The IZA Discussion Paper Series (ISSN: 2365-9793) disseminates high-quality research by IZA network members to the scientific community and the interested public worldwide before they are later published in academic journals. Comprising more than 17,000 papers, IZA's publication flagship is the most influential working paper series in labor economics.

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397 IZA Discussion Papers
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18252
Women’s Empowerment in Times of Conflict: Evidence from Yemen
Phoebe W. Ishak, Alia Aghajanian, Yashodhan Ghorpade
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18230
Do Women Ask for Less? Evidence from Reservation Wages in Italy
Vincenzo Scoppa, Idola Francesca Spanò
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18210
A Change Is Gonna Come: Universality, Stability, and Shocks in Personality Traits in Rural India
Arnaud Natal, Christophe Jalil Nordman
forthcoming in: The Journal of Development Studies, 2025
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18208
Freed from the Boys: How Single-Sex Schooling Shapes Girls’ Effort and Performance in High-Stakes Exams
Caterina Calsamiglia, Yarine Fawaz, Daniel Fernández-Kranz, Junhee Lee
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18172
Relative Income and Gender Norms: Evidence from Latin America
Ercio A. Muñoz, Dario Sansone, João Tampellini
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18086
Adolescent Core Self-Evaluation and Adult Interpersonal Trust: Evidence from the 1970 British Cohort Study
Anna Adamecz, Hubert János Kiss
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18064
Orchestrating Success: Music Proficiency, Emotional Intelligence and Mental Health in Young Adulthood
Lucia Mangiavacchi, Luca Piccoli, Giulia Gambardella
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18057
Beyond Income: Understanding Preferences for Redistribution Among the Top 1%
Matías Strehl-Pessina, Marcelo Bergolo, Martin Leites
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18004
Childcare as Infrastructure: The Impact of COVID-19 on Childcare and Gender Equity
Alicia Sasser Modestino, Zachary Finn, Jamie Ladge, Alisa Lincoln
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17976
Measuring the Sources of Taste-Based Discrimination Using List Experiments
Ariel Listo, Ercio A. Muñoz, Dario Sansone
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17953
Teacher Gender Effects on Students’ Socio-Emotional Skills
Greta Morando, Sonkurt Sen
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17929
The Work-Habit Premium: How Daily Routines Predict CEO Remuneration in the S&P 500
Michael Jan Kendzia, Cyrill Diaz de la Rosa, Jeremy Dela Cruz
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17912
Beyond Time: Unveiling the Invisible Burden of Mental Load
Francesca Barigozzi, Pietro Biroli, Chiara Monfardini, Natalia Montinari, Elena Pisanelli, Sveva Vitellozzi
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17892
Belief Updating About Moral Norms: Does Group Identity Matter?
David L. Dickinson, Marie Claire Villeval
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17858
Solidarity and Discrimination Within and Between Generations: Evidence from a Dutch Population Sample
Arno Riedl, Hans Schmeets, Peter Werner
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17838
Lifecycle Wages and Human Capital Investments: Selection and Missing Data
Laurent Gobillon, Thierry Magnac, Sébastien Roux
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17832
The Effect of Compulsory Education on Non-Cognitive Skills: Evidence from Low- and Middle-Income Countries
Antonia Entorf, Thomas Dohmen
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17823
War and Peace: How Economic Prospects Drive Conflictuality
Shuguang Jiang, Marie Claire Villeval, Zhengping Zhang, Jie Zheng
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17822
Trust as a Social Norm? A Lab-in-the-Field Experiment with Refugees in Switzerland
Stefanie S. Baumgartner, Fabio Galeotti, Thierry Madies, Marie Claire Villeval
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17749
Narratives of Migration and Political Polarization: Private Preferences, Public Preferences and Social Media
Eugenio Levi, Michael Bayerlein, Gianluca Grimalda, Tommaso G. Reggiani
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17737
Where the Rubber Meets the Road: Examining Efficiency and Equity in Designing Summer Youth Employment Programs
Alicia Sasser Modestino, Mindy Marks, Hanna Hoover, Hitanshu Pandit
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17718
Objective Calls Under the Spotlight: Referee Consistency and Behaviour on Football's Biggest Stage
David Butler, Robert Butler, Carl Singleton
forthcoming in: Journal of Sports Economics, 2025
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17708
The Role of Interpersonal Uncertainty in Prosocial Behavior
Anujit Chakraborty, Luca Henkel
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17676
Willingness to Compete in Dirty Competitions
Thomas Buser, Sahar Sangi
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17634
Homebound Happiness? Teleworkability of Jobs and Emotional Well-Being During Labor and Non-labor Activities
Juliane Hennecke, Andreas Knabe
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17525
The Rise of Social Media and the Fall in Mental Wellbeing among Young Australians
Andrew Leigh, Stephen Robson
published in: Australian Economic Review, 2025, 58 (1), 33-38
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17512
Inequity Aversion in Subjective Evaluations: Evidence from Referees' Decisions in Soccer
Leo Morabito, Vincenzo Scoppa
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17508
Sorting It Out: Contribution-Action Gap in Waste Segregation in Urban India
Ahana Basistha, Nishith Prakash, Raisa Sherif
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17482
Psychology of Debt in Rural South India
Arnaud Natal, Christophe Jalil Nordman
published in: Journal of Development Studies, 2025, 61 (7), 1042 - 1057
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17448
Trump Ante Portas: Political Polarization Undermines Rule-Following Behavior
Christoph Feldhaus, Lukas Reinhardt, Matthias Sutter
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17443
Peer Effects and Marriage Formation
Abigail Wozniak, Michael T. Baker, Susan P. Carter
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17415
Present Bias in Choices over Food and Money
Alexander M. Danzer, Helen Zeidler
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17384
Youngism: Discrimination and Stereotypes
Vojtech Bartos, Michal Bauer, Jana Cahlíková, Julie Chytilová
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17332
Noncognitive Human Capital and Misreporting Behavior in Online Surveys
Haizheng Li, Qinyi Liu, Yiting Xu
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17315
Competing for Influence in Networks through Strategic Targeting
Margherita Comola, Agnieszka Rusinowska, Marie Claire Villeval
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17302
Creative and Strategic Capabilities of Generative AI: Evidence from Large-Scale Experiments
Noah Bohren, Rustamdjan Hakimov, Rafael Lalive
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17289
Competitive Peers: The Way to Higher Paying Jobs?
Claudio Schilter, Samuel Lüthi, Stefan C. Wolter
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17287
One Size Fits All? The Interplay of Incentives, Effort Provision, and Personality
Zvonimir Bašić, Stefania Bortolotti, Daniel Salicath, Stefan Schmidt, Sebastian O. Schneider, Matthias Sutter
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17267
Evaluating Yourself and Your Peers
Mingye Ma, Gerhard Riener, Youzong Xu
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17265
Family Stress and the Intergenerational Correlation in Self-Control
Deborah A. Cobb-Clark, Haniene Tayeb
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17220
Do Contract Remedies Affect Efficient Renegotiation? An Experiment
Maria Bigoni, Stefania Bortolotti, Francesco Parisi, Xin Zhang
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17180
The Meritocratic Illusion: Inequality and the Cognitive Basis of Redistribution
Arthur Blouin, Anandi Mani, Sharun Mukand, Daniel Sgroi
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17168
How Cognitive Skills Affect Strategic Behavior: Cognitive Ability, Fluid Intelligence and Judgment
David Gill, Zachary Knepper, Victoria L. Prowse, Junya Zhou
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17112
Cognitive Abilities and the Demand for Bad Policy
Salvatore Nunnari, Eugenio Proto, Aldo Rustichini
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17087
Do Beliefs in the Model Minority Stereotype Reduce Attention to Inequality That Adversely Affects Asian Americans?
Shuai Chen, Nattavudh Powdthavee, Juliane V. Wiese
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17082
The Impact of Peer Performance and Relative Rank on Managerial Career Attainment: Evidence from College Students
Rafael Perez Ribas, Breno Sampaio, Giuseppe Trevisan
pubished in: Management Science, 2025, 71 (5), 4510–4531
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17078
Assessing Dishonesty in Cocoa Value Chains: Lab-in-the-Field Evidence from Middlemen in Côte D'Ivoire
Delphine Boutin, Marine Jouvin, Louis Olié
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17044
Rank, Stress, and Risk: A Conjecture
Oded Stark, Julia Wlodarczyk
published in: Social Science & Medicine, 2024, 350, 116841
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17039
Coarse Wage-Setting and Behavioral Firms
Germán Reyes
published online in: Review of Economics and Statistics, June 2024
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17032
On the Psychological Foundations of Ambiguity and Compound Risk Aversion
Keyu Wu, Ernst Fehr, Sean Hofland, Martin Schonger
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17017
News, Emotions, and Policy Views on Immigration
Elena Manzoni, Elie Murard, Simone Quercia, Sara Tonini
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17013
Can Reminders Promote Regular Pro-Environmental Behavior? Experimental Evidence from Peru
Hanna Fuhrmann-Riebel, Ben D'Exelle, Kristian López Vargas, Sebastian Tonke, Arjan Verschoor
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17010
The Modification of Social Space as a Tool for Lowering Social Stress
Oded Stark
published in: Economics & Human Biology. 2024, 53, 101349
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16963
Can Awareness Reduce (and Reverse) Identity-Driven Bias in Judgement? Evidence from International Cricket
Subhasish M Chowdhury, Sarah Jewell, Carl Singleton
published in: Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 2024, 226, 106697.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16833
Moving Out of the Comfort Zone: How Cultural Norms Affect Attitudes toward Immigration
Yvonne Giesing, Björn Kauder, Lukas Mergele, Niklas Potrafke, Panu Poutvaara
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16803
Preferences over Relative Income within the Household
Johannes Hermle, Elena Herold, Nikolaus Hildebrand
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16736
Lost in Transmission
Thomas W Graeber, Shakked Noy, Christopher Roth
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16711
Adversarial Economic Preferences Predict Right-Wing Voting
Thomas Buser
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16643
Human Values and Selection into Supervisory Positions: Evidence from Nine European Countries
Mihails Hazans, Jaan Masso, Per Botolf Maurseth
revised version published online in International Journal of Manpower, 9 September 2025
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16633
The Heritability of Economic Preferences
Nathan Kettlewell, Agnieszka Tymula, Hong Il Yoo
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16628
Gender Gaps in Financial Literacy: A Multi-Arm RCT to Break the Response Bias in Surveys
Laura Hospido, Nagore Iriberri, Margarita Machelett
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16534
Are Senior Entrepreneurs Happier than Who? The Role of Income and Health
Michael Fritsch, Alina Sorgner, Michael Wyrwich
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16490
Recession Experiences during Early Adulthood Shape Prosocial Attitudes Later in Life
Jan Bietenbeck, Uwe Sunde, Petra Thiemann
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16445
Risk Attitudes and Informal Employment in Ukraine
Thomas Dohmen, Melanie Khamis, Hartmut Lehmann, Norberto Pignatti
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16404
Humans versus Chatbots: Scaling-up Behavioral Interventions to Reduce Teacher Shortages
Nicolas Ajzenman, Gregory Elacqua, Analía Jaimovich, Graciela Pérez-Núñez
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16343
Order Effects in Eliciting Preferences
Orestis Kopsacheilis, Sebastian J. Goerg
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16338
Dark versus Light Personality Types and Moral Choice
David L. Dickinson
published in: European Economic Review, 2025, 178, 105092
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16324
Does Unfairness Hurt Women? The Effects of Losing Unfair Competitions
Stefano Piasenti, Marica Valente, Roel van Veldhuizen, Gregor Pfeifer
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16306
Gambling Habits and Probability Judgements in a Bayesian Task Environment
David L. Dickinson, Parker Reid
revised version published in: Journal of Gambling Studies, 2025, 98, 95- 152
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16293
Corrupted by Algorithms? How AI-Generated and Human-Written Advice Shape (Dis)Honesty
Margarita Leib, Nils Köbis, Rainer Michael Rilke, Marloes Hagens, Bernd Irlenbusch
published in: Economic Journal, 2024, 134 (658), 766 - 784
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16264
Covid-19 and Income Inequality in OECD Countries: A Methodological Comment
Oded Stark
published in: European Journal of Health Economics, 2023, 24, 1235–1237
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16224
The Anatomy of Competitiveness
Thomas Buser, Hessel Oosterbeek
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16205
A Behaviorally-Validated Warm Glow Questionnaire
Jeffrey P. Carpenter, Alex Lyford, Mingfang Zhang
published in: Journal of the Economic Sciene Association, 2024, 10, 310–329
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16187
Socioemotional Development during Adolescence: Evidence from a Large Macro Shock
Ghazala Azmat, Katja Maria Kaufmann, Yasemin Özdemir
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16179
When Fairness Is Not Enough: The Disproportionate Contributions of the Poor in a Collective Action Problem
Eugene Malthouse, Charlie Pilgrim, Thomas Hills, Daniel Sgroi
published in: Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 2023, 152 (11), 3229–3242
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16151
Free to Fail? Paternalistic Preferences in the United States
Björn Bartling, Alexander W. Cappelen, Henning Hermes, Marit Skivenes, Bertil Tungodden
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16142
Donations and Unpaid Activities
Olaf Hübler
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16138
The Gender Reference Point Gap
Nathan Kettlewell, Jonathan Levy, Agnieszka Tymula, Xueting Wang
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16137
Nudging in Complex Environments
Alexander K. Koch, Dan Monster, Julia Nafziger
published as 'Spillover effects of reminder nudges in complex environments' in: PNAS, 2024; 121 (17), e23225491
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16130
On a Tendency in Health Economics to Dwell on Income Inequality and Underestimate Social Stress
Oded Stark
published in: Economics & Human Biology, 2023, 49, 101232
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16126
After You. Cognition and Health-Distribution Preferences
Martín Brun, Conchita D'Ambrosio, Ada Ferrer-i-Carbonell, Xavier Ramos
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16125
Using Genes to Explore the Relationship of Cognitive and Non-cognitive Skills with Education and Labor Market Outcomes
Thomas Buser, Rafael Ahlskog, Magnus Johannesson, Philipp Koellinger, Sven Oskarsson
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16061
Locus of Control and the Preference for Agency
Marco Caliendo, Deborah A. Cobb-Clark, Juliana Silva Goncalves, Arne Uhlendorff
published in: European Economic Review, 2024, 165, 104737
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16054
Peacefully Demobilizing Rebels: Identity, Emotional Cues, and the FARC
Juan P. Aparicio, Michael Jetter, Christopher Parsons
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16025
Tournament Incentives Affect Perceived Stress and Hormonal Stress Responses
Thomas Dohmen, Ingrid M.T. Rohde, Tom Stolp
published in: Experimental Economics, 2023, 26 (4), 955–985.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16006
Social Norms and Female Labor Force Participation in Bangladesh: The Role of Social Expectations and Reference Networks
Luna Bellani, Kumar Biswas, Sebastian Fehrler, Paul Marx, Shwetlena Sabarwal, Syed Rashed Al-Zayed Josh
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15972
Temperature and Low-Stakes Cognitive Performance
Xin Zhang, Xi Chen, Xiaobo Zhang
published in: Journal of the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, 2024, 11 (1), 75–96
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15960
Guilt Aversion in (New) Games: Does Partners' Payoff Vulnerability Matter?
Giuseppe Attanasi, Claire Rimbaud, Marie Claire Villeval
revised version published in: Games and Economic Behavior, 2023, 142, 690-717
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15934
Cognitive Misperception and Chronic Disease Awareness: Evidence from Blood Biomarker Data
Zhuoer Lin, Mingqi Fu, Xi Chen
published as 'Self-perceived memory is negatively associated with chronic disease awareness: Evidence from blood biomarker data' in: SSM - Population Health, 2023, 22, 101361
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15908
Risk-laden Migration as a Response to Relative Deprivation: A Hypothesis
Oded Stark
published as 'An Integrated Theory of Relative Deprivation and Risk-Laden Migration' in: Robert M. Sauer (ed.), World Scientific Handbook of Global Migration Vol. 2. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing, 2024, 165–175
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15897
Who Gets Vaccinated? Cognitive and Non-cognitive Predictors of Individual Behavior in Pandemics
Mark A. Andor, Thomas K. Bauer, Jana Eßer, Christoph M. Schmidt, Lukas Tomberg
published in: Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 2025, 87 (3), 562-585
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15854
Inequality and Risk Preference
Harry Pickard, Thomas Dohmen, Bert van Landeghem
[This version: February 2024] published in: Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 2024, 69, 191 - 217
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15848
Self-Efficacy and Entrepreneurial Performance of Start-Ups
Marco Caliendo, Alexander S. Kritikos, Daniel Rodriguez, Claudia Stier
published in: Small Business Economics, 2023, 61, 1027–1051
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15813
Dishonesty as a Collective-Risk Social Dilemma
Shuguang Jiang, Marie Claire Villeval
revised version published in: Economic Inquiry, 2024, 62, 223–241.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15796
Gender Differences in Adolescents' Socioemotional Development and Their Later Economic Consequences
Ghazala Azmat, Katja Maria Kaufmann, Yasemin Özdemir
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15769
Choice over Payment Schemes and Worker Effort
Martin Abel, Rulof Burger
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15768
Information Provision over the Phone Saves Lives: An RCT to Contain COVID-19 in Rural Bangladesh at the Pandemic's Onset
Shyamal Chowdhury, Hannah Schildberg-Hörisch, Sebastian O. Schneider, Matthias Sutter
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15766
Internet Use and Fertility Behavior among Reproductive-Age Women in China
Peng Nie, Xu Peng, Tianyuan Luo
published in: China Economic Review, 2023, 77, 101903
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15763
On the Psychology of the Relation between Optimism and Risk Taking
Thomas Dohmen, Simone Quercia, Jana Willrodt
published in: Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 2023, 67, 193–214.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15753
Public Opinion, Racial Bias, and Labor Market Outcomes
Kaveh Majlesi, Silvia Prina, Paul Sullivan
published in: Nature Human Behaviour, 2024, 8, 1493–1505
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