The IZA Discussion Paper Series (ISSN: 2365-9793) disseminates high-quality research by IZA network members to the scientific community and the interested public worldwide before they are later published in academic journals. Comprising more than 17,000 papers, IZA's publication flagship is the most influential working paper series in labor economics.

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79 IZA Discussion Papers
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17603
Motherhood on Campus: Timing Childbirth during University Studies
Nicoline Josephine Bach, Astrid Würtz Rasmussen, Nina Smith
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17574
Beliefs on Children's Human Capital Formation and Mothers at Work
Césarine Boinet, Jonathan Norris, Agnese Romiti, Zhan Shi, Paul Telemo
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17473
Subsidized Small Jobs and Maternal Labor Market Outcomes in the Long Run
Matthias Collischon, Kamila Cygan-Rehm, Regina T. Riphahn
published online in: Socio-Economic Review, 28 February 2025
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17419
Income and Fertility of Female College Graduates in the United States
Zhengyu Cai, John V. Winters
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17334
The Motherhood Penalty: Gender Norms, Occupational Sorting, and Labor Supply
Césarine Boinet, Jonathan Norris, Agnese Romiti
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17249
Intergenerational Effects of Compulsory Schooling Reform on Early Childhood Development in a Middle-Income Country
Yusuf Emre Akgündüz, Pelin Akyol, Abdurrahman B. Aydemir, Murat Demirci, Murat Güray Kirdar
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17235
Intersectional Analysis of the Labour Market Impacts of COVID: The Triple-Whammy of Females, Children, and Lower Skill
Tony Fang, Morley Gunderson, Viet Hoang Ha, Hui Ming
published online as 'Intersectional analysis of the labour market impacts of COVID on women with young children and in low-skilled jobs' in: International Journal of Manpower, 19 September 2024
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17129
Motherhood and Domestic Violence: A Longitudinal Study Using Population-Wide Administrative Data
Sanna Bergvall, Núria Rodríguez-Planas
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16875
Longer Working Hours and Maternal Mental Health: A Comparison of Single vs. Partnered Mothers
Julija Simpson, John Wildman, Clare Bambra, Heather Brown
published as 'Do longer job hours matter for maternal mental health? A longitudinal analysis of single versus partnered mothers' in: Health Economics, 2024, 33 (12), 2742-2756
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16875
Longer Working Hours and Maternal Mental Health: A Comparison of Single vs. Partnered Mothers
Julija Simpson, John Wildman, Clare Bambra, Heather Brown
published as 'Do longer job hours matter for maternal mental health? A longitudinal analysis of single versus partnered mothers' in: Health Economics, 2024, 33 (12), 2742-2756
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16459
The Parenthood Penalty in Mental Health: Evidence from Austria and Denmark
Alexander Ahammer, Ulrich Glogowsky, Martin Halla, Timo Hener
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16158
Neighbourhood Gangs, Crime Spillovers, and Teenage Motherhood
Christian Dustmann, Mikkel Mertz, Anna Okatenko
published in: Economic Journal, 2023, 133 (653), 1901–1936
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16155
Maternal Life Satisfaction and Child Development from Toddlerhood to Adolescence
Nabanita Datta Gupta, Jonas Jessen, C. Katharina Spieß
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16072
The Motherhood Wage and Income Traps
Francesca Barigozzi, Helmuth Cremer, Emmanuel Thibault
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15381
Bring a Friend: Strengthening Women's Social Networks and Reproductive Autonomy in India
S Anukriti, Catalina Herrera-Almanza, Mahesh Karra
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15261
Diving in the Minds of Recruiters: What Triggers Gender Stereotypes in Hiring?
Hannah Van Borm, Stijn Baert
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14968
Do Changes in Employment and Hours Worked Contribute to a Decreasing in the Mental Health of Single Mothers during a Period of Welfare Reform in the UK? A Longitudinal Analysis (2009-2019)
Julija Simpson, Clare Bambra, Heather Brown
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14902
The Fertility Effects of School Entry Decisions
Rebecca Kamb, Marcus Tamm
published in: Applied Economics Letters, 2023, 30 (8), 1145-1149
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14898
Gender Norms and the Motherhood Employment Gap
Simone Moriconi, Núria Rodríguez-Planas
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14898
Gender Norms and the Motherhood Employment Gap
Simone Moriconi, Núria Rodríguez-Planas
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14841
Motherhood, Pregnancy or Marriage Effects?
Inés Berniell, Lucila Berniell, Dolores De la Mata, María Edo, Yarine Fawaz, Matilde P. Machado, Mariana Marchionni
published in: Economics Letters, 2022, 214, 110462
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14811
The Evolving Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Gender Inequality in the U.S. Labor Market: The COVID Motherhood Penalty
Kenneth A. Couch, Robert W. Fairlie, Huanan Xu
published in: Economic Inquiry, 2022, 60 (2), 485 - 507
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14752
Two Decades of Welfare Reforms in Australia: How Did They Affect Single Mothers and Their Children?
Alexandra de Gendre, Stefanie Schurer, Angela Zhang
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14491
Motherhood and the Allocation of Talent
Inés Berniell, Lucila Berniell, Dolores De la Mata, María Edo, Yarine Fawaz, Matilde P. Machado, Mariana Marchionni
published online in: Applied Economics, 9 October 2024
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14046
Teenage Mother's Health across Different Life Stages
Guyonne Kalb, Ha Vu
published in: Economic Record, 2022, 98 (321), 191-213.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12937
The Effects of Home Visiting on Mother-Child Interactions: Evidence from a Randomised Trial Using Dynamic Micro-Level Data
Gabriella Conti, Stavros Poupakis, Malte Sandner, Sören Kliem
published in: Child Abuse and Neglect, 2021, 115, 105021
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12489
Maternal Age and Offspring Human Capital in India
Marcello Perez-Alvarez, Marta Favara
published in: Journal Population Econonmics, 2023, 36, 1573–1606
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12432
Child Socio-Emotional Skills: The Role of Parental Inputs
Gloria Moroni, Cheti Nicoletti, Emma Tominey
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12147
Motherhood, Migration, and Self-Employment of College Graduates
Zhengyu Cai, Heather M. Stephens, John V. Winters
published in: Small Business Economics, 2019, 53 (3), 611-629
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11533
Paid Parental Leave and Families' Living Arrangements
Kamila Cygan-Rehm, Daniel Kühnle, Regina T. Riphahn
published in: Labour Economics, 2018, 53, 182 - 197
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11360
Gender Norms and the Motherhood Penalty: Experimental Evidence from India
Arjun S. Bedi, Tanmoy Majilla, Matthias Rieger
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11085
Maternal Employment and Child Outcomes: Evidence from the Irish Marriage Bar
Irene Mosca, Vincent O'Sullivan, Robert E. Wright
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10592
Does Single Motherhood Hurt Infant Health among Young Mothers?
Albert Young-Il Kim, Jungmin Lee
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10559
The Effect of Fertility on Mothers' Labor Supply over the Last Two Centuries
Daniel Aaronson, Rajeev Dehejia, Andrew Jordan, Cristian Pop-Eleches, Cyrus Samii, Karl Schulze
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10500
Maternity and Family Leave Policy
Maya Rossin-Slater
published in: S.L. Averett, L.M. Margys, S.D. Hoffman (eds.): Oxford Handbook of Women and the Economy, Oxford, 2018
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10500
Maternity and Family Leave Policy
Maya Rossin-Slater
published in: S.L. Averett, L.M. Margys, S.D. Hoffman (eds.): Oxford Handbook of Women and the Economy, Oxford, 2018
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10362
Family Economics Writ Large
Jeremy Greenwood, Nezih Guner, Guillaume Vandenbroucke
published in: Journal of Economic Literature, 2017, 55, 1346-1434.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10219
Single Mothers and Their Children: Evaluating a Work-Encouraging Welfare Reform
Katrine Vellesen Loken, Kjell Erik Lommerud, Katrine Holm Reiso
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10023
Intensive Mothering and Well-being: The Role of Education and Child Care Activity
José Ignacio Gimenez-Nadal, Almudena Sevilla
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10023
Intensive Mothering and Well-being: The Role of Education and Child Care Activity
José Ignacio Gimenez-Nadal, Almudena Sevilla
IZA Discussion Paper No. 9801
The Impact of Paid Parental Leave on Labour Supply and Employment Outcomes
Barbara Broadway, Guyonne Kalb, Duncan McVicar, Bill Martin
published in: Feminist Economics, 2020, 26( 3), 30-65.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 9685
Employment Adjustments around Childbirth
Barbara Pertold-Gebicka, Filip Pertold, Nabanita Datta Gupta
IZA Discussion Paper No. 8970
Impact of Hospital Delivery on Child Mortality: An Analysis of Adolescent Mothers in Bangladesh
Sarmistha Pal
published in: Social Science and Medicine, 2015, 143, 194 - 203
IZA Discussion Paper No. 8188
How to Stimulate Single Mothers on Welfare to Find a Job: Evidence from a Natural Experiment
Marike Knoef, Jan C. van Ours
published in: Journal of Population Economics, 2016, 29, 1025-1061.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 8072
The Impact of Adolescent Motherhood on Education in Chile
Matias Berthelon, Diana Kruger
IZA Discussion Paper No. 7810
Motherhood Wage Penalty in Times of Transition
Olena Y. Nizalova, Tamara Sliusarenko
published in: Journal of Comparative Economics, 2016, 44 (1), 56-75
IZA Discussion Paper No. 7767
Career Lesbians: Getting Hired for Not Having Kids?
Stijn Baert
revised version published in: Industrial Relations Journal, 2014, 45 (6), 543 - 561
IZA Discussion Paper No. 7706
U.S. versus Sweden: The Effect of Alternative In-Work Tax Credit Policies on Labour Supply of Single Mothers
Rolf Aaberge, Lennart Flood
IZA Discussion Paper No. 7574
Channels of Labour Supply Responses of Lone Parents to Changed Work Incentives
Xiaodong Gong, Robert Breunig
IZA Discussion Paper No. 7501
Low-Skilled Immigration and Parenting Investments of College-Educated Mothers in the United States: Evidence from Time-Use Data
Catalina Amuedo-Dorantes, Almudena Sevilla
published in: Journal of Human Resources, 2014, 49(3), 509-539
IZA Discussion Paper No. 7135
Delayed First Birth and New Mothers' Labor Market Outcomes: Evidence from Biological Fertility Shocks
Massimiliano Bratti, Laura Cavalli
revised version published in: European Journal of Population, 2014, 30 (1), 35-63
IZA Discussion Paper No. 6995
The Impact of Teenage Motherhood on the Education and Fertility of their Children: Evidence for Europe
Maria Navarro Paniagua, Ian Walker
IZA Discussion Paper No. 6803
Comparing Quasi-Experimental Designs and Structural Models for Policy Evaluation: The Case of a Reform of Lone Parental Welfare
Chiara D. Pronzato
published as 'Fighting Lone Mothers’ Poverty Through In-Work Benefits: Methodological Issues and Policy Suggestions' in: CESifo Economic Studies, 2015, 61 (1), 95 - 122
IZA Discussion Paper No. 6680
The Effects of EITC Payment Expansion on Maternal Smoking
Susan L. Averett, Yang Wang
published in: Health Economics, 2013, 22 (11), 1344-1359
IZA Discussion Paper No. 6586
Is it Necessary to Walk the Talk? The Effects of Maternal Experiences and Communication on the Sexual Behavior of Female Adolescents
Susan L. Averett, Sarah M. Estelle
published as 'Will Daughters Walk Mom's Talk? The Effects of Maternal Communication about Sex on the Sexual Behavior of Female Adolescents' in: Review of Economics of the Household, 2014, 12(4), 613-639
IZA Discussion Paper No. 5888
Child Care, Maternal Employment and Persistence: A Natural Experiment from Spain
Natalia Nollenberger, Núria Rodríguez-Planas
substantially revised version published as 'Full-Time Universal Childcare in a Context of Low Maternal Employment: Modest but Persistent Effects' in: Labour Economics, 2015, 36, 124 - 136
IZA Discussion Paper No. 5815
Part-Time Work, Fixed-Term Contracts, and the Returns to Experience
Daniel Fernández-Kranz, Marie Paul, Núria Rodríguez-Planas
substantially revised version published in: Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 2015, 77 (4), 512 - 541
IZA Discussion Paper No. 5752
The Employment of Mothers: Recent Developments and their Determinants in East and West Germany
Barbara Hanel, Regina T. Riphahn
published in: Jahrbücher für Nationalökonomie und Statistik, 2012, 232 (2), 146-176
IZA Discussion Paper No. 5649
Hidden Consequences of a First-Born Boy for Mothers
Andrea Ichino, Elly-Ann Lindström, Eliana Viviano
published in: Economic Letters, 2014, 123 (3), 274–278
IZA Discussion Paper No. 5362
A Flying Start? Long Term Consequences of Maternal Time Investments in Children During Their First Year of Life
Pedro Carneiro, Katrine Vellesen Loken, Kjell G. Salvanes
substantially revised and extended version available as IZA DP No. 5793
IZA Discussion Paper No. 5282
Early Childhood Stimulation Interventions in Developing Countries: A Comprehensive Literature Review
Helen Baker-Henningham, Florencia López Bóo
published as 'Intervenciones de estimulación infantil temprana en los países en vías de desarrollo: lo que funciona, por qué y para quién' in: Económica, 2014, 60, 120-186
IZA Discussion Paper No. 4553
Delaying the Bell: The Effects of Longer School Days on Adolescent Motherhood in Chile
Diana Kruger, Matias Berthelon
published as "Risky behavior among youth: Incapacitation effects of school on adolescent motherhood and crime in Chile" in: Journal of Public Economics, 2011, 95 (1-2), 41-53
IZA Discussion Paper No. 4552
Adolescent Motherhood and Secondary Schooling in Chile
Diana Kruger, Matias Berthelon, Rodrigo Navia
IZA Discussion Paper No. 4489
Are Lone Mothers Responsive to Policy Changes? Evidence from a Workfare Reform in a Generous Welfare State
Magne Mogstad, Chiara D. Pronzato
published in: Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 2012, 114 (4), 1129–1159
IZA Discussion Paper No. 4146
Stepping Stone or Dead End? The Effect of the EITC on Earnings Growth
Molly Dahl, Thomas DeLeire, Jonathan Schwabish
published in: National Tax Journal, 2009, 62 (2), 329–346
IZA Discussion Paper No. 3736
Evaluation of an In-Work Tax Credit Reform in Sweden: Effects on Labor Supply and Welfare Participation of Single Mothers
Rolf Aaberge, Lennart Flood
IZA Discussion Paper No. 3704
Intrafamily Resource Allocations: A Dynamic Model of Birth Weight
Emilia Del Bono, John Ermisch, Marco Francesconi
revised version published in: Journal of Labor Economics, 2012, 30 (3), 657-706
IZA Discussion Paper No. 3662
New Evidence on the Motherhood Wage Gap
Catalina Amuedo-Dorantes, Jean Kimmel
IZA Discussion Paper No. 3574
The Motherhood Wage Penalty in a Mediterranean Country: The Case of Spain
José Alberto Molina, Víctor M. Montuenga
published as 'The Motherhood Wage Penalty in Spain' in: Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 2009, 30 (3), 237-251
IZA Discussion Paper No. 3286
Single Mothers and Poverty in Costa Rica
T. H. Gindling, Luis Oviedo
published in: CEPAL Review, 2008, 94 (April), 121-132
IZA Discussion Paper No. 2026
The Effect of Benefits on Single Motherhood in Europe
Libertad González
published in: Labour Economics, 2007, 14 (3), 393-412
IZA Discussion Paper No. 1908
Labour Supply and Childcare for British Mothers in Two-Parent Families: A Structural Approach
Antonia Parera-Nicolau, Karen A. Mumford
formative work for "Labour Supply and Childcare", IZA DP No. 12500.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 1677
The Determinants of the Prevalence of Single Mothers: A Cross-Country Analysis
Libertad González
IZA Discussion Paper No. 1248
The Consequences of ‘In-Work’ Benefit Reform in Britain: New Evidence from Panel Data
Marco Francesconi, Wilbert van der Klaauw
published in: Journal of Human Resources, 2007, 42 (1), 1-31
IZA Discussion Paper No. 1121
Child Care Subsidy Receipt, Employment, and Child Care Choices of Single Mothers
Erdal Tekin
published in: Economics Letters, 2005, 89 (1), 1-6
IZA Discussion Paper No. 1097
Single Mothers and Work
Libertad González
published in: Socio-Economic Review, 2004, 2 (2), 285-313
IZA Discussion Paper No. 1014
Single Mothers Working at Night: Standard Work, Child Care Subsidies, and Implications for Welfare Reform
Erdal Tekin
published in: Economic Inquiry, 2007, 45 (2), 233-250
IZA Discussion Paper No. 891
From Welfare to Work: Evaluating a Proposed Tax and Benefit Reform Targeted at Single Mothers in Sweden
Lennart Flood, Elina Pylkkänen, Roger Wahlberg
published in: Labour, 2007, 21 (3), 443-471
IZA Discussion Paper No. 388
Child Expenditure: The Role of Working Mothers, Lone Parents, Sibling Composition and Household Provision
Lisa Farrell, Michael A. Shields
published in: Canadian Journal of Economics, 2007, 40 (2), 445-467
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