The IZA Discussion Paper Series (ISSN: 2365-9793) disseminates high-quality research by IZA network members to the scientific community and the interested public worldwide before they are later published in academic journals. Comprising over 16,000 papers, IZA's publication flagship is the most influential working paper series in labor economics.

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267 IZA Discussion Papers
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16122
Labour Costs and the Decision to Hire the First Employee
Bart Cockx, Sam Desiere
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16087
Make Your Own Luck: The Wage Gains from Starting College in a Bad Economy
Alena Bicakova, Guido Matias Cortes, Jacopo Mazza
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16056
Downward Revision of Investment Decisions after Corporate Tax Hikes
Sebastian Link, Manuel Menkhoff, Andreas Peichl, Paul Schüle
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16007
Political Connections, Business Groups and Innovation
Simon Commander, Saul Estrin, Thamashi De Silva
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15955
The Nature of Long-Term Unemployment: Predictability, Heterogeneity and Selection
Andreas I. Mueller, Johannes Spinnewijn
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15946
State-Based Conflict and Entrepreneurship: Empirical Evidence
Wim Naudé, Ernesto Amorós, Tilman Brück
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15905
Labour Market Expectations and Unemployment in Europe
David G. Blanchflower, Alex Bryson
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15710
Investment and Subjective Uncertainty
Nicholas Bloom, Steven J. Davis, Lucia Foster, Scott Ohlmacher, Itay Saporta-Eksten
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15603
Cyclical Earnings, Career and Employment Transitions
Carlos Carrillo-Tudela, Ludo Visschers, David Wiczer
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15526
COVID-19 and Entrepreneurship Entry and Exit: Opportunity Amidst Adversity
Vladimir Otrachshenko, Olga Popova, Milena Nikolova, Elena Tyurina
published in: Technology in Society, 2022, 71, 102093
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15526
COVID-19 and Entrepreneurship Entry and Exit: Opportunity Amidst Adversity
Vladimir Otrachshenko, Olga Popova, Milena Nikolova, Elena Tyurina
published in: Technology in Society, 2022, 71, 102093
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15515
Measuring Small Business Dynamics and Employment with Private-Sector Real-Time Data
Andre Kurmann, Etienne Lalé, Lien Ta
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15515
Measuring Small Business Dynamics and Employment with Private-Sector Real-Time Data
Andre Kurmann, Etienne Lalé, Lien Ta
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15445
Were Small Businesses More Likely to Permanently Close in the Pandemic?
Robert W. Fairlie, Frank M. Fossen, Reid Johnsen, Gentian Droboniku
revised version published online in: Small Business Economics, 08 August 2022
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15385
The Shift to Remote Work Lessens Wage-Growth Pressures
Jose Maria Barrero, Nicholas Bloom, Steven J. Davis, Brent Meyer, Emil Mihaylov
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15237
Characterizing the Schooling Cycle
Barbara Sadaba, Suncica Vujic, Sofia Maier
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15229
Pandemic-Era Uncertainty
Brent Meyer, Emil Mihaylov, Jose Maria Barrero, Steven J. Davis, David Altig, Nicholas Bloom
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15204
Improving Entrepreneurs' Digital Skills and Firms' Digital Competencies through Business Apps Training: A Study of Small Firms
Nick Drydakis
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15136
The Unemployed with Jobs and without Jobs
Robert E. Hall, Marianna Kudlyak
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15135
The Inexorable Recoveries of Unemployment
Robert E. Hall, Marianna Kudlyak
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15107
From Epidemic to Pandemic: Effects of the COVID-19 Outbreak on High School Program Choices in Sweden
Aino-Maija Aalto, Dagmar Müller, J. Lucas Tilley
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15099
Good Job, Bad Job, No Job? Ethnicity and Employment Quality for Men in the UK
Ken Clark, Nico Ochmann
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15065
Artificial Intelligence and Reduced SMEs' Business Risks. A Dynamic Capabilities Analysis during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Nick Drydakis
published in: Information Systems Frontiers, 2022, 24, 1223 - 1247
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14956
How Does the Position in Business Group Hierarchies Affect Workers' Wages?
Hartmut Egger, Elke J. Jahn, Stefan Kornitzky
revised version published in: Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 2022, 194 (2), 244-263
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14911
Adams and Eves: The Gender Gap in Economics Majors
Graziella Bertocchi, Luca Bonacini, Marina Murat
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14892
Short-Term Impacts of Targeted Cash Grants and Business Development Services: Experimental Evidence from Entrepreneurs in Burkina Faso
Michael Grimm, Sidiki Soubeiga, Michael Weber
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14892
Short-Term Impacts of Targeted Cash Grants and Business Development Services: Experimental Evidence from Entrepreneurs in Burkina Faso
Michael Grimm, Sidiki Soubeiga, Michael Weber
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14869
Equilibrium Job Turnover and the Business Cycle
Carlos Carrillo-Tudela, Alex Clymo, Melvyn Coles
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14722
Physical Pain, Gender, and the State of the Economy in 146 Nations
Lucía Macchia, Andrew J. Oswald
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14683
Who Benefits from Tax Incentives? The Heterogeneous Wage Incidence of a Tax Credit
Clément Carbonnier, Clément Malgouyres, Loriane Py, Camille Urvoy
published in: Journal of Public Economics, 2022, 206, 104577
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14681
Does the Community Reinvestment Act Increase Small Business Lending in Lower Income Neighborhoods?
Mee Jung Kim, Kyung Min Lee, John S. Earle
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14630
Economic Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Entrepreneurship and Small Businesses
Maksim Belitski, Christina Guenther, Alexander S. Kritikos, Roy Thurik
published in: Small Business Economics, 2022, 58 (2), 593-609
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14610
The Productivity Puzzle in Business Services
Alexander S. Kritikos, Alexander Schiersch, Caroline Stiel
published as 'The productivity shock in business services' in: Small Business Economics, 2022, 59 (3), 1273 - 1299
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14583
Government Intervention and Business Response as Determinants of Business Continuity amid COVID-19: The Case of Jordan and Morocco
Anthony Fakhoury, Ali Fakih
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14583
Government Intervention and Business Response as Determinants of Business Continuity amid COVID-19: The Case of Jordan and Morocco
Anthony Fakhoury, Ali Fakih
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14459
Dispersion in Dispersion: Measuring Establishment-Level Differences In Productivity
Cindy Cunningham, Lucia Foster, Cheryl Grim, John C. Haltiwanger, Sabrina Wulff Pabilonia, Jay Stewart, Zoltan Wolf
published online in: Review of Income and Wealth, 26 September 2022
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14403
Black Entrepreneurs, Job Creation, and Financial Constraints
Mee Jung Kim, Kyung Min Lee, J. David Brown, John S. Earle
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14324
Death on the Job: The Great Recession and Work-Related Traffic Fatalities
Michael French, Gulcin Gumus
revised version published in: Social Science & Medicine, 2021, 280, 113979
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14223
From Mancession to Shecession: Women's Employment in Regular and Pandemic Recessions
Titan Alon, Sena Coskun, Matthias Doepke, David Koll, Michèle Tertilt
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14182
Asian Discrimination in the Coronavirus Era: Implications for Business Formation and Survival
Catalina Amuedo-Dorantes, Cristina Borra, Chunbei Wang
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14182
Asian Discrimination in the Coronavirus Era: Implications for Business Formation and Survival
Catalina Amuedo-Dorantes, Cristina Borra, Chunbei Wang
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14147
The Fetters of the Sib: An Experimental Study in Burkina Faso
Björn Vollan, Myriam Hadnes, Marco Nilgen, Michael Kosfeld
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14048
Child Care over the Business Cycle
Jessica H. Brown, Chris M. Herbst
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13979
Uncovering the Mechanism(s): Financial Constraints and Wages
Hamzeh Arabzadeh, Almut Balleer, Britta Gehrke
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13953
Consequences of a Massive Refugee Influx on Firm Performance and Market Structure
Yusuf Emre Akgündüz, Yusuf Kenan Bağır, Seyit Mümin Cilasun, Murat G. Kirdar
published in: Journal of Development Economics, 2023, 162, 103081.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13773
Why Are Africa's Female Entrepreneurs Not Playing the Export Game? Evidence from Ghana
Charles G. Ackah, Holger Görg, Aoife Hanley, Cecília Hornok
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13707
The Impact of COVID-19 on Small Business Owners: The First Three Months after Social-Distancing Restrictions
Robert W. Fairlie
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13707
The Impact of COVID-19 on Small Business Owners: The First Three Months after Social-Distancing Restrictions
Robert W. Fairlie
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13707
The Impact of COVID-19 on Small Business Owners: The First Three Months after Social-Distancing Restrictions
Robert W. Fairlie
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13681
Employment Reallocation over the Business Cycle: Evidence from Danish Data
Antoine Bertheau, Henning Bunzel, Rune Majlund Vejlin
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13666
Long Live the Vacancy
Christian Haefke, Michael Reiter
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13562
This Time It's Different: The Role of Women's Employment in a Pandemic Recession
Titan Alon, Matthias Doepke, Jane Olmstead-Rumsey, Michèle Tertilt
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13561
Caught in the Cycle: Economic Conditions at Enrollment and Labor Market Outcomes of College Graduates
Alena Bicakova, Guido Matias Cortes, Jacopo Mazza
published in: Economic Journal, 2021, 131 (638), 2383-2412.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13368
The Effect of Business Cycle Expectations on the German Apprenticeship Market: Estimating the Impact of COVID-19
Samuel Mühlemann, Harald Pfeifer, Bernhard Wittek
published in: Empirical Research in Vocational Education and Training, 2020, 12, Article 8 (2020)
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13327
Wage Growth Distribution and Changes over Time: 2001-2018
Guyonne Kalb, Jordy Meekes
published in: the Australian Economic Review, 2021, 54 (1), 76-93
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13311
The Impact of COVID-19 on Small Business Owners: Evidence of Early-Stage Losses from the April 2020 Current Population Survey
Robert W. Fairlie
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13307
Unemployment and Endogenous Reallocation over the Business Cycle
Carlos Carrillo-Tudela, Ludo Visschers
published in: Econometrica, 2021, 91 (3), 1119-1153
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13034
The Productivity Impact of Business Visits across Industries
Mariacristina Piva, Massimiliano Tani, Marco Vivarelli
published as 'The productivity impact of short-term labor mobility' in: Small Business Economics, 2023, 60, 691 - 705
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13014
The Effect of Immigration on Business Dynamics and Employment
Pia M. Orrenius, Madeline Zavodny, Alexander Abraham
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13000
Global Macro-Financial Cycles and Spillovers
Jongrim Ha, M. Ayhan Kose, Christopher Otrok, Eswar Prasad
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12943
Microentrepreneurship in Developing Countries
Seema Jayachandran
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12936
Financial Constraints and Small and Medium Enterprises: A Review
Sasan Bakhtiari, Robert Breunig, Lisa Magnani, Jacquelyn Zhang
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12889
The Importance of Hiring Frictions in Business Cycles
Renato Faccini, Eran Yashiv
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12742
What Makes an Employer?
Marco Caliendo, Frank M. Fossen, Alexander S. Kritikos
revised version published as 'Personality characteristics and the decision to hire' in: Industrial and Corporate Change, 2022, 31 (3), 736-761
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12690
Catching up or Lagging Behind? The Long-Term Business and Innovation Potential of Subsidized Start-Ups out of Unemployment
Marco Caliendo, Steffen Künn, Martin Weissenberger
published in: Research Policy, 2020, 49 (10), 1-14
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12533
Migration, Innovation, and Growth: An African Story?
Linguère Mously Mbaye, Massimiliano Tani
published in: M. Konte and L.M.Mbaye (eds.), Migration, Remittances and Sustainable Development in Africa, London, Routledge, 2020, chapter 3, 38-61
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12499
Entrepreneurship over the Business Cycle in the United States: A Decomposition
Frank M. Fossen
revised version published in: Small Business Economics, 2021, 57, 1837-1855
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12492
Government Deficit Shocks and Okun's Coefficient Volatility: New Insights on the Austerity versus Growth Debate
Binh Thai Pham, Hector Sala
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12487
The Effectiveness of Interventions to Reduce Informality in Low- and Middle Income Countries
Jonas Jessen, Jochen Kluve
revised version published in: World Development, 2021, 138, 105256
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12425
Is There a Business Cycle Effect on the Incidence of Dual Job Holding?
Chung Choe, Ronald L. Oaxaca, Francesco Renna
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12398
Business Culture: The Role of Personal and Impersonal Business Relationships on Market Efficiency
Manuel Munoz-Herrera, Ernesto Reuben
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12365
Do Unemployment Benefit Extensions Explain the Emergence of Jobless Recoveries?
Kurt Mitman, Stanislav Rabinovich
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12325
The Impact of Soft-Skills Training for Entrepreneurs in Jamaica
Diego Ubfal, Irani Arraiz, Diether Beuermann, Michael Frese, Alessandro Maffioli, Daniel Verch
published in: World Development, 2022, 152, 105787
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12225
Do Tax Incentives Affect Business Location and Economic Development? Evidence from State Film Incentives
Patrick Button
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12189
Transitioning from Solo Self-Employed to Microbusiness Employer: Local Economic Environment or Owner Characteristics?
Andrew Henley
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11858
The German Labor Market during the Great Recession: Shocks and Institutions
Britta Gehrke, Wolfgang Lechthaler, Christian Merkl
published in: Economic Modelling, 2019, 78, 192-208
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11853
On the Job Search and Business Cycles
Giuseppe Moscarini, Fabien Postel-Vinay
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11826
The Ins and Outs of Involuntary Part-Time Employment
Daniel Borowczyk-Martins, Etienne Lalé
published in: Labour Economics, 2020, 67, 101940
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11750
Pathways to Formalization: Going beyond the Formality Dichotomy
Juan Jose Diaz, Juan Chacaltana, Jamele Rigolini, Claudia Ruiz
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11686
Macroeconomic Conditions and Child Schooling in Turkey
Pinar Mine Gunes, Beyza Ural Marchand
published in: Labour Economics, 2020, 63, 101809.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11668
Bribes vs. Taxes: Market Structure and Incentives
Francesco Amodio, Jieun Choi, Giacomo De Giorgi, Aminur Rahman
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11662
High-Growth Entrepreneurship
J. David Brown, John S. Earle, Mee Jung Kim, Kyung Min Lee
forthcoming as 'Start-Ups, Job Creation, and Founder Characteristics' in: Industrial and Corporate Change
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11650
Skills, Scope, and Success: An Empirical Look at the Start-up Process in Creative Industries in Germany
Karsten Kohn, Solvejg A. Wewel
published in: Creativity and Innovation Management, 2018, 27 (3), 295-318
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11599
Nudging Businesses to Pay Their Taxes: Does Timing Matter?
Christian Gillitzer, Mathias Sinning
published in: Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 2020, 169, 284-300
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11504
Downward Real Wage Rigidity and Equal Treatment Wage Contracts: Theory and Evidence
Andy Snell, Heiko Stüber, Jonathan P. Thomas
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11501
Business Cycles and Start-ups across Industries: An Empirical Analysis of German Regions
Alexander Konon, Michael Fritsch, Alexander S. Kritikos
published in: Journal of Business Venturing, 2018, 33(6), 742-761
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11501
Business Cycles and Start-ups across Industries: An Empirical Analysis of German Regions
Alexander Konon, Michael Fritsch, Alexander S. Kritikos
published in: Journal of Business Venturing, 2018, 33(6), 742-761
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11472
Counteracting Unemployment in Crises: Non-Linear Effects of Short-Time Work Policy
Britta Gehrke, Brigitte Hochmuth
published in: The Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 2021, 123(1), 144-183
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11374
Are Apprenticeships Business Cycle Proof?
Samuel Lüthi, Stefan C. Wolter
published in: Swiss Journal of Economics and Statistics, 2020, 156, Article number: 3 (2020)
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11285
Does Labor Market Tightness Affect Ethnic Discrimination in Hiring?
Magnus Carlsson, Luca Fumarco, Dan-Olof Rooth
revised version published as 'Ethnic discrimination in hiring, labour market tightness and the business cycle - Evidence from field experiments.' in: Applied Economics, 2018, 50 (24), 2652 - 2663 [Online]
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11258
Opportunity versus Necessity Entrepreneurship: Two Components of Business Creation
Robert W. Fairlie, Frank M. Fossen
revised version published in: Research in Labor Economics, 2020, 48, 253-289.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11258
Opportunity versus Necessity Entrepreneurship: Two Components of Business Creation
Robert W. Fairlie, Frank M. Fossen
revised version published in: Research in Labor Economics, 2020, 48, 253-289.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11155
How Does Firm Survival Differ between Business Takeovers and New Venture Start-ups?
Guoqian Xi, Jörn Block, Frank Lasch, Frank Robert, Roy Thurik
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11104
Mode of Entry into Hybrid Entrepreneurship: New Venture Start-Up versus Business Takeover
Guoqian Xi, Jörn Block, Frank Lasch, Frank Robert, Roy Thurik
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11056
Employment Discrimination in a Former Soviet Union Republic: Evidence from a Field Experiment
Muhammad Asali, Norberto Pignatti, Sophiko Skhirtladze
revised version published in: Journal of Comparative Economics, 2018, 46 (4), 1294-1309.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10996
Up in STEM, Down in Business: Changing College Major Decisions with the Great Recession
Shimeng Liu, Weizeng Sun, John V. Winters
published in: Contemporary Economic Policy, 2019, 37(3), 476-491
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10953
Smoking and the Business Cycle: Evidence from Germany
Micha Kaiser, Mirjam Reutter, Alfonso Sousa-Poza, Kristina Strohmaier
published as 'Smoking and local unemployment: Evidence from Germany ' in: Economics & Human Biology, 2018, 29, 138 - 147
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10795
Behavioral Insights and Business Taxation: Evidence from Two Randomized Controlled Trials
Nicholas Biddle, Katja Fels, Mathias Sinning
published in: Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Finance, 2018, 18, 30-49
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10634
On the Exposure of the BRIC Countries to Global Economic Shocks
Ansgar H. Belke, Christian Dreger, Irina Dubova
published in: World Economy, 2019, 45 (1), 122-142
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10615
Growing Markets through Business Training for Female Entrepreneurs: A Market-Level Randomized Experiment in Kenya
David McKenzie, Olga Susana Puerto
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