The IZA Discussion Paper Series (ISSN: 2365-9793) disseminates high-quality research by IZA network members to the scientific community and the interested public worldwide before they are later published in academic journals. Comprising more than 17,000 papers, IZA's publication flagship is the most influential working paper series in labor economics.

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75 IZA Discussion Papers
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17351
The Declining Relative Quality of the Child Care Workforce
Chris M. Herbst
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17133
Improving Parental Investments in Children: Experimental Evidence from The Gambia
Moussa Blimpo, Pedro Carneiro, Pamela Jervis Ortiz, Nathalie Lahire, Todd Pugatch
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17130
Impacts of Integrating Early Childhood with Health Services: Experimental Evidence from the Cresça Com Seu Filho Home Visiting Program
Florencia López Bóo, Maria de la Paz Ferro, Pedro Carneiro
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16961
Forced Displacement, Mental Health, and Child Development: Evidence from the Rohingya Refugees
Asadul Islam, Tanvir Ahmed Mozumder, Tabassum Rahman, Tanvir Shatil, Abu Siddique
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16915
Application Barriers and the Socioeconomic Gap in Child Care Enrollment
Henning Hermes, Philipp Lergetporer, Frauke Peter, Simon Wiederhold
forthcoming in: Journal of the European Economic Association, 2025
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16729
How Daycare Quality Shapes Norms around Daycare Use and Parental Employment: Experimental Evidence from Germany
Marie-Fleur Philipp, Silke Büchau, Pia S. Schober, Viktoria Werner, C. Katharina Spieß
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16442
High-Quality Early-Childhood Education at Scale: Evidence from a Multisite Randomized Trial
William Dougan, Jorge Luis García, Illia Polovnikov
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16370
The Dynastic Benefits of Early Childhood Education: Participant Benefits and Family Spillovers
Frederik H. Bennhoff, Jorge Luis García, Duncan Ermini Leaf
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16017
Effects of Early Childhood Climate on Cognitive Development and Home Environment
Wenjie Wu, Yang Zhe, Jun Hyung Kim, Ai Yue
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15940
Long-Term Effects of Rainfall Shocks on Foundational Cognitive Skills: Evidence from Peru
Nicolas Pazos, Marta Favara, Alan Sanchez, Douglas Scott, Jere R. Behrman
published in: Economics & Human Biology, 2024, 54, 101407
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15531
Universal Early Childhood Education and Adolescent Risky Behavior
Michihito Ando, Hiroaki Mori, Shintaro Yamaguchi
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15421
Effects of Extending Paid Parental Leave on Children's Socio-Emotional Skills and Well-Being in Adolescence
Mikkel Aagaard Houmark, Cecilie Marie Løchte Jørgensen, Ida Lykke Kristiansen, Miriam Gensowski
publishled in: European Economic Review, 2024, 170, 104880
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15094
Early Life Access to Polio Vaccines and Declining Disability Rates in India
Mayanka Ambade, Nidhiya Menon, S. V. Subramanian
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14868
The Health Effects of Universal Early Childhood Interventions: Evidence from Sure Start
Sarah Cattan, Gabriella Conti, Christine Farquharson, Rita Ginja, Maud Pecher
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14775
Civil War, Famine and the Persistence of Human Capital: Evidence from Tajikistan
Louise Grogan
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14698
Behavioral Barriers and the Socioeconomic Gap in Child Care Enrollment
Henning Hermes, Philipp Lergetporer, Frauke Peter, Simon Wiederhold
this is an earlier version of: IZA DP No. 16915: Application Barriers and the Socioeconomic Gap in Child Care Enrollment
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14670
Head Start Funding Expansions and Program Inputs
Chris M. Herbst, Esra Kose
published in: Public Finance Review, 2024, 52 (1), 42-77
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14591
Why Are Pollution Damages Lower in Developed Countries? Insights from High-Income, High-Particulate Matter Hong Kong
Jonathan Colmer, Dajun Lin, Siying Liu, Jay Shimshack
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14575
The Lasting Effects of Early Childhood Education on Promoting the Skills and Social Mobility of Disadvantaged African Americans
Jorge Luis García, James J. Heckman, Victor Ronda
published in: Journal of Political Economy, 2023, 131 (6), 1477 - 1506
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14525
The Dynastic Benefits of Early Childhood Education
Jorge Luis García, Frederik H. Bennhoff, Duncan Ermini Leaf, James J. Heckman
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14260
Ethnic Mixing in Early Childhood: Evidence from a Randomized Field Experiment and a Structural Model
Vincent Boucher, Semih Tumen, Michael Vlassopoulos, Jackline Wahba, Yves Zenou
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14173
The Impact of Caste: A Missing Link in the Literature on Stunting in India
Rajesh Ramachandran, Ashwini Deshpande
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14054
Experimental Evidence from an Integrated Early Childhood Parenting Program in Sierra Leone
Anjali Chandra, Subha Mani, Heather Dolphin, Meredith Dyson, Yembeh Marah
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14048
Child Care over the Business Cycle
Jessica H. Brown, Chris M. Herbst
published in: Journal of Labor Economics, 2022, 40 (S1), S429-S468
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13458
Reading Aloud to Children, Social Inequalities, and Vocabulary Development: Evidence from a Randomized Controlled Trial
Carlo Barone, Denis Fougère, Karine Martel
published in: Journal of Research on Educational Effectiveness, 2024, 17 (4), 746–769
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13101
Quantiles of the Gain Distribution of an Early Childhood Intervention
Erich Battistin, Carlos Lamarche, Enrico Rettore
published in: Journal of Applied Econometrics, 2024, 39 (6), 1045-1064
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13064
Early Childhood Education and Life-cycle Health
Jorge Luis García, James J. Heckman
published in: Health Economics, 2021, 30 (S1), 119-141
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12989
Efficient Targeting in Childhood Interventions
Alexander Paul, Dorthe Bleses, Michael Rosholm
published online in: Journal of Human Resources, 06 September 2023
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12904
Child Care Markets, Parental Labor Supply, and Child Development
Samuel Berlinski, Maria Marta Ferreyra, Luca Flabbi, Juan David Martin
published in: Journal of Political Economy, 2024, 132 (6), 2113–2177
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12590
Experimental Long-Term Effects of Early-Childhood and School-Age Exposure to a Conditional Cash Transfer Program
Teresa Molina Millán, Karen Macours, John Maluccio, Luis Tejerina
published in: Journal of Development Economics, 2020, 143, 102385
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12585
Cost-Effective Public Daycare in a Low-Income Economy Benefits Children and Mothers
Andrés Hojman, Florencia López Bóo
published as 'Public childcare benefits children and mothers: Evidence from a nationwide experiment in a developing country' in: Journal of Public Economics, 2022, 212, 104686
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12506
Parental Beliefs, Investments, and Child Development: Evidence from a Large-Scale Experiment
Pedro Carneiro, Emanuela Galasso, Italo Lopez Garcia, Paula Bedregal, Miguel Cordero
revised version published as 'Impacts of a Large-Scale Parenting Program: Experimental Evidence from Chile' in: Journal of Political Economy, 2024, 132 (4), 1113–1161
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12363
Intergenerational and Intragenerational Externalities of the Perry Preschool Project
James J. Heckman, Ganesh Karapakula
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12362
The Perry Preschoolers at Late Midlife: A Study in Design-Specific Inference
James J. Heckman, Ganesh Karapakula
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12163
Improving Access and Quality in Early Childhood Development Programs: Experimental Evidence from the Gambia
Moussa Blimpo, Pedro Carneiro, Pamela Jervis, Todd Pugatch
published in: Economic Development and Cultural Change, 2020, 70 (4), 1479 – 1529
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12109
Cash, Conditions and Child Development: Experimental Evidence from a Cash Transfer in Honduras
Florencia López Bóo, John Creamer
published in: Economia, LACEA, 2019, 19 (2), 169 - 196
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11985
Who's Minding the Kids? Experimental Evidence on the Demand for Child Care Quality
James Gordon, Chris M. Herbst, Erdal Tekin
published in: Economics of Education Review, 2021, 80, 102076
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11741
What Do Parents Value in a Child Care Provider? Evidence from Yelp Consumer Reviews
Chris M. Herbst, Kevin C. Desouza, Saud Alashri, Srinivasa Srivatsav Kandala, Mayank Khullar, Vikash Bajaj
published in: Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 2020, 51, 288-306
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11689
One Billion Euro Program for Early Childcare Services in Italy
Isabella Giorgetti, Matteo Picchio
published in: Metroeconomica, 2021, 72 (3), 469-492
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11533
Paid Parental Leave and Families' Living Arrangements
Kamila Cygan-Rehm, Daniel Kühnle, Regina T. Riphahn
published in: Labour Economics, 2018, 53, 182 - 197
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11452
Maternal Stress during Pregnancy and Early Childhood Development
Matias Berthelon, Diana Kruger, Rafael Sánchez
published in: Economics and Human Biology, 2021, 43, 101047
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10872
Life After Lead: Effects of Early Interventions for Children Exposed to Lead
Stephen B. Billings, Kevin T. Schnepel
published in: American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 2018, 10 (3), 315 - 344
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10811
Quantifying the Life-Cycle Benefits of a Prototypical Early Childhood Program
Jorge Luis García, James J. Heckman, Duncan Ermini Leaf, Maria José Prados
revised version available as NBER Working Paper No. 23479
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10758
Gender Differences in the Benefits of an Influential Early Childhood Program
Jorge Luis García, James J. Heckman, Anna Ziff
revised version available as NBER Working Paper No. 23412
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10742
Evaluation of the Reggio Approach to Early Education
Pietro Biroli, Daniela Del Boca, James J. Heckman, Lynne Pettler Heckman, Yu Kyung Koh, Sylvi Kuperman, Sidharth Moktan, Chiara D. Pronzato, Anna Ziff
published in: Research in Economics, 2018, 72 (1), 1-32
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10715
Evaluating the Effects of a Targeted Home Visiting Program on Maternal and Child Health Outcomes
Malte Sandner, Thomas Cornelissen, Tanja Jungmann, Peggy Herrmann
published in: Journal of Health Economics, 2018, 58, 269 - 283
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10456
The Life-cycle Benefits of an Influential Early Childhood Program
Jorge Luis García, James J. Heckman, Duncan Ermini Leaf, Maria José Prados
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10315
Sex-Differences in Language and Socio-Emotional Skills: Evidence from Large Scale Studies of Very Young Children
Rosangela Bando, Florencia López Bóo
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10296
A Snapshot on the Quality of Seven Home Visit Parenting Programs in Latin America and the Caribbean
Jane Leer, Florencia López Bóo, Ana Perez Expósito, Christine Powell
published as 'Assessing the quality of home visit parenting programs in Latin America and the Caribbean' in: Early Child Development and Care, 2019, 189 (13), 2183 - 2196
IZA Discussion Paper No. 9552
Same Program, Different Outcomes: Understanding Differential Effects from Access to Free, High-Quality Early Care
Juan Chaparro, Aaron Sojourner
published as 'Differential effects from access to high-quality early care' in: In A.J. Reynolds, J.A. Temple (eds.): Sustaining Early Childhood Learning Gains, Cambridge, 2019
IZA Discussion Paper No. 9476
Early Childhood Education
Sneha Elango, Jorge Luis García, James J. Heckman, Andrés Hojman
published in: Robert A. Moffitt (ed.), Economics of Means-Tested Transfer Programs in the United States, Volume II, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2016, 235-298.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 9337
The Political Economy of State and Local Investment in Pre-K Programs
Matthew E. Kahn, Kyle Barron
IZA Discussion Paper No. 9247
The Effects of Two Influential Early Childhood Interventions on Health and Healthy Behaviors
Gabriella Conti, James J. Heckman, Rodrigo Pinto
Published in: Economic Journal, 2016, 126 (596), F28-F65.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 8856
Estimating the Production Function for Human Capital: Results from a Randomized Control Trial in Colombia
Orazio Attanasio, Sarah Cattan, Emla Fitzsimons, Costas Meghir, Marta Rubio-Codina
published in: American Economic Review, 2020, 110 (1), 48–85
IZA Discussion Paper No. 8494
Fetus, Fasting, and Festival: The Persistent Effects of in Utero Social Shocks
Xi Chen
published in: International Journal of Health Policy and Management, 2014, 3, 165-169
IZA Discussion Paper No. 7550
Measuring Investment in Human Capital Formation: An Experimental Analysis of Early Life Outcomes
Orla Doyle, Colm P. Harmon, James J. Heckman, Caitriona Logue, Seong Hyeok Moon
IZA Discussion Paper No. 7415
Intergenerational Long Term Effects of Preschool: Structural Estimates from a Discrete Dynamic Programming Model
James J. Heckman, Lakshmi K. Raut
published in: Journal of Econometrics, 2016, 191 (1), 164 - 175
IZA Discussion Paper No. 7087
Can Intensive Early Childhood Intervention Programs Eliminate Income-Based Cognitive and Achievement Gaps?
Greg J. Duncan, Aaron Sojourner
published in: Journal of Human Resources, 2013, 48 (4), 945-986.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 7040
Understanding the Mechanisms Through Which an Influential Early Childhood Program Boosted Adult Outcomes
James J. Heckman, Rodrigo Pinto, Peter A. Savelyev
published in: American Economic Review, 2013, 103 (6), 2052-86
IZA Discussion Paper No. 6986
Kindergarten for All: Long Run Effects of a Universal Intervention
Nina Drange, Tarjei Havnes, Astrid M. J. Sandsør
published in Economics of Education Review, 2016, 53, 164-181
IZA Discussion Paper No. 6930
The Economics of Child Well-Being
Gabriella Conti, James J. Heckman
published in: A. Ben-Arieh, F. Casas, I. Frones, and J. Korbin (eds.), Handbook of Child Well-Being: Theories, Methods, and Policies in Global Perspective, Dordrecht: Springer-Verlag, 2013
IZA Discussion Paper No. 6755
Explaining the Birth Order Effect: The Role of Prenatal and Early Childhood Investments
Jee-Yeon K. Lehmann, Ana Nuevo-Chiquero, Marian Vidal-Fernandez
published as 'The Early Origins of Birth Order Differences in Children's Outcomes and Parental Behavior' in: Journal of Human Resources, 2018, 53, 123 - 156
IZA Discussion Paper No. 6315
Long Term Impacts of Compensatory Preschool on Health and Behavior: Evidence from Head Start
Pedro Carneiro, Rita Ginja
published in: American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, 2014, 6 (4), 135-173
IZA Discussion Paper No. 6149
Long-Term Effects of Early Childhood Care and Education
Christopher J. Ruhm, Jane Waldfogel
published in: Nordic Economic Policy Review, Economics of Education, 2012, 23-51
IZA Discussion Paper No. 6041
The Captain of the Men of Death and His Shadow: Long-Run Impacts of Early Life Pneumonia Exposure
Sonia R. Bhalotra, Atheendar Venkataramani
Second R&R Journal of Political Economy
IZA Discussion Paper No. 5526
Long-term Effects of Early Childhood Malaria Exposure on Education and Health: Evidence from Colonial Taiwan
Simon Chang, Belton M. Fleisher, Seonghoon Kim, Shi-yung Liu
published in: Econmic Development and Cultural Change, 2014, 62 (3), 519-36.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 5495
The American Family in Black and White: A Post-Racial Strategy for Improving Skills to Promote Equality
James J. Heckman
published in: Daedalus, 2011, 140 (2): 70-89
IZA Discussion Paper No. 5209
The Effect of Early Childhood Developmental Program Attendance on Future School Enrollment and Grade Progression in Rural North India
Gautam Hazarika, Vejoya Viren
published in: Economics of Education Review, 2013, 34, 146-161
IZA Discussion Paper No. 5095
Analyzing Social Experiments as Implemented: A Reexamination of the Evidence from the HighScope Perry Preschool Program
James J. Heckman, Seong Hyeok Moon, Rodrigo Pinto, Peter A. Savelyev, Adam Yavitz
published in: Quantitative Economics, 2010, 1 (1), 1-46
IZA Discussion Paper No. 4533
The Rate of Return to the High/Scope Perry Preschool Program
James J. Heckman, Seong Hyeok Moon, Rodrigo Pinto, Peter A. Savelyev, Adam Yavitz
published in: Journal of Public Economics, 2010, 94 (1-2), 114-128
IZA Discussion Paper No. 2875
The Economics, Technology and Neuroscience of Human Capability Formation
James J. Heckman
published in: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2007, 104 (33), 13250-13255
IZA Discussion Paper No. 2725
The Productivity Argument for Investing in Young Children
James J. Heckman, Dimitriy V. Masterov
published in: Review of Agricultural Economics, 2007, 29 (3), 446-493
IZA Discussion Paper No. 2434
Expanding Schooling Opportunities for 4-Year-Olds
Edwin Leuven, Mikael Lindahl, Hessel Oosterbeek, Dinand Webbink
published in: Economics of Education Review, 2010, 29 (3), 319-328, revised version available here
IZA Discussion Paper No. 2111
Does Head Start Improve Children's Life Chances? Evidence from a Regression Discontinuity Design
Jens Ludwig, Douglas L. Miller
published in: Quarterly Journal of Economics, 2007, 122 (1), 159-208
IZA Discussion Paper No. 2096
Disability and Work: The Role of Health Shocks and Childhood Circumstances
Maarten Lindeboom, Ana Llena-Nozal, Bas van der Klaauw
revised version published as 'Health Shocks, Disability and Work' in: Labour Economics, 2016, 43, 186-200
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