
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15997
Robots and Workers: Evidence from the Netherlands
Daron Acemoglu, Hans R.A. Koster, Ceren Ozgen
forthcoming in: Journal of Labor Economics
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15980
Remote Work across Jobs, Companies, and Space
Stephen Hansen, Peter John Lambert, Nicholas Bloom, Steven J. Davis, Raffaella Sadun, Bledi Taska
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15924
Extraterrestrial Artificial Intelligence: The Final Existential Risk?
Wim Naudé
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15842
Does Access to Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Reduce Women Household Burden? Evidence from India
Qinghe Su, Mehtabul Azam
published in: Energy Economics, 2023, 119, 106529
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15772
Technological and Organizational Change and the Careers of Workers
Michele Battisti, Christian Dustmann, Uta Schönberg
published in: Journal of the European Economic Association, 2023, 21 (4), 1551–1594
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15767
Social Networks, Gender Norms and Women's Labor Supply: Experimental Evidence Using a Job Search Platform
Farzana Afridi, Amrita Dhillon, Sanchari Roy, Nikita Sangwan
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15752
The Impact of ICT and Robots on Labour Market Outcomes of Demographic Groups in Europe
Maciej Albinowski, Piotr Lewandowski
published in: Labour Economics, 2024, 87, 102481
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15731
The Empirics of Technology, Employment and Occupations: Lessons Learned and Challenges Ahead
Fabio Montobbio, Jacopo Staccioli, Maria Enrica Virgillito, Marco Vivarelli
published in: Journal of Economic Surveys, 2024, 38 (5), 1622-1655
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15725
Government Subsidies as a Risk-Sharing Policy Tool in Innovation Investment
Hao Lu, Claudia De Fuentes, Joniada Milla, Soheil Ahmadi
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15713
The Future Economics of Artificial Intelligence: Mythical Agents, a Singleton and the Dark Forest
Wim Naudé
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15711
Medical Innovation and Health Disparities
Barton H. Hamilton, Andrés Hincapié, Emma C. Kalish, Nicholas W. Papageorge
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