The IZA Discussion Paper Series (ISSN: 2365-9793) disseminates high-quality research by IZA network members to the scientific community and the interested public worldwide before they are later published in academic journals. Comprising more than 17,000 papers, IZA's publication flagship is the most influential working paper series in labor economics.

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4,256 IZA Discussion Papers
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16915
Application Barriers and the Socioeconomic Gap in Child Care Enrollment
Henning Hermes, Philipp Lergetporer, Frauke Peter, Simon Wiederhold
published in: Journal of the European Economic Association, 2025, 23 (3), 1133 -1172
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16910
Small Children, Big Problems: Childbirth and Crime
Diogo Britto, Roberto Hsu Rocha, Paolo Pinotti, Breno Sampaio
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16908
Mom's Out: Employment after Childbirth and Firm-Level Responses
Francesca Carta, Alessandra Casarico, Marta De Philippis, Salvatore Lattanzio
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16907
Well-Being throughout the COVID-19 Pandemic in Germany: Gendered Effects of Daycare and School Closures
Mathias Huebener, Sevrin Waights, C. Katharina Spieß
published in: K. Couch (ed.), Handbook of Inequality and COVID-19, Edward Elgar Publishing, 2025, 183 - 197
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16902
Equitable Use of Subsidized Child Care in Georgia
Thomas Goldring, David C. Ribar
published in: Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 2025, 70 , 65-78
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16899
The Extent and Consequences of Teacher Biases against Immigrants
Ellen Sahlström, Mikko Silliman
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16896
The Gender Division of Work across Countries
Charles Gottlieb, Cheryl Doss, Douglas Gollin, Markus Poschke
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16890
There and Back Again: Women's Marginal Commuting Costs
Annette Bergemann, Stephan Brunow, Isabel Stockton
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16887
Do Migrants Displace Native-Born Workers on the Labour Market? The Impact of Workers' Origin
Valentine Fays, Benoît Mahy, François Rycx
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16881
Daycare Enrollment Age and Child Development
Mette Gørtz, Vibeke Myrup Jensen, Sarah Sander
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16880
Access to Formal Childcare for Toddlers and Parental Employment and Earnings
Taiyo Fukai, Ayako Kondo
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16875
Longer Working Hours and Maternal Mental Health: A Comparison of Single vs. Partnered Mothers
Julija Simpson, John Wildman, Clare Bambra, Heather Brown
published as 'Do longer job hours matter for maternal mental health? A longitudinal analysis of single versus partnered mothers' in: Health Economics, 2024, 33 (12), 2742-2756
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16873
An Optimal Allocation of Asylum Seekers
Oded Stark, Grzegorz Kosiorowski
published in: Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 2024, 220, 1 - 11
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16871
Child Penalties and the Gender Gap in Home Production and the Labor Market
Pim Koopmans, Max van Lent, Jim Been
published in: Journal of Economic Literature, 2023, 61 (4), 1359–1409
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16867
A Tale of the Tails: The Value of a Statistical Life at the Tails of the Age Distribution
Thomas J. Kniesner, W. Kip Viscusi
published in Journal of Benefit-Cost Analysis, 2024, 15 (1), 204–222
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16862
Hometown Conflict and Refugees' Integration Efforts
Cevat Giray Aksoy, Gaurav Khanna, Victoria Marino, Semih Tumen
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16860
Gender Disparities in Inflation during the Cost-of-Living Crisis in Europe: A Novel Decomposition
Denisa M. Sologon, Karina Doorley, Cathal O'Donoghue
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16859
College Course Shutouts
Kevin J. Mumford, Richard Patterson, Anthony Yim
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16858
The Consequences of Miscarriage on Parental Investments
Aline Bütikofer, Deirdre Coy, Orla Doyle, Rita Ginja
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16852
Gender Difference in Household Consumption: Some Convergence over Three Decades
Cathal O'Donoghue, Karina Doorley, Denisa M. Sologon
published in: Economic and Social Review, 2024, 55(3), 357-386
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16849
Labour Market Disadvantages of Citizens with a Migration Background in Belgium: A Systematic Review
Louise Devos, Louis Lippens, Dries Lens, François Rycx, Mélanie Volral, Stijn Baert
published in: De Economist, 2025, 173 (1), 121–175
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16845
Do Recruiters Penalize Men Who Prefer Low Hours? Evidence from Online Labor Market Data
Daniel Kopp
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16843
Parental Leave, Worker Substitutability, and Firms' Employment
Mathias Huebener, Jonas Jessen, Daniel Kühnle, Michael Oberfichtner
published in: Economic Journal, 2025, 135 (669), 1467–1495
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16842
How China's "Later, Longer, Fewer" Campaign Extends Life Expectancy: A Study of Intergenerational Support for Elderly Parents
Cynthia Bansak, Eva Dziadula, Sophie Xuefei Wang
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16838
Healthcare Quality and Dementia Risk
José M. Aravena, Xi Chen, Becca R. Levy
published as 'Association between experiencing low healthcare quality and developing dementia' in: Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 2024, 72 (7), 2126-2132
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16833
Moving Out of the Comfort Zone: How Cultural Norms Affect Attitudes toward Immigration
Yvonne Giesing, Björn Kauder, Lukas Mergele, Niklas Potrafke, Panu Poutvaara
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16828
Refugees' Economic Integration and Firms
Matthew A. Cole, Liza Jabbour, Ceren Ozgen, Hiromi Yumoto
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16820
The Gendered Nature of the Cost-of-Living Crisis in Europe
Denisa M. Sologon, Karina Doorley, Cathal O'Donoghue, Eugenio Peluso
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16819
Behavioural Responses to Disability Insurance Generosity in a Work-Compatibility Setting
Francesca Zantomio, Michele Belloni, Vincenzo Carrieri, Elena Farina, Irene Simonetti
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16817
Diversity and Discrimination in the Classroom
Dan Anderberg, Gordon B. Dahl, Christina Felfe, Helmut Rainer, Thomas Siedler
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16815
New Findings on Racial Bias in Teachers' Evaluations of Student Achievement
Maria Zhu
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16804
The Subsidy Trap: Explaining the Unsatisfactory Effectiveness of Hiring Subsidies for the Senior Unemployed
Axana Dalle, Elsy Verhofstadt, Stijn Baert
published in: Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 2024, 227, 106713
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16803
Preferences over Relative Income within the Household
Johannes Hermle, Elena Herold, Nikolaus Hildebrand
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16802
Does a Tragic Event Affect Different Aspects of Attitudes toward Immigration?
Odelia Heizler (Cohen), Osnat Israeli
published in: Migration Studies, 2025, 13 (1), mnae001
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16799
Unveiling Shadows: The Impact of Unemployment on Child Maltreatment
Dan Brown, Elisabetta De Cao
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16793
Violence against Women and the Substitution of Help Services in Times of Lockdown: Triangulation of Three Data Sources in Germany
Cara Ebert, Janina Isabel Steinert
published in: Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 2025, 232, 106879
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16791
Improvements in Schooling Opportunities and Teen Births
Lucas N. Garcez, María Padilla-Romo, Cecilia Peluffo, Mayra Pineda-Torres
published in: Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 2025, 236, 107120
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16782
Do Women Fare Worse When Men Are Around? Quasi-Experimental Evidence
Marcela Gomez-Ruiz, María Cervini-Plá, Xavier Ramos
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16772
Nursing before and after COVID-19: Outflows, Inflows and Self-Employment
Guyonne Kalb, Jordy Meekes
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16768
The Impact of the Menstrual Cycle on Bargaining Behavior
Lina Lozano, Arno Riedl, Christina Rott
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16766
Artificial Intelligence and the Discovery of New Ideas: Is an Economic Growth Explosion Imminent?
Derick Almeida, Wim Naudé, Tiago Neves Sequeira
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16764
Childhood Circumstances and Health of American and Chinese Older Adults: A Machine Learning Evaluation of Inequality of Opportunity in Health
Shutong Huo, Derek Feng, Thomas M. Gill, Xi Chen
published in: China CDC Weekly, 2024, 6 (11), 213-218
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16762
The Cost of Following Traditional Gender Norms: Evidence from a Paid Leave for Seriously Ill Children
Valentina Paredes, Francisca Perez, Francisco J. Pino, Patricia Olmedo Cortés
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16760
Household Decisions and the Gender Gap in Job Satisfaction
Christian Bredemeier, Patrick Ndlovu, Suncica Vujic, Roland Winkler
published in: Scottish Journal of Political Economy, 2025, 72 (1), e12403
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16759
Does Information about Inequality and Discrimination in Early Child Care Affect Policy Preferences?
Henning Hermes, Philipp Lergetporer, Fabian Mierisch, Guido Schwerdt, Simon Wiederhold
published in: Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 2024, 228, 106780, 2024
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16756
The Long-Run Effects of California's Paid Family Leave Act On Women's Careers and Childbearing: New Evidence from a Regression Discontinuity Design and U.S. Tax Data
Martha J. Bailey, Tanya Byker, Elena Patel, Shanthi Ramnath
published in: American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, 2025, 17 (1), 401–431
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16755
What Skills Pay More? The Changing Demand and Return to Skills for Professional Workers
Cecily Josten, Helen Krause, Grace Lordan, Brian Yeung
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16754
Who Makes It to the Top? Differential Rewards to Personality across Gender and Occupation in the UK
Cecily Josten, Grace Lordan
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16752
Human Capital by Gender: A G20 and Selected Geographies Perspective
Barbara M. Fraumeni, Gang Liu, Shunsuke Managi
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16751
Working from Home and Job Satisfaction: The Role of Gender and Personality Traits
Piero Esposito, Silvia Mendolia, Sergio Scicchitano, Cristina Tealdi
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16750
Born under the Bad Sign: Intergenerational Effects of the Finnish Great Depression of the Early 1990s
Eiji Mangyo, Mika Haapanen, Petri Böckerman
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16743
Baby Bumps in the Road: The Impact of Parenthood on Job Performance, Human Capital, and Career Advancement
Olivia Healy, Jennifer A. Heissel
published online in: Review of Economics and Statistics, 22 August 2024
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16739
Ethnic Identity and Educational Outcomes
Teresa Randazzo, Matloob Piracha
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16733
Early Life Exposure to the Great Chinese Famine (1959–1961) and the Health of Older Adults in China: A Meta-Analysis (2008–2023)
Chi Shen, Xi Chen
published in: China CDC Weekly, 2024, 6(11), 203-207
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16729
How Daycare Quality Shapes Norms around Daycare Use and Parental Employment: Experimental Evidence from Germany
Marie-Fleur Philipp, Silke Büchau, Pia S. Schober, Viktoria Werner, C. Katharina Spieß
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16721
Birds of a Feather Earn Together. Gender and Peer Effects at the Workplace
Julián Messina, Anna Sanz-de-Galdeano, Anastasia Terskaya
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16716
Measuring Job Risks When Hedonic Wage Models Do Not Do the Job
Susana Ferreira, Sara Martinez-de-Morentin, Amaya Erro-Garcés
published in: Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 2025, 130, 103120
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16711
Adversarial Economic Preferences Predict Right-Wing Voting
Thomas Buser
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16710
Homeward Bound: How Migrants Seek Out Familiar Climates
Marguerite Obolensky, Marco Tabellini, Charles A. Taylor
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16709
The Role of Friends in the Opioid Epidemic
Effrosyni Adamopoulou, Jeremy Greenwood, Nezih Guner, Karen A. Kopecky
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16700
How the 1963 Equal Pay Act and 1964 Civil Rights Act Shaped the Gender Gap in Pay
Martha J. Bailey, Thomas Helgerman, Bryan Andrew Stuart
published in: Quarterly Journal of Economics, 2024, 139 (3), 1827–1878,
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16698
The Gendered Impact of In-State Tuition Policies on Undocumented Immigrants' College Enrollment, Graduation, and Employment
Susan L. Averett, Cynthia Bansak, Grace Condon, Eva Dziadula
published in: Journal on Migration and Human Security, 2024, 13 (1), 64-86
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16695
Automation and Gender: Implications for Occupational Segregation and the Gender Skill Gap
Patricia Cortes, Ying Feng, Nicolás Guida-Johnson, Jessica Pan
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16694
When Randomization Is Not Feasible: The Case of Parenting Skills Programs
Daniela Del Boca, Chiara D. Pronzato, Lucia Schiavon
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16692
Immigration, Monopsony and the Distribution of Firm Pay
Michael Amior, Jan Stuhler
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16689
Female Classmates, Disruption, and STEM Outcomes in Disadvantaged Schools: Evidence from a Randomized Natural Experiment
Sofoklis Goulas, Rigissa Megalokonomou, Yi Zhang
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16686
Gender-Specific Application Behavior, Matching, and the Residual Gender Earnings Gap
Benjamin Lochner, Christian Merkl
published online in: Economic Journal, 29 May 2025
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16676
School Starting Age and Infant Health
Cristina Borra, Libertad González, David Patiño
published in: Health Economics, 2024, 33 (6), 153-1191
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16675
Dealing With Imperfect Randomization: Inference for the Highscope Perry Preschool Program
James J. Heckman, Rodrigo Pinto, Azeem M. Shaikh
published in: Journal of Econometrics, 2024, 243 (1-2), 105683
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16672
Nothing Really Matters: Evaluating Demand-Side Moderators of Age Discrimination in Hiring
Axana Dalle, Louis Lippens, Stijn Baert
published online in: Social-Economic Review, 27 November 2024
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16669
Motherhood and the Cost of Job Search
Arnaud Philippe, Daphné Skandalis
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16667
Civil Rights Protests and Election Outcomes: Exploring the Effects of the Poor People's Campaign
D. Mark Anderson, Kerwin Kofi Charles, Krzysztof Karbownik, Daniel I. Rees, Camila Steffens
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16661
A New Time-Use Diary App to Measure Parental Investments
Maria Bigoni, Stefania Bortolotti, Margherita Fort, Annalisa Guarini, Daniela Iorio, Chiara Monfardini, Alessandra Sansavini, Davide Sansone, Chiara Suttora
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16655
Occupational Hazard? An Analysis of Birth Outcomes among Physician Mothers
Anupam B. Jena, David Slusky, Lilly Springer
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16651
From Refugees to Citizens: Labor Market Returns to Naturalization
Francesco Fasani, Tommaso Frattini, Maxime Pirot
this version: June 2024
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16641
Female Headship and Poverty in the Arab Region: Analysis of Trends and Dynamics Based on a New Typology
Shireen AlAzzawi, Hai-Anh H Dang, Vladimir Hlasny, Kseniya Abanokova, Jere R. Behrman
forthcoming in: Social Indicators Research, 2025
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16639
Can Effective Policy Implementation Alter Political Selection? Evidence from Female Legislators in India
S Anukriti, Rossella Calvi, Abhishek Chakravarty
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16635
Gender Differences in Teacher Judgement of Comparative Advantage
Judith M. Delaney, Paul J. Devereux
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16634
Subjective Gender-Based Patterns in ADHD Diagnosis
Marco Bertoni, Blas A. Marin-Lopez, Anna Sanz-de-Galdeano
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16632
HBCU Enrollment and Longer-Term Outcomes
Ashley Edwards, Justin Ortagus, Jonathan Smith, Andria Smythe
forthcoming in: American Economic Journal: Economic Policy
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16631
Gender Diversity and Diversity of Ideas
Michèle Belot, Madina Kurmangaliyeva, Johanna Reuter
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16628
Gender Gaps in Financial Literacy: A Multi-Arm RCT to Break the Response Bias in Surveys
Laura Hospido, Nagore Iriberri, Margarita Machelett
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16625
Strength in Numbers? Gender Composition, Leadership, and Women's Influence in Teams
Christopher F. Karpowitz, Stephen D. O'Connell, Jessica Preece, Olga B. Stoddard
published in: Journal of Political Economy, 2024, 132 (9), 3077–3114
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16622
Life-Cycle Effects of Comprehensive Sex Education
Volha Lazuka, Annika Elwert
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16620
Unexpected Inheritances and Household Labor Supply: Does the Identity of the Recipient Matter?
Ignacio Belloc, José Alberto Molina, Jorge Velilla
published in: Review of Income and Wealth, 2025, 71 (1), e12723
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16617
Female Board Representation and Corporate Performance: A Review and New Estimates for Australia
Nicholas Bayly, Robert Breunig, Chris Wokker
published in: Economic Record, 2024, 100 (330), 386-417
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16615
The "Demise of the Caregiving Daughter"? Gender Employment Gaps and the Use of Formal and Informal Care in Europe
Eric Bonsang, Joan Costa-Font
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16613
Gender Pay Gaps across STEM Fields of Study
Tomasz Zając, Iga Magda, M. Bożykowski, Agnieszka Chłoń-Domińczak, M. Jasiński
published in: Studies in Higher Education, 2025, 50 (1), 126-139
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16612
What Explains the Growing Gender Education Gap? The Effects of Parental Background, the Labor Market and the Marriage Market on College Attainment
Zvi Eckstein, Michael P. Keane, Osnat Lifshitz
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16608
The Effects of the Dobbs Decision on Fertility
Daniel Dench, Mayra Pineda-Torres, Caitlin Knowles Myers
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16598
Discrimination against Women in Hiring
Adam Osman, Jamin D. Speer, Andrew Weaver
published in: Economic Development and Cultural Change, 2025, 73 (2), 781-809
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16596
The Long-Term Impact of Parental Migration on the Health of Young Left-behind Children
Jinkai Li, Erga Luo, Bart Cockx
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16593
Using Domain-Specific Word Embeddings to Examine the Demand for Skills
Sugat Chaturvedi, Kanika Mahajan, Zahra Siddique
published in: B. Elsner and S. W. Polachek (eds.), Big Data Applications in Labor Economics (Research in Labor Economics Vol. 52B), Emerald, 2024, 171-223
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16592
School Closures, Mortality, and Human Capital: Evidence from the Universe of Closures during the 1918 Pandemic in Sweden
Christian M. Dahl, Casper W. Hansen, Peter S. Jensen, Martin Karlsson, Daniel Kühnle
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16584
Gender Differences in High School Choices: Do Math and Language Skills Play a Role?
Dalit Contini, Maria Laura Di Tommaso, Anna Maccagnan, Silvia Mendolia
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16577
Gender Differences in Reservation Wages in Search Experiments
Andrew McGee, Peter McGee
published in: Labour Economics, 2025, 94, 102698
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16569
Mothers at Peace: International Peacebuilding and Post-conflict Fertility
Vincenzo Bove, Jessica Di Salvatore, Leandro Elia, Roberto Nistico
published in: Journal of Development Economics, 2024, 167, 103226
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16567
Intergenerational Health Mobility in Germany
Daniel Graeber
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16566
Export and Labor Market Outcomes: A Supply Chain Perspective - Evidence from Vietnam
Deeksha Kokas, Gladys Lopez-Acevedo, Ha Vu
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16565
Understanding the Impacts of Paid Maternity Leave on Women's Labor Market Outcomes
Lillian Bates, Oliver Hall, Pamela Jakiela
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