The IZA Discussion Paper Series (ISSN: 2365-9793) disseminates high-quality research by IZA network members to the scientific community and the interested public worldwide before they are later published in academic journals. Comprising more than 17,000 papers, IZA's publication flagship is the most influential working paper series in labor economics.

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570 IZA Discussion Papers
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15903
Globalization and Firm Performance
Luis A. V. Catão, Pedro de Faria, António Martins, Miguel Portela
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15881
Implicit Contracts, Incentive Compatibility, and Involuntary Unemployment: Thirty Years On
W. Bentley MacLeod, James Malcomson
published in: Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economicsi (JITE), 2023, 179 (3), 470 - 499
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15848
Self-Efficacy and Entrepreneurial Performance of Start-Ups
Marco Caliendo, Alexander S. Kritikos, Daniel Rodriguez, Claudia Stier
published in: Small Business Economics, 2023, 61, 1027–1051
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15793
The Influence of Start-up Motivation on Entrepreneurial Performance
Marco Caliendo, Alexander S. Kritikos, Claudia Stier
published in: Small Business Economics, 2023, 61, 869-889.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15779
Investment Grants and Firms' Productivity: How Effective Is a Grant Booster Shot?
Fernando Alexandre, Miguel Chaves, Miguel Portela
published in: Small Business Economics, 2025, 64, 1601–1641
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15716
Revenue Drift, Incentives, and Effort Allocation in Social Enterprises
Theodor Vladasel, Simon C. Parker, Randolph Sloof, Mirjam C. van Praag
published in: Journal of Economics & Management Strategy, 2024, 33 (3), 630 - 651
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15710
Investment and Subjective Uncertainty
Nicholas Bloom, Steven J. Davis, Lucia Foster, Scott Ohlmacher, Itay Saporta-Eksten
published as '2020 Klein Lecture—Investment and Subjective Uncertainty' in: International Economic Review, 2024, 65 (4), 1591 - 1606
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15708
The Identification of Time-Invariant Variables in Panel Data Model: Exploring the Role of Science in Firms’ Productivity
Sara Amoroso, Randolph Luca Bruno, Laura Magazzini
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15691
Gender Diversity, Labour in the Boardroom and Gender Quotas
Astrid Kunze, Katrin Scharfenkamp
substantially changed version published online as 'The Importance of Codetermination for Gender Diversity in the Boardroom' in: Industrial Relations, 16 June 2025
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15690
Microentrepreneurs' Gender Difference in Labor Demand
Oluwasheyi S. Oladipo, Hyoung Suk Shim
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15608
German Financial State Aid during COVID-19 Pandemic: Higher Impact among Digitalized Self-Employed
Irene Bertschek, Jörn Block, Alexander S. Kritikos, Caroline Stiel
published in: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 2024, 36 (1–2), 76–97
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15554
Organisational Leadership: How Much Does It Matter?
Getinet Astatike Haile
published in: British Journal of Industrial Relations, 2023, 61 (3), 653 - 673
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15540
Working from Home Around the World
Cevat Giray Aksoy, José María Barrero, Nicholas Bloom, Steven J. Davis, Mathias Dolls, Pablo Zarate
published in: Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, Fall 2022, 281–330
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15526
COVID-19 and Entrepreneurship Entry and Exit: Opportunity Amidst Adversity
Vladimir Otrachshenko, Olga Popova, Milena Nikolova, Elena Tyurina
published in: Technology in Society, 2022, 71, 102093
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15445
Were Small Businesses More Likely to Permanently Close in the Pandemic?
Robert W. Fairlie, Frank M. Fossen, Reid Johnsen, Gentian Droboniku
revised version published in: Small Business Economics, 2023, 60, 1613-1629
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15442
The Organizational Economics of School Chains
Lorenzo Neri, Elisabetta Pasini, Olmo Silva
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15370
How Representative Are Social Partners in Europe? The Role of Dissimilarity
Marta Martínez Matute, Pedro S. Martins
published in: Labour, 2022, 36, 424 - 444
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15344
Hybrid (Solo)Self-Employment and Upskilling: Is Online Platform Work a Path Towards Entrepreneurship?
Konstantinos Pouliakas, Antonio Ranieri
published in: W. Conen and E. Reuter (eds.), Research Handbook on Self-employment and Public Policy, Edward Elgar Publishing, 2024
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15316
The Interplay between Organizational Structure, Culture and Employees’ Socio-Emotional Skills within Their Social Capital
Somayeh Koohborfardhaghighi, Jörn Altmann, Almas Heshmati
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15260
Pandemic Depression: COVID-19 and the Mental Health of the Self-Employed
Marco Caliendo, Daniel Graeber, Alexander S. Kritikos, Johannes Seebauer
published in: Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 2023, 47(3), 788–830
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