We evaluate the effect of technology, demographics and policy on the differential evolution of
the skill premium and on the rise in education investment in France and the USA. We use a
computable general equilibrium model with overlapping generations of individuals, and
endogenous education decisions. Human capital is made of two substitutable components,
experience and education, both of them evolve endogenously over time. We calibrate this
model on the post-war period and run counterfactual experiments to assess the effect of the
different exogenous variables. French expansionary education policy boosted the supply of
skills and kept the skill premium low. On the contrary, increasing education costs in the US
contributed to increase wage differentials by reducing the supply of skills. The skill biased
technical shock is key to understand rising school attendance and appears delayed in
France.