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IZA Discussion Paper No. 18987
October 2026
Mind the Gap: Gender Inequality in Europe’s Twin Transition
Letizia Deriu, Daniela Piazzalunga, Chiara Tomasi

This paper examines gender disparities in the European labour market during the twin digital and green transitions. Using the European Skills and Jobs Survey matched with the ESCO occupational classification, it identifies digital and green occupations based on their skill content and analyses both access to these jobs and wage outcomes within them. Women are significantly less likely to work in digital and green occupations and, conditional on employment, face larger wage gaps than comparable men. They are also less likely to hold managerial positions and benefit less from STEM educational backgrounds, despite the positive returns associated with these qualifications. Finally, stronger regional STEM-oriented university environments are associated with smaller gender gaps in access to digital occupations and wages, suggesting that the twin transition may reinforce existing gender inequalities unless accompanied by targeted policies.

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Olga Nottmeyer
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+352 585-855-501
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Christina Gathmann
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The IZA@LISER Network is a global community of scholars dedicated to excellence in labor economics and related fields, now coordinated at the Luxembourg Institute of Socio-Economic Research (LISER) following its transition from Bonn.

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