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The IZA Discussion Paper Series (ISSN: 2365-9793) disseminates high-quality research by IZA network members to the scientific community and the interested public worldwide before they are later published in academic journals. Comprising more than 17,000 papers, IZA's publication flagship is the most influential working paper series in labor economics.

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174 IZA Discussion Papers
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17887
How Organized Is the Informal Sector? The Role of Business Associations in Microenterprises in West Africa
Clement Joubert, Kathleen Beegle
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17597
Unions and Collective Bargaining in Sub-Saharan Africa: Some Insights from Quantitative Studies
Uwe Jirjahn
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17500
The Fertility Impacts of Development Programs
Aletheia Donald, Markus Goldstein, Tricia Koroknay-Palicz, Mathilde Sage
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17481
Roots of Cultural Diversity
Oded Galor, Marc Klemp, Daniel Crisóstomo Wainstock
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17459
Shine a (Night)Light: Decentralization and Economic Development in Burkina Faso
Olivier B. Bargain, Rose Camille Vincent, Emilie Caldeira
published in: World Development, 2025, 187, 106851
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17433
Firm Ownership Control and Management Practices, with an Update on Sub-Saharan Africa
Andrew Dabalen, Saumik Paul
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17391
Family Planning and Ethnic Heritage: Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa
Graziella Bertocchi, Arcangelo Dimico, Chiara Falco
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17203
Inherited Inequality: A General Framework and a 'Beyond-Averages' Application to South Africa
Paolo Brunori, Francisco H. G. Ferreira, Pedro Salas-Rojo
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17136
Imputing Poverty Indicators without Consumption Data: An Exploratory Analysis
Hai-Anh H Dang, Talip Kilic, Kseniya Abanokova, Calogero Carletto
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17075
The African Entrepreneurial Ecosystem Index: Conceptual, Methodological and Empirical Flaws and the Way Forward
Wim Naudé
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16738
Tackling the Last Hurdles of Poverty Entrenchment: An Investigation of Poverty Dynamics for Ghana during 2005/06–2016/17
Hai-Anh H Dang, Dhushyanth Raju, Tomomi Tanaka, Kseniya Abanokova
published as 'Poverty Dynamics for Ghana during 2005/06–2016/17: An Investigation Using Synthetic Panels' in: Scientific African, 2024, 25, e02282
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16734
What Drives Attitudes toward Immigrants in Sub-Saharan Africa? Evidence from Uganda and Senegal
Malte Becker, Finja Krüger, Tobias Heidland
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16507
Minimum Wages and Unemployment during Economic Shocks
Joshua D. Merfeld, Matthew Sharp
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16466
Educational Assortative Mating and Harsh Parenting in Sub-Saharan Africa
Luca Maria Pesando, Elisabetta De Cao, Giulia La Mattina, Alberto Ciancio
published in: Social Science and Medicine, 2024, 351, 116954
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16396
The Effects of Climate Change in the Poorest Countries: Evidence from the Permanent Shrinking of Lake Chad
Remi Jedwab, Federico Haslop, Roman David Zarate, Carlos Rodriguez Castelan
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16210
Roots of Inequality
Oded Galor, Marc Klemp, Daniel Crisóstomo Wainstock
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16101
Is Mobile Money Changing Rural Africa? Evidence from a Field Experiment
Catia Batista, Pedro C. Vicente
published online in: Review of Economics and Statistics, 29 May 2023
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16068
The Impact of the Prehistoric Out of Africa Migration on Cultural Diversity
Oded Galor, Marc Klemp, Daniel Crisóstomo Wainstock
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16047
(De Facto) Historical Ethnic Borders and Land Tenure in Sub-Saharan Africa
Emilio Depetris-Chauvin, Ömer Özak
published in: Economics Letters, 2024, 243, 111921
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16043
Africa's Industrialization Prospects: A Fresh Look
Wim Naudé, Fiona Tregenna
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15966
The Fertility Transition in Sub-Saharan Africa: The Role of Structural Change
Nicolas Büttner, Michael Grimm, Isabel Günther, Kenneth Harttgen, Stephan Klasen
published in: Demography, 2024, 61 (5), 1585–1611.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15873
Poverty Imputation in Contexts without Consumption Data: A Revisit with Further Refinements
Hai-Anh H Dang, Talip Kilic, Kseniya Abanokova, Calogero Carletto
published in: Review of Income and Wealth, 2025, 71 (1), e12714
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15778
Counting Missing Women – A Reconciliation of the 'Flow Measure' and the 'Stock Measure'
Cara Ebert, Stephan Klasen, Sebastian Vollmer
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15721
The Puzzle of Educated Unemployment in West Africa
Esther Mirjam Girsberger, Romuald Meango
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15684
Learning Inequalities during COVID-19: Evidence from Longitudinal Surveys from Sub-Saharan Africa
Hai-Anh H Dang, Gbemisola Oseni, Alberto Zezza, Kseniya Abanokova
published as 'Educational Inequalities during COVID-19: Results from Longitudinal Surveys in Sub-Saharan Africa' in: International Journal of Education Development, 2025, 112, 103174 (without A. Zezza)
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15518
Manufacturing Employment and Women's Agency: Evidence from Lesotho 2004-2014
Louise Grogan
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15466
Evaluating the Impacts of Minigrid Electrification in Sub-Saharan Africa
Sinem H. Ayhan, Giacomo Falchetta, Jan C. Steckel
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15432
Reaping the Rewards Later: How Education Improves Old-Age Cognition in South Africa
Plamen Nikolov, Steve Yeh
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15406
Inequalities in Job Loss and Income Loss in Sub-Saharan Africa during the COVID-19 Crisis
Ivette Contreras-Gonzalez, Gbemisola Oseni, Amparo Palacios-Lopez, Janneke Pieters, Michael Weber
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15265
Mother Africa's Exceptionalism? Income and Fertility Redux
Mark Gradstein, Phoebe W. Ishak
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15210
Are the East African Community's Countries Ready for a Common Currency?
Thomas Kigabo-Rusuhuzwa, Almas Heshmati
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15004
Labor Mobility and Innovation in Africa
Linguère Mously Mbaye, Assi Okara, Massimiliano Tani
published in: Journal of African Economies, 2024, 23 (5), 457–488
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14982
Young Adults and Labor Markets in Africa
Oriana Bandiera, Ahmed Elsayed, Andrea Smurra, Celine Zipfel
published in: Journal of Economic Perspectives, 2022, 36 (1), 81-100
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14861
Increasing Women's Empowerment: Implications for Family Welfare
Kate Ambler, Kelly M. Jones, Michael O’Sullivan
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14760
Measuring Youth Empowerment: An Illustration Using the Example of Tunisia
Micheline Goedhuys, Michael Grimm, Aline Meysonnat, Eleonora Nillesen, Ann-Kristin Reitmann
published as 'Measuring youth empowerment: An application to Tunisia' in: Journal of International Development, 2024, 36 (4), 1945-1964
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14720
Mobile Broadband Internet, Poverty and Labor Outcomes in Tanzania
Kalvin Bahia, Pau Castells, Genaro Cruz, Takaaki Masaki, Carlos Rodriguez Castelan, Viviane Sanfelice
published in: World Bank Economic Review, 2023, 37 (2), 235–256
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14545
Crowdsourcing Artificial Intelligence in Africa: Findings from a Machine Learning Contest
Wim Naudé, Amy Bray, Celina Lee
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14424
Prenatal Exposure to Heat Waves and Child Health in Sub-saharan Africa
Massimiliano Bratti, Prince Boakye Frimpong, Simone Russo
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14157
When Distance Drives Destination, Towns Can Stimulate Development
Joachim De Weerdt, Luc Christiaensen, Ravi Kanbur
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14151
Mobile Internet Adoption in West Africa
Carlos Rodriguez Castelan, Rogelio Granguillhome Ochoa, Samantha Lach, Takaaki Masaki
published in: Technology in Society, 2022, 68, 101845
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14100
Prioritarianism and Equality of Opportunity
Paolo Brunori, Francisco H. G. Ferreira, Vito Peragine
published in: Matthew Adler and Ole Norheim (eds.), Prioritarianism in Practice, Cambridge: CUP, 2022
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14054
Experimental Evidence from an Integrated Early Childhood Parenting Program in Sierra Leone
Anjali Chandra, Subha Mani, Heather Dolphin, Meredith Dyson, Yembeh Marah
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13777
The Effect of Antimalarial Campaigns on Child Mortality and Fertility in Sub-Saharan Africa
Joshua Wilde, Bénédicte Apouey, Joseph Coleman, Gabriel Picone
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13773
Why Are Africa's Female Entrepreneurs Not Playing the Export Game? Evidence from Ghana
Charles G. Ackah, Holger Görg, Aoife Hanley, Cecília Hornok
published as 'Africa’s Businesswomen – Underfunded or Underperforming?' in: Small Business Economics, 2024, 62 (3), 1051-1074
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13736
Borderline Disorder: (De Facto) Historical Ethnic Borders and Contemporary Conflict in Africa
Emilio Depetris-Chauvin, Ömer Özak
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13687
The Weight of Patriarchy? Gender Obesity Gaps in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA)
Joan Costa-Font, Mario Gyori
published in: Social Science and Medicine, 220, 266, 113353
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13658
Broadband Internet and Household Welfare in Senegal
Takaaki Masaki, Rogelio Granguillhome Ochoa, Carlos Rodriguez Castelan
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13649
Failing to Pull Together: South Africa's Troubled Response to COVID-19
Wim Naudé, Martin Cameron
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13586
The Extractive Industry's Impact on Economic Growth in SADC Countries
Simeão Nhabinde, Almas Heshmati
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13363
Measuring Monetary Poverty in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) Region: Data Gaps and Different Options to Address Them
Aziz Atamanov, Sharad Tandon, Gladys Lopez-Acevedo, Mexico Alberto Vergara Bahena
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13219
The Welfare Effects of Mobile Broadband Internet: Evidence from Nigeria
Kalvin Bahia, Pau Castells, Genaro Cruz, Takaaki Masaki, Xavier Pedrós, Tobias Pfutze, Carlos Rodriguez Castelan, Hernan Winkler
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13194
The Importance of Cognitive Domains and the Returns to Schooling in South Africa: Evidence from Two Labor Surveys
Plamen Nikolov, Nusrat Abedin Jimi
published in: Labour Economics, 2020, 65, 101849.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13071
Key Players in Economic Development
Ashani Amarasinghe, Roland Hodler, Paul A. Raschky, Yves Zenou
published in: Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 2024, 223, 40-56
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13069
The Heterogeneous Effects of Conflict on Education: A Spatial Analysis in Sub-Saharan Africa
Kerstin Unfried, Krisztina Kis-Katos
published in: Journal of Peace Research, 2023, 60 (6), 968-984.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12941
Former Homeland Areas and Unemployment in South Africa: A Decomposition Approach
Prudence Magejo, Miracle Benhura, Gibson Mudiriza
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12934
Adopting Mobile Money: Evidence from an Experiment in Rural Africa
Catia Batista, Pedro C. Vicente
published in: American Economic Review: Papers & Proceedings, 2020, 110, 594 - 598
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12926
Enterprising Women in Southern Africa: When Does Land Ownership Matter?
Zuzana Brixiova Schwidrowski, Thierry Kangoye, Fiona Tregenna
published in: Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 2020, 41 (1), 37 - 51
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12878
Selection and Absolute Advantage in Farming and Entrepreneurship
Francisco Alvarez-Cuadrado, Francesco Amodio, Markus Poschke
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12818
The Employment Effects of Ethnic Politics
Francesco Amodio, Giorgio Chiovelli, Sebastian Hohmann
published in: American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 2024, 16 (2), 456–491
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12813
Improving Access to Savings through Mobile Money: Experimental Evidence from African Smallholder Farmers
Catia Batista, Pedro C. Vicente
published in: World Development, 2020, 129, 104905
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12793
Direct and Indirect Effects of Subsidized Dual Apprenticeships
Bruno Crépon, Patrick Premand
published online in: Review of Economic Studies, rdae094, 10 October 2024
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12719
Relative Deprivation in Tanzania
Jean-Marc Bédhat Atsebi, Ada Ferrer-i-Carbonell
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12678
Three Varieties of Africa’s Industrial Future
Wim Naudé
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12533
Migration, Innovation, and Growth: An African Story?
Linguère Mously Mbaye, Massimiliano Tani
published in: M. Konte and L.M.Mbaye (eds.), Migration, Remittances and Sustainable Development in Africa, London, Routledge, 2020, chapter 3, 38-61
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12471
On the Malleability of Implicit Attitudes Towards Women Empowerment: Evidence from Tunisia
Eleonora Nillesen, Michael Grimm, Micheline Goedhuys, Ann-Kristin Reitmann, Aline Meysonnat
published in: World Development, 2021, 138, 105263
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12198
Networks, Start-Up Capital and Women's Entrepreneurial Performance in Africa: Evidence from Eswatini
Zuzana Brixiova Schwidrowski, Thierry Kangoye
published in: A. Bullough, D. Hechavarria, C. Brush and L. Edelman (eds.), Programs, Policies, & Practices: Fostering High-Growth Women’s Entrepreneurship, Edward Elgar Publishing, 2019
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12162
Does Child Labor Lead to Vulnerable Employment in Adulthood? Evidence for Tanzania
Sara Burrone, Gianna Claudia Giannelli
published in: Journal of Development Studies, 2020, 56 (12), 2235-2250
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12132
Outsourcing Recruitment as a Solution to Prevent Discrimination: A Correspondence Study
Clémence Berson, Morgane Laouénan, Emmanuel Valat
published in: Labour Economics, 2020, 64, 101838
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12070
Inequality of Opportunity in Education: Accounting for the Contributions of Sibs, Schools and Sorting across East Africa
Paul Anand, Jere R. Behrman, Hai-Anh H Dang, Sam Jones
published as 'Decomposing Learning Inequalities in East Africa: How Much Does Sorting Matter?' in: World Bank Economic Review, 2022, 36 (1), 219-243
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12048
Regional Migration and Wage Inequality in the West African Economic and Monetary Union
Esther Mirjam Girsberger, Romuald Meango, Hillel Rapoport
published in: Journal of Comparative Economics, 2020, 48 (2), 385-404
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12017
Learning from the
Olivier B. Bargain, Holguer Xavier Jara Tamayo, Prudence Magejo, Miracle Benhura
published as 'Income Distribution and the Potential of Redistributive Systems in Africa: A Decomposition Approach ' in: Journal of African Economies, 2022, 31 (4), 293 - 328
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11941
Brilliant Technologies and Brave Entrepreneurs: A New Narrative for African Manufacturing
Wim Naudé
published in: Journal of International Affairs, 2019, 72 (1), 143 - 158
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11609
The Long-Term Outcomes of Refugees: Tracking the Progress of the East African Asians
Jake Anders, Simon Burgess, Jonathan Portes
published in: Journal of Refugee Studies, 2021, 34 (2), 1967-1998
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11550
Early Life Determinants of Cognitive Ability: A Comparative Study on Madagascar and Senegal
Heidi Kaila, David E. Sahn, Naveen Sunder
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11435
School or Work? The Role of Weather Shocks in Madagascar
Francesca Marchetta, David E. Sahn, Luca Tiberti
published as 'The Role of Weather on Schooling and Work of Young Adults in Madagascar' in: American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 2019, 101 (4), 1203 - 1227
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11389
Do Developing Countries Enjoy Faster Poverty Reduction as Their Initial Poverty Incidences Decline over Time? A Dynamic Panel Analysis
Yusi Ouyang, Abebe Shimeles, Erik Thorbecke
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11388
Revisiting Cross-Country Poverty Convergence in the Developing World with a Special Focus on Sub-Saharan Africa
Yusi Ouyang, Abebe Shimeles, Erik Thorbecke
published in: World Development, 2019, 117 (C), 13 - 28
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11380
Job Satisfaction among Young Workers in Eastern and Southern Africa: A Comparative Analysis
Andy McKay, Andrew T. Newell, Cinzia Rienzo
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11322
Fertility and the Puzzle of Female Employment in the Middle East
Mahdi Majbouri
forthcoming in: Economics of Transition, 2019
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11212
Preschool Attendance, School Progression, and Cognitive Skills in East Africa
Jan Bietenbeck, Sanna Ericsson, Fredrick M. Wamalwa
revised version published as 'Preschool attendance, schooling, and cognitive skills in East Africa' in: Economics of Education Review, 2019, 73, 101909
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11036
Planning Ahead for Better Neighborhoods: Long Run Evidence from Tanzania
Guy Michaels, Dzhamilya Nigmatulina, Ferdinand Rauch, Tanner Regan, Neeraj Baruah, Amanda Dahlstrand
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11008
Spatial Differences in Stunting and Household Agricultural Production in South Africa: (Re-)Examining the Links Using National Panel Survey Data
Steffen Otterbach, Michael Rogan
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10938
First and Second Generation Impacts of the Biafran War
Richard Akresh, Sonia R. Bhalotra, Marinella Leone, Una O. Osili
published in: Journal of Human Resources, 2023, 58 (2), 488 - 531
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10855
Entrepreneurship, Education and the Fourth Industrial Revolution in Africa
Wim Naudé
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10818
Roots of Autocracy
Oded Galor, Marc Klemp
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10583
A Firm of One's Own: Experimental Evidence on Credit Constraints and Occupational Choice
Andrew Brudevold-Newman, Maddalena Honorati, Pamela Jakiela, Owen Ozier
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10474
The Macrogenoeconomics of Comparative Development
Quamrul Ashraf, Oded Galor
published in: Journal of Economic Literature 2018, 56 (3), 1119–1155
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10377
Small-Scale Farming and Food Security: The Enabling Role of Cash Transfers in South Africa's Former Homelands
Dieter von Fintel, Louw Pienaar
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10367
Remittances and the Brain Drain: Evidence from Microdata for Sub-Saharan Africa
Julia Bredtmann, Fernanda Martínez Flores, Sebastian Otten
published in: Journal of Development Studies, 2019, 55 (7), 1455-1476.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10338
Do Leaders' Characteristics and Regime Transitions in Africa Matter for Citizens' Health Status?
Luis Diaz-Serrano, Frank Gyimah Sackey
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10330
Detailed Geographic Information, Conflict Exposure, and Health Impacts
Richard Akresh, German Daniel Caruso, Harsha Thirumurthy
published in: World Development, 2022, 155, 105890
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10280
Does Crime Deter South Africans from Self-Employment?
Katharina Grabrucker, Michael Grimm
published in: Journal of Comparative Economics, 2018, 46 (2), 413-435.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10161
Africa's Prospects for Enjoying a Demographic Dividend
David E. Bloom, Michael Kuhn, Klaus Prettner
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10117
Service Sector Development and its Determinants in Rwanda
Eric Uwitonze, Almas Heshmati
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10099
'Even' After Access to Financial Services? Ricocheting Gender Equations
Shoba Arun, Samuel Annim, Thankom Gopinath Arun
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10002
Do Returns to Education Depend on How and Who You Ask?
Pieter Serneels, Kathleen Beegle, Andrew Dillon
published in: Economics of Education Review, 2017, 60, 5-17
IZA Discussion Paper No. 9524
The Long Walk: Considering the Enduring Spatial and Racial Dimensions of Deprivation Two Decades after the Fall of Apartheid
Ronelle Burger, Servaas van der Berg, Sarel van der Walt, Derek Yu
IZA Discussion Paper No. 9523
The Capability Threshold: Re-examining the Definition of the Middle Class in an Unequal Developing Country
Ronelle Burger, Camren McAravey, Servaas van der Berg
IZA Discussion Paper No. 9521
Entrepreneurship and the Reallocation of African Farmers
Wim Naudé
IZA Discussion Paper No. 9361
Can Crop Purchase Programs Reduce Poverty and Improve Welfare in Rural Communities? Evidence from the Food Reserve Agency in Zambia
Winnie Fung, Saweda Liverpool-Tasie, Nicole Mason, Ruth Uwaifo Oyelere
published in: Agricultural Economics, 2020, 51(4), 489-638
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