Carl Singleton

Research Fellow

University of Stirling

External Homepage CV

Research Interests

Carl is currently Senior Lecturer of Economics at the University of Stirling. He mainly works with linked employer-employee data, with particular interests in business cycles, wage determination, and inequality issues. Carl also works in the field of Sports Economics.

Carl completed his PhD at The University of Edinburgh in 2017 and joined IZA as a Research Fellow in 2024.

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IZA Publications

IZA Discussion Paper No. 17718
Objective Calls Under the Spotlight: Referee Consistency and Behaviour on Football's Biggest Stage
David Butler, Robert Butler, Carl Singleton
published online in: Journal of Sports Economics, 27 November 2025
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17489
Biased Returns to Tenure: The Impact of Firm-Specific Shocks on Base and Non-base Earnings
Daniel Schaefer, Carl Singleton, Nikolaos Theodoropoulos
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17291
Revisiting Sample Bias in the UK's Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings, with Implications for Estimates of Low Pay and the Bite of the National Living Wage
John Forth, Alex Bryson, Van Phan, Felix Ritchie, Carl Singleton, Lucy Stokes, Damian Whittard
published online as 'The Representativeness of the Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings and its Implications for UK Wage Policy' in: British Journal of Industrial Relations, 25 August 2025
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17285
Unequal Hiring Wages and Their Impact on the Gender Pay Gap
Tho Pham, Daniel Schaefer, Carl Singleton
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17191
Looks and Gaming: Who and Why?
Andy Chung, Daniel S. Hamermesh, Carl Singleton, Zhengxin Wang, Junsen Zhang
published in: Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 2025, 240, 107340
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17132
The Impact of a Rising Wage Floor on Labour Mobility across Firms
John Forth, Carl Singleton, Alex Bryson, Van Phan, Felix Ritchie, Damian Whittard
published in: British Journal of Industrial Relations, 2025, 63 (4), 746-757
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17079
Why Wages Don't Fall in Jobs with Incomplete Contracts
Marco Fongoni, Daniel Schaefer, Carl Singleton
published in: Management Science, 2025, 71(8), 6319-6339.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16963
Can Awareness Reduce (and Reverse) Identity-Driven Bias in Judgement? Evidence from International Cricket
Subhasish M Chowdhury, Sarah Jewell, Carl Singleton
published in: Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 2024, 226, 106697.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15284
Accounting for Firms in Ethnicity Wage Gaps throughout the Earnings Distribution
Van Phan, Carl Singleton, Alex Bryson, John Forth, Felix Ritchie, Lucy Stokes, Damian Whittard
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13578
Experimental Effects of an Absent Crowd on Performances and Refereeing Decisions during COVID-19
Alex Bryson, Peter Dolton, J. James Reade, Dominik Schreyer, Carl Singleton
published as 'Causal effects of an absent crowd on performances and refereeing decisions during Covid-19' in: Economic Letters , 2021, 198, 109664
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