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IZA Discussion Papers

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The IZA Discussion Paper Series (ISSN: 2365-9793) disseminates high-quality research by IZA network members to the scientific community and the interested public worldwide before they are later published in academic journals. Comprising more than 17,000 papers, IZA's publication flagship is the most influential working paper series in labor economics.

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192 IZA Discussion Papers
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17918
Only-Child Parents and the Language Cognitive Ability of Their Children in China
Hui Xu, Zheyuan Zhang, Zhong Zhao
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17832
The Effect of Compulsory Education on Non-Cognitive Skills: Evidence from Low- and Middle-Income Countries
Antonia Entorf, Thomas Dohmen
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17746
Artificial Intelligence and Labor Market Transformations in Latin America
Pablo Egana-delSol, Claudio Bravo-Ortega
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17746
Artificial Intelligence and Labor Market Transformations in Latin America
Pablo Egana-delSol, Claudio Bravo-Ortega
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17626
The Bilingual Advantage: It's How You Measure It
Ainoa Aparicio Fenoll, Zoë Kuehn
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17482
Psychology of Debt in Rural South India
Arnaud Natal, Christophe Jalil Nordman
published online in: Journal of Development Studies, 2 February 2025
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17395
Skills and Earnings: A Multidimensional Perspective on Human Capital
Ludger Woessmann
forthcoming in: Annual Review of Economics 17, 2025
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17379
Child Penalties in Labour Market Skills
Jonas Jessen, Lavinia Kinne, Michele Battisti
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17314
Free Education and the Intergenerational Transmission of Cognitive Skills in Rural China
Zheyuan Zhang, Hui Xu, Ruilin Liu, Zhong Zhao
published in: Journal of Population Economics, 2025, 38, 29 (2025)
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17249
Intergenerational Effects of Compulsory Schooling Reform on Early Childhood Development in a Middle-Income Country
Yusuf Emre Akgündüz, Pelin Akyol, Abdurrahman B. Aydemir, Murat Demirci, Murat Güray Kirdar
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17239
Parental Health, Adolescents' Mental Distress and Non-cognitive Skills
Apostolos Davillas, Victor Hugo de Oliveira, Athina Raftopoulou
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17190
The Impact of Children's Access to Public Health Insurance on Their Cognitive Development and Behavior
Marie C. Hull, Ji Yan
published in: Journal of Health Economics, 2024, 98, 102935
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17161
Overeducation, Earnings and Job Satisfaction among Graduates in China
Melanie K. Jones, Ezgi Kaya, Jiarui Nan
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17145
Effects of Teaching Practices on Life Satisfaction and Test Scores: Evidence from the Program for International Student Assessment (PISA)
Kelsey J. O'Connor, Stefano Bartolini
published online in: Kyklos, 11 February 2025
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16945
Students' Grit and Their Post-compulsory Educational Choices and Trajectories: Evidence from Switzerland
Janine Albiez, Maurizio Strazzeri, Stefan C. Wolter
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16937
Game Changer: Impact of a Reading Intervention on Cognitive and Non-cognitive Skills
Micole De Vera, Javier Garcia-Brazales, Luz Rello
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16909
Food Coma Is Real: The Effect of Digestive Fatigue on Adolescents' Cognitive Performance
Justine Hervé, Subha Mani, Jere R. Behrman, Ramanan Laxminarayan, Arindam Nandi
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16881
Daycare Enrollment Age and Child Development
Mette Gørtz, Vibeke Myrup Jensen, Sarah Sander
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16755
What Skills Pay More? The Changing Demand and Return to Skills for Professional Workers
Cecily Josten, Helen Krause, Grace Lordan, Brian Yeung
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16746
Recessions and the Labor Market Returns to Cognitive and Social Skills
David E. Frisvold, Sun Hyung Kim
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16125
Using Genes to Explore the Relationship of Cognitive and Non-cognitive Skills with Education and Labor Market Outcomes
Thomas Buser, Rafael Ahlskog, Magnus Johannesson, Philipp Koellinger, Sven Oskarsson
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16017
Effects of Early Childhood Climate on Cognitive Development and Home Environment
Wenjie Wu, Yang Zhe, Jun Hyung Kim, Ai Yue
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15985
Do Classical Studies Open Your Mind?
Giorgio Brunello, Piero Esposito, Lorenzo Rocco, Sergio Scicchitano
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15895
Month-of-Birth Effects on Skills and Skill Formation
Shintaro Yamaguchi, Hirotake Ito, Makiko Nakamuro
published in: Labour Economics, 2023, 84, 102392
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15895
Month-of-Birth Effects on Skills and Skill Formation
Shintaro Yamaguchi, Hirotake Ito, Makiko Nakamuro
published in: Labour Economics, 2023, 84, 102392
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15876
The Effects of Schooling on Cognitive Skills: Evidence from Education Expansions
Lorenzo Cappellari, Daniele Checchi, Marco Ovidi
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15818
How Early Nutrition and Foundational Cognitive Skills Interconnect? Evidence from Two Developing Countries
Alan Sanchez, Marta Favara, Margaret Sheridan, Jere R. Behrman
published as 'Does early nutrition predict cognitive skills during later childhood? Evidence from two developing countries' in: World Development, 2024, 176, 106480
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15784
The Effect of Brazil's Family Health Program on Cognitive Skills
Pinar Mine Gunes, Magda Tsaneva
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15551
Social Protection and Foundational Cognitive Skills during Adolescence: Evidence from a Large Public Works Programme
Richard Freund, Marta Favara, Catherine Porter, Jere R. Behrman
published in: World Bank Economic Review, 2024, 38 (2), 296 - 318
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15435
The Impact of Centre-Based Childcare on Non-cognitive Skills of Young Children
Greta Morando, Lucinda Platt
published in: Economica, 2022, 356, 908-946
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15318
Effect of Secondary Education on Cognitive and Non-cognitive Skills
Jani-Petteri Ollikainen, Tuomas Pekkarinen, Roope Uusitalo, Hanna Virtanen
published in: Economics of Education Review, 2024, 103, 102603
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15104
Fostering Soft Skills in Active Labor Market Programs: Evidence from a Large-Scale RCT
Analia Schlosser, Yannay Shanan
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15005
The Impact Evaluation of Vietnam's Escuela Nueva (New School) Program on Students' Cognitive and Non-cognitive Skills
Hai-Anh H Dang, Paul Glewwe, Jongwook Lee, Khoa Vu
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15005
The Impact Evaluation of Vietnam's Escuela Nueva (New School) Program on Students' Cognitive and Non-cognitive Skills
Hai-Anh H Dang, Paul Glewwe, Jongwook Lee, Khoa Vu
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14952
Effects of Childhood Peers on Personality Skills
Shuaizhang Feng, Jun Hyung Kim, Zhe Yang
forthcoming in: Journal of Labor Economics
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14820
Individualism, Human Capital Formation, and Labor Market Success
Katharina Hartinger, Sven Resnjanskij, Jens Ruhose, Simon Wiederhold
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14807
Many Rivers to Cross: Social Identity, Cognition and Labour Mobility in Rural India
Sébastien Michiels, Christophe Jalil Nordman, Suneha Seetahul
published in: Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 2021, 697(1), 66 - 80
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14678
Early-Years Multi-Grade Classes and Pupil Attainment
Daniel Borbely, Markus Gehrsitz, Stuart McIntyre, Gennaro Rossi, Graeme Roy
published in: Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics. 2023, 85, (6), 1295-1319
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14675
Is Being Competitive Always an Advantage? Degrees of Competitiveness, Gender, and Premature Work Contract Termination
Samuel Lüthi, Stefan C. Wolter
published in: Labour Economics, 2023, 85, 102457
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14580
Intergenerational Educational Mobility – The Role of Non-cognitive Skills
Anna Adamecz, Morag Henderson, Nikki Shure
published in: Education Economcis, 2024, 32 (1), 59 - 78
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14526
Limited Self-Knowledge and Survey Response Behavior
Armin Falk, Thomas Neuber, Philipp Strack
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14388
COVID-19 and Mental Health of Individuals with Different Personalities
Eugenio Proto, Anwen Zhang
revised version published in: PNAS (Proceeding of the National Academy of Science), 2021, 118 (37), e2109282118
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14353
Air Pollution and Adult Cognition: Evidence from Brain Training
Andrea La Nauze, Edson Severnini
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14260
Ethnic Mixing in Early Childhood: Evidence from a Randomized Field Experiment and a Structural Model
Vincent Boucher, Semih Tumen, Michael Vlassopoulos, Jackline Wahba, Yves Zenou
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14183
Is Care by Grandparents or Parents Better for Children's Non-cognitive Skills? Evidence on Locus of Control from China
Xiang Ao, Xuan Chen, Zhong Zhao
published in: China Economic Review, 2022, 61, 101734
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14132
Gender Gaps in Cognitive and Noncognitive Skills: Roles of SES and Gender Attitudes
Justine Hervé, Subha Mani, Jere R. Behrman, Arindam Nandi, Anjana Sankhil Lamkang, Ramanan Laxminarayan
published as 'Gender gaps in cognitive and noncognitive skills among adolescents in India' in: Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 2022, 193, 66 - 97
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14132
Gender Gaps in Cognitive and Noncognitive Skills: Roles of SES and Gender Attitudes
Justine Hervé, Subha Mani, Jere R. Behrman, Arindam Nandi, Anjana Sankhil Lamkang, Ramanan Laxminarayan
published as 'Gender gaps in cognitive and noncognitive skills among adolescents in India' in: Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 2022, 193, 66 - 97
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14049
The Causal Impact of Depression on Cognitive Functioning: Evidence from Europe
Vahé Nafilyan, Mauricio Avendano Pabon, Augustin de Coulon
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13966
The Social Side of Early Human Capital Formation: Using a Field Experiment to Estimate the Causal Impact of Neighborhoods
John A. List, Fatemeh Momeni, Yves Zenou
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13901
Cognitive Skills, Strategic Sophistication, and Life Outcomes
Eduardo Fe, David Gill, Victoria L. Prowse
published in: Journal of Political Economy, 2022, 130 (10), 2643–2704
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13771
An Intensive, School-Based Learning Camp Targeting Academic and Non-Cognitive Skills Evaluated in a Randomized Trial
Charlotte Hvidman, Alexander K. Koch, Julia Nafziger, Søren Albeck Nielsen, Michael Rosholm
published in: Labour Economics, 2024, 88, 102535
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13721
First in Their Families at University: Can Non-cognitive Skills Compensate for Social Origin?
Rebecca Edwards, Rachael Gibson, Colm P. Harmon, Stefanie Schurer
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13555
Task Specialization and Cognitive Skills: Evidence from PIAAC and IALS
Marta Martínez Matute, Ernesto Villanueva
published in: Review of Economics of the Household, 2023, 21, 59 - 92
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13342
Are Personality Traits Really Fixed and Does It Matter?
Steven Stillman, Malathi Velamuri
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13338
The Impact of Working Memory Training on Children's Cognitive and Noncognitive Skills
Eva M. Berger, Ernst Fehr, Henning Hermes, Daniel Schunk, Kirsten Winkel
forthcoming in: Journal of Political Economy, 2025
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13338
The Impact of Working Memory Training on Children's Cognitive and Noncognitive Skills
Eva M. Berger, Ernst Fehr, Henning Hermes, Daniel Schunk, Kirsten Winkel
forthcoming in: Journal of Political Economy, 2025
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13248
The Graduate Wage and Earnings Premia and the Role of Non-Cognitive Skills
Gerda Buchmueller, Ian Walker
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13206
Investigating the Genetic Architecture of Non-Cognitive Skills Using GWAS-By-Subtraction
Perline A. Demange, Margherita Malanchini, Travis T. Mallard, Pietro Biroli
published in: Nature Genetics, 2021, 53, 35 - 44
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13194
The Importance of Cognitive Domains and the Returns to Schooling in South Africa: Evidence from Two Labor Surveys
Plamen Nikolov, Nusrat Abedin Jimi
published in: Labour Economics, 2020, 65, 101849.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13129
The Effect of Labor Market Conditions at Entry on Workers' Long-Term Skills
Jaime Arellano-Bover
published in: Review of Economics and Statistics, 2022, 104(5), 1028-1045
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13106
The Long-Term Cognitive and Schooling Effects of Childhood Vaccinations in China
Hamid R. Oskorouchi, Alfonso Sousa-Poza, David E. Bloom
published in: China Economic Review, 2024, 88, 102293
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13063
Psychological Resilience to Major Socioeconomic Life Events
Fabrice Etilé, Paul Frijters, David W. Johnston, Michael A. Shields
published as 'Measuring resilience to major life events' in: Elsevier Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 2021, 191, 598-619
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12777
Training, Human Capital, and Gender Gaps in Entrepreneurial Performance
Zuzana Brixiova Schwidrowski, Thierry Kangoye, Mona Said
published in: Economic Modelling, 2020, 85, 367-380
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12629
A Bit of Salt, a Trace of Life: Gender Norms and the Impact of a Salt Iodization Program on Human Capital Formation of School Aged Children
Zichen Deng, Maarten Lindeboom
published in: Journal of Health Economics, 2022, 83, 102615
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12629
A Bit of Salt, a Trace of Life: Gender Norms and the Impact of a Salt Iodization Program on Human Capital Formation of School Aged Children
Zichen Deng, Maarten Lindeboom
published in: Journal of Health Economics, 2022, 83, 102615
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12531
Numeracy and Unemployment Duration
Thomas Dohmen, Bert van Landeghem
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12484
Early Education and Gender Differences
Daniela Del Boca, Enrica Maria Martino, Elena Claudia Meroni, Daniela Piazzalunga
published in: Economica Italiana, 2019, 3, 11-36
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12484
Early Education and Gender Differences
Daniela Del Boca, Enrica Maria Martino, Elena Claudia Meroni, Daniela Piazzalunga
published in: Economica Italiana, 2019, 3, 11-36
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12421
The Impact of Family Co-Residence and Childcare on Children's Cognitive Skill
Lanfang Deng, Haizheng Li, Zhiqiang Liu
published in: Applied Economics, 2022, 55 (26), 3008–3025.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12073
Ageing and Skills: The Case of Literacy Skills
Garry F. Barrett, W. Craig Riddell
published in: European Journal of Education, 2019, 54 (1), 60-71
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11920
High-Powered Performance Pay and Crowding out of Non-Monetary Motives
David B. Huffman, Michael L. Bognanno
published in: Management Science, 2018, 64 (10), 4669-4680.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11800
The Bilingual Gap in Children's Language and Emotional Development
Deborah A. Cobb-Clark, Colm P. Harmon, Anita Staneva
published in: IZA Journal of Labor Economics, 2021, 10 (1)
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11724
The Skill Development of Children of Immigrants
Marie C. Hull, Jonathan Norris
published in: Economics of Education Review, 2020, 78, 102036
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11603
Testing at Length If It Is Cognitive or Non-Cognitive
Giorgio Brunello, Angela Crema, Lorenzo Rocco
published as 'Some Unpleasant Consequences of Testing at Length' in: Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 2021, 83 (4), 1002 - 1023
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11578
Cognitive and Non-Cognitive Skills, Hiring Channels, and Wages in Bangladesh
Anne Hilger, Christophe Jalil Nordman, Leopold Sarr
published as 'Which Skills Matter for What Type of Worker? Cognitive Skills, Personality Traits, Hiring Channels, and Wages in Bangladesh', in: Indian Journal of Human Development, 2022, 16 (2), 219-247.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11547
A Double Machine Learning Approach to Estimate the Effects of Musical Practice on Student's Skills
Michael C. Knaus
published in: Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series A, 2021, 184(1), 282-300
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11451
Exploring the Role of Fathers in Non-Cognitive Skill Development over the Lifecourse
Rosemary Elkins, Stefanie Schurer
published as 'Exploring the role of parental engagement in non-cognitive skill development over the lifecourse' in: Journal of Population Economics, 2020, 33, 957–1004
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11408
The Human Capital Cost of Radiation: Long-Run Evidence from Exposure Outside the Womb
Benjamin Elsner, Florian Wozny
published as 'Long-run exposure to low-dose radiation reduces cognitive performance' in: Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 2023, 118, 102785
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11326
Cognitive Skills and the Development of Strategic Sophistication
Eduardo Fe, David Gill
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11283
Skills, Signals, and Employability: An Experimental Investigation
Marc Piopiunik, Guido Schwerdt, Lisa Simon, Ludger Woessmann
published in: European Economic Review, 2020, 123, 103374
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11268
For Better or Worse? The Effects of Physical Education on Child Development
Michael C. Knaus, Michael Lechner, Anne K. Reimers
published in: Labour Economics, 2020, 67, 1010904
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11268
For Better or Worse? The Effects of Physical Education on Child Development
Michael C. Knaus, Michael Lechner, Anne K. Reimers
published in: Labour Economics, 2020, 67, 1010904
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11212
Preschool Attendance, School Progression, and Cognitive Skills in East Africa
Jan Bietenbeck, Sanna Ericsson, Fredrick M. Wamalwa
revised version published as 'Preschool attendance, schooling, and cognitive skills in East Africa' in: Economics of Education Review, 2019, 73, 101909
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11211
The Effect of Multigrade Classes on Cognitive and Non-Cognitive Skills: Causal Evidence Exploiting Minimum Class Size Rules in Italy
Daniele Checchi, Maria De Paola
published in: Economics of Education Review, 2018, 67, 235-253
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11211
The Effect of Multigrade Classes on Cognitive and Non-Cognitive Skills: Causal Evidence Exploiting Minimum Class Size Rules in Italy
Daniele Checchi, Maria De Paola
published in: Economics of Education Review, 2018, 67, 235-253
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10982
The Impact of Non-Cognitive Skills and Risk Preferences on Rural-to-Urban Migration: Evidence from Ukraine
Sinem H. Ayhan, Kseniia Gatskova, Hartmut Lehmann
published in: Journal of Comparative Economics, 2020, 48 (1), 144 - 162.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10950
(How) Do Non-Cognitive Skills Programs Improve Adolescent School Achievement? Experimental Evidence
Pedro S. Martins
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10914
The Rising Return to Non-Cognitive Skill
Per-Anders Edin, Peter Fredriksson, Martin Nybom, Björn Öckert
published in American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 2022, 14 (2), 78-100
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10914
The Rising Return to Non-Cognitive Skill
Per-Anders Edin, Peter Fredriksson, Martin Nybom, Björn Öckert
published in American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 2022, 14 (2), 78-100
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10889
The Timing of Puberty and Gender Differences in Educational Achievement
Kristian Koerselman, Tuomas Pekkarinen
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10889
The Timing of Puberty and Gender Differences in Educational Achievement
Kristian Koerselman, Tuomas Pekkarinen
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10822
The Economic Value of Breaking Bad: Misbehavior, Schooling and the Labor Market
Nicholas W. Papageorge, Victor Ronda, Yu Zheng
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10661
Does Early Child Care Attendance Influence Children's Cognitive and Non-Cognitive Skill Development?
Daniel Kühnle, Michael Oberfichtner
published as 'Does Starting Universal Childcare Earlier Influence Children's Skill Development?' in: Demography, 2020, 57 (1), 61-98.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10661
Does Early Child Care Attendance Influence Children's Cognitive and Non-Cognitive Skill Development?
Daniel Kühnle, Michael Oberfichtner
published as 'Does Starting Universal Childcare Earlier Influence Children's Skill Development?' in: Demography, 2020, 57 (1), 61-98.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10625
Let the Girls Learn! I It is not Only about Math... It’s about Gender Social Norm
Natalia Nollenberger, Núria Rodríguez-Planas
published in: Economics of Education Review, 2018, 62, 230-253
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10566
Cognitive Skills, Noncognitive Skills, and School-to-Work Transitions in Rural China
Paul Glewwe, Qiuqiong Huang, Albert Park
published in: Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 2017, 134, 141-164
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10566
Cognitive Skills, Noncognitive Skills, and School-to-Work Transitions in Rural China
Paul Glewwe, Qiuqiong Huang, Albert Park
published in: Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 2017, 134, 141-164
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10565
Money Counts, but So Does Timing: Public Investment and Adult Competencies
Alison Cathles, Jo Ritzen
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10538
Origins of Adulthood Personality: The Role of Adverse Childhood Experiences
Jason M. Fletcher, Stefanie Schurer
published in: B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy, 2017, 17(2), 20150212
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10525
Bonus Skills: Examining the Effect of an Unconditional Cash Transfer on Child Human Capital Formation
Jason Gaitz, Stefanie Schurer
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