Discussion Papers

IZA Discussion Paper No. 18664

Beyond Startups: Sweden’s Scale-Up Challenge

Magnus Henrekson

IZA Discussion Paper No. 18664

Beyond Startups: Sweden’s Scale-Up Challenge

Magnus Henrekson

IZA Discussion Paper No. 18635

Immigrant Business Owner Activity in the Pandemic and Recovery

Robert W. Fairlie

IZA Discussion Paper No. 18442

Does AI Cheapen Talk? Theory and Evidence From Global Entrepreneurship and Hiring

Bo Cowgill, Pablo Hernandez-Lagos, Nataliya Langburd Wright

IZA Discussion Paper No. 18414

Subsidy for the First Hires and Firm Performance

Haotian Deng, Sam Desiere, Bart Cockx, Gert Bijnens

IZA Discussion Paper No. 18337

Persistence of Gender Norms and Women Entrepreneurship

Ulrich Kaiser, José Mata

IZA Discussion Paper No. 18245

Evaluators’ Masculine Gender Identity May Drive Gender Biases in Peer Evaluation of Business Plans

Magdalena Adamus, Martin Guzi, Eva Ballová Mikušková

published in: Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics, 2025, 102473.

IZA Discussion Paper No. 18227

Daily Recovery Experiences of Japanese Small Business Owners and the Link with Well-Being and Ill-Being

Roy Thurik, Masatoshi Kato, Peter van der Zwan, Chihiro Kageura

IZA Discussion Paper No. 18204

Decline in Job Satisfaction and How It Relates to Investment Decisions of the Self-Employed

Jörn Block, Miriam Gnad, Alexander S. Kritikos, Caroline Stiel

published in: Applied Psychology, 2025, 74 (6), e70039

IZA Discussion Paper No. 18160

A Tale of Two Startups: The Loss and Gain of Startups in the U.S. Economy in the Pandemic

Robert W. Fairlie, Frank M. Fossen, Ke Lyu

revised version published in: Small Business Economics, 2026, 66, 1665-1672, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-025-01171-7

IZA Discussion Paper No. 18143

AI Business Applications Training and Business Outcomes: An Inclusive Intervention for Underrepresented Entrepreneurs

Nick Drydakis

IZA Discussion Paper No. 18143

AI Business Applications Training and Business Outcomes: An Inclusive Intervention for Underrepresented Entrepreneurs

Nick Drydakis

IZA Discussion Paper No. 18101

How Do Minimum Wages Affect Nonemployer Businesses in the United States?

Ke Lyu, Frank M. Fossen

IZA Discussion Paper No. 18009

An Estimated Model of Employer and Non-Employer Entrepreneurship

Md Mobarak Hossain, Frank M. Fossen, Sankar Mukhopadhyay

IZA Discussion Paper No. 17994

Built, Not Born: How Education Predicts Billionaire Wealth

Michael Jan Kendzia, Tomas Neville, Maya Gadgil

IZA Discussion Paper No. 17801

Female Representation and Talent Allocation in Entrepreneurship: The Role of Early Exposure to Entrepreneurs

Mikkel Mertz, Maddalena Ronchi, Viola Salvestrini

IZA Discussion Paper No. 17794

Climate Technology Entrepreneurship: A Primer

Wim Naudé

IZA Discussion Paper No. 17730

(Mis)Pricing in Loans to Businesses Owned by People of Color

William D. Bradford, Chunbei Wang, Magnus Lofstrom, Michael Verchot

short version published as 'Are Loans to Minority-Owned Firms Mispriced?' in: AEA Papers and Proceedings, 2025, 115, 477–482

IZA Discussion Paper No. 17672

Long-Term and Lasting Impacts of Personal Initiative Training on Entrepreneurial Success

Francisco Campos, Michael Frese, Leonardo Iacovone, Hillary C. Johnson, David McKenzie, Mona Mensmann

forthcoming in: American Economic Review: Insights

IZA Discussion Paper No. 17638

From Startup to Success: Using Gen Z Entrepreneurs to Teach Economics

Stefani Milovanska-Farrington, Dirk Mateer

published in: Business Education Innovation Journal, 2026, 18(1)

IZA Discussion Paper No. 17577

Neo-Schumpeterian Growth Theory: Missing Entrepreneurs Results in Incomplete Policy Advice

Magnus Henrekson, Dan Johansson

Henrekson, Magnus, and Dan Johansson (2025). “Neo–Schumpeterian Growth Theory: Missing Entrepreneurs Results in Incomplete Policy Advice”. Small Business Economics 65(1), 407–425. doi.org/10.1007/s11187-024-00994-0

IZA Discussion Paper No. 17548

Small Business Owners and Daily Recovery Experiences: The Link with Well-Being and Burnout

Mathieu Le Moal, Roy Thurik, Olivier Torrès, Guillaume Soenen

forthcoming in: Small Business Economics, 2026

IZA Discussion Paper No. 17516

Small Enterprises' Digital Competencies and Financial Performance

Nick Drydakis

published in: V. Aranitou, A. Angelakis, and M. Manioudis (eds), The Economic Impact of Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises Analytical Approaches to Growth and Innovation Challenges Amid Crises in Europe, Palgrave Macmillan, London, 2025, 55–68

IZA Discussion Paper No. 17321

Business Disruptions Due to Social Vulnerability and Criminal Activities in Urban Areas

Nick Drydakis

published in: Journal of Criminal Justice, 2024, 95, 102293

IZA Discussion Paper No. 17281

Aggregate Implications of Barriers to Female Entrepreneurship

Gaurav Chiplunkar, Pinelopi Koujianou Goldberg

IZA Discussion Paper No. 17231

Entrepreneurs: Clueless, Biased, Poor Heuristics, or Bayesian Machines?

Thomas B. Astebro, Frank M. Fossen, Cédric Gutierrez

published in: A. Agrawal et al. (eds), Bayesian Entrepreneurship, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 2026, https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/15918.003.0009.

IZA Discussion Paper No. 17231

Entrepreneurs: Clueless, Biased, Poor Heuristics, or Bayesian Machines?

Thomas B. Astebro, Frank M. Fossen, Cédric Gutierrez

published in: A. Agrawal et al. (eds), Bayesian Entrepreneurship, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 2026, https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/15918.003.0009.

IZA Discussion Paper No. 17170

The Long Run Gender Origins of Entrepreneurship: Evidence from Australia's Convict History

Sefa Awaworyi Churchill, Simon Chang, Russell Smyth, Trong-Anh Trinh

IZA Discussion Paper No. 17158

Entrepreneurship Is Dangerously Obsessed with Growth and Incompatible with Current Visions of a Post-growth Society

Wim Naudé

IZA Discussion Paper No. 17075

The African Entrepreneurial Ecosystem Index: Conceptual, Methodological and Empirical Flaws and the Way Forward

Wim Naudé

published online in: Journal of Technology Transfer, 25 April 2025

IZA Discussion Paper No. 17055

Artificial Intelligence and Entrepreneurship

Frank M. Fossen, Trevor McLemore, Alina Sorgner

published in: Foundations and Trends in Entrepreneurship, 2024, 20 (8), 781-904

IZA Discussion Paper No. 17055

Artificial Intelligence and Entrepreneurship

Frank M. Fossen, Trevor McLemore, Alina Sorgner

published in: Foundations and Trends in Entrepreneurship, 2024, 20 (8), 781-904

IZA Discussion Paper No. 17055

Artificial Intelligence and Entrepreneurship

Frank M. Fossen, Trevor McLemore, Alina Sorgner

published in: Foundations and Trends in Entrepreneurship, 2024, 20 (8), 781-904

IZA Discussion Paper No. 17055

Artificial Intelligence and Entrepreneurship

Frank M. Fossen, Trevor McLemore, Alina Sorgner

published in: Foundations and Trends in Entrepreneurship, 2024, 20 (8), 781-904

IZA Discussion Paper No. 16950

What Works in Supporting Women-Led Businesses?

Diego Ubfal

IZA Discussion Paper No. 16930

Long-Term Effects of Shocks on New Opportunity and Necessity Entrepreneurship

Emilio Congregado, Frank M. Fossen, Nicola Rubino, David Troncoso

IZA Discussion Paper No. 16930

Long-Term Effects of Shocks on New Opportunity and Necessity Entrepreneurship

Emilio Congregado, Frank M. Fossen, Nicola Rubino, David Troncoso

IZA Discussion Paper No. 16916

Is the Scholarly Field of Entrepreneurship at Its End?

Wim Naudé

published as 'Business and entrepreneurship is declining as scholarly field: Empirical evidence' in: PLOS ONE, 2025, 20 (5), e0323297

IZA Discussion Paper No. 16683

Income Taxation and Hours Worked in Different Types of Entrepreneurship

Ege Can, Frank M. Fossen

revised version published in: B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis and Policy, 2026, 26 (1), 245-297.

IZA Discussion Paper No. 16679

Access to Digital Finance: Equity Crowdfunding across Countries and Platforms

Saul Estrin, Susanna Khavul, Alexander S. Kritikos, Jonas Löher

published in: PLoS ONE, 2024, 19 (1), e0293292.

IZA Discussion Paper No. 16662

Capital Markets, Temporary Migration and Entrepreneurship: Evidence from Bangladesh

Laurent Bossavie, Joseph-Simon Goerlach, Çağ lar Özden, He Wang

published in: World Development, 2024, 176, 106505

IZA Discussion Paper No. 16534

Are Senior Entrepreneurs Happier than Who? The Role of Income and Health

Michael Fritsch, Alina Sorgner, Michael Wyrwich

IZA Discussion Paper No. 16515

Are Immigrants Particularly Entrepreneurial? Policy Lessons from a Selective Immigration System

David A. Green, Huju Liu, Yuri Ostrovsky, Garnett Picot

IZA Discussion Paper No. 16489

Unintended Consequences of Youth Entrepreneurship Programs: Experimental Evidence from Rwanda

Moussa Blimpo, Todd Pugatch

IZA Discussion Paper No. 16487

Bottom-up Policies Trump Top-down Missions

Magnus Henrekson, Mikael Stenkula

published in: Magnus Henrekson, Christian Sandström, and Mikael Stenkula (eds.), Moonshots and the New Industrial Policy, Cham: Springer, 2024, 309–331

IZA Discussion Paper No. 16483

Destructive Digital Entrepreneurship

Wim Naudé

published in: W. Naudé and B. Power (eds.), Handbook of Research on Entrepreneurship and Conflict, Elgar, 2024, 292–328

IZA Discussion Paper No. 16412

The Impacts of COVID-19 on Racial Inequality in Business Earnings

Robert W. Fairlie

published in: Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 2024, 43 (1), 258 - 288

IZA Discussion Paper No. 16408

Is Productive Entrepreneurship Getting Scarcer? A Reflection on the Contemporary Relevance of Baumol's Typology

Maria Minniti, Wim Naudé, Erik Stam

published in: W. Naudé and B. Power (eds.), Handbook of Research on Entrepreneurship and Conflict, Elgar, 2024, 18 - 44

IZA Discussion Paper No. 16319

Air Pollution and Entrepreneurship

Liwen Guo, Zhiming Cheng, Massimiliano Tani, Sarah Cook, Jiaqi Zhao, Xi Chen

published in: China Economic Review, 2025, 89, 102327

IZA Discussion Paper No. 16201

COVID-19 and Entrepreneurship

Alina Sorgner

published in: Zimmermann, K.F. (ed.) Handbook of Labor, Human Resources and Population Economics. Springer, Cham., 2023.