The IZA Discussion Paper Series (ISSN: 2365-9793) disseminates high-quality research by IZA network members to the scientific community and the interested public worldwide before they are later published in academic journals. Comprising more than 17,000 papers, IZA's publication flagship is the most influential working paper series in labor economics.

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338 IZA Discussion Papers
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18182
Economic Development in the 21st Century
Carmel U. Chiswick
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18110
Economics for a Safe Operating Space: A Green-Growth-Degrowth Model
Thomas Gries, Wim Naudé
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17900
The Green Path: FDI’s Influence on Asia’s Sustainable Economic Growth
Anh Le Ngoc, Almas Heshmati
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17875
Wage Profiles in STEM and Non-STEM Careers
Michael Alexeev, Yevgenia Chernina, Vladimir Gimpelson, Darya Zinchenko
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17857
Protection for Whom? The Political Economy of Protective Labor Laws for Women
Matthias Doepke, Hanno Foerster, Anne Hannusch, Michèle Tertilt
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17806
The Role of Business Visits in Fostering R&D Investment
Massimiliano Tani, Marco Vivarelli, Mariacristina Piva
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17747
Religion and Economic Development: Past, Present, and Future
Sascha O. Becker, Amma Panin, Steven Pfaff, Jared Rubin
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17581
Heterogeneous Innovations and Growth Under Imperfect Technology Spillovers
Karam Jo, Seula Kim
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17495
Regionalism, Productivity, and Innovation
Rolando Avendano, Massimiliano Tani, Lovely C. Tolin
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17433
Firm Ownership Control and Management Practices, with an Update on Sub-Saharan Africa
Andrew Dabalen, Saumik Paul
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17392
Monopsony in Growth Theory
Pietro Garibaldi, Enrico D. Turri
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17281
Aggregate Implications of Barriers to Female Entrepreneurship
Gaurav Chiplunkar, Pinelopi Koujianou Goldberg
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17213
Trading Places: Mobility Responses of Native and Foreign-Born Adults to the China Trade Shock
David Autor, David Dorn, Gordon H. Hanson
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17158
Entrepreneurship Is Dangerously Obsessed with Growth and Incompatible with Current Visions of a Post-growth Society
Wim Naudé
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17150
Financial Inclusion and Threshold Effects in Carbon Emissions
Nidhaleddine Ben Cheikh, Christophe Rault
revised version published in: Energy Policy, 2024, 192,114265
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17075
The African Entrepreneurial Ecosystem Index: Conceptual, Methodological and Empirical Flaws and the Way Forward
Wim Naudé
published online in: Journal of Technology Transfer, 25 April 2025
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17045
Lobbying for Industrialization: Theory and Evidence
Dmitry Veselov, Alexander Yarkin
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17031
Do Politicians Affect Firm Outcomes? Evidence from Connections to the German Federal Parliament
André Diegmann, Laura Pohlan, Andrea Weber
find an updated version of the paper here
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17026
R&D Decisions and Productivity Growth: Evidence from Switzerland and the Netherlands
Sabien Dobbelaere, Michael D. König, Andrin Spescha, Martin Wörter
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16794
Efficiency in Poverty Reduction: A State-Level Analysis for Bolivia
Gustavo J. Canavire Bacarreza, Alejandro Puerta-Cuartas, Javier Beverinotti
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16771
Greenhouse Gas Mitigation and Price-Driven Growth in a Solow-Swan Economy with an Environmental Limit
Michael C. Burda, Leopold Zessner-Spitzenberg
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16766
Artificial Intelligence and the Discovery of New Ideas: Is an Economic Growth Explosion Imminent?
Derick Almeida, Wim Naudé, Tiago Neves Sequeira
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16761
Decentralizing Development: Evidence from Government Splits
Ricardo Dahis, Christiane Szerman
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16747
Employment Protection Legislation and Job Reallocation across Sectors, Firms and Workers: A Survey
Pierre Cahuc, Marco G. Palladino
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16723
Factor Shares, Redistribution and Growth in a Captured Democracy
Andrea Vindigni
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16715
Extreme Weather Events and Climate Change: Economic Impacts and Adaptation Policies
Susana Ferreira
published in: Annual Review of Resource Economics, 2024, 16, 207-231
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16671
Does Turnover Inhibit Specialization? Evidence from a Skill Survey in Peru
Andrea Atencio-De-Leon, Munseob Lee, Claudia Macaluso
published in: American Economic Review: Insights, 2025, 7 (1), 56–70
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16611
Nonlinear Propagation of Sectoral Productivity Shocks with Variable Elasticities of Substitution
Saumik Paul, Dhushyanth Raju
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16553
The Plant-Level View of Korea's Growth Miracle and Slowdown
Munseob Lee, Yongseok Shin
published in: Canadian Journal of Economics, 2024, 57 (3), 704–725
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16530
Allocation of Female Talent and Cross-Country Productivity Differences
Munseob Lee
published in: Economic Journal, 2024, 134 (665), 3333–3359
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16494
Religion and Growth
Sascha O. Becker, Jared Rubin, Ludger Woessmann
published in: Journal of Economic Literature, 2024, 62 (3), 1094–1142
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16486
Alberto Alesina (1957-2020): Man, Researcher, Professor of Economics, Popularizer
Andrea Vindigni
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16483
Destructive Digital Entrepreneurship
Wim Naudé
published in: W. Naudé and B. Power (eds.), Handbook of Research on Entrepreneurship and Conflict, Elgar, 2024, 292–328
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16408
Is Productive Entrepreneurship Getting Scarcer? A Reflection on the Contemporary Relevance of Baumol's Typology
Maria Minniti, Wim Naudé, Erik Stam
published in: W. Naudé and B. Power (eds.), Handbook of Research on Entrepreneurship and Conflict, Elgar, 2024, 18 - 44
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16396
The Effects of Climate Change in the Poorest Countries: Evidence from the Permanent Shrinking of Lake Chad
Remi Jedwab, Federico Haslop, Roman David Zarate, Carlos Rodriguez Castelan
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16377
Population Aging and Economic Growth: From Demographic Dividend to Demographic Drag?
Rainer Kotschy, David E. Bloom
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16191
We Already Live in a Degrowth World, and We Do Not like It
Wim Naudé
published in: W. Naudé (ed.), Economic Growth and Societal Collapse: Beyond Green Growth and Degrowth Fairy Tales, Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke, 2023
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16139
Melancholy Hues: The Futility of Green Growth and Degrowth, and the Inevitability of Societal Collapse
Wim Naudé
published in: W. Naudé (ed.), Economic Growth and Societal Collapse: Beyond Green Growth and Degrowth Fairy Tales, Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke, 2023
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16106
Inflation Expectations and Misallocation of Resources: Evidence from Italy
Tiziano Ropele, Yuriy Gorodnichenko, Olivier Coibion
published in: American Economic Review: Insights, 2024, 6 (2), 246–261
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16047
(De Facto) Historical Ethnic Borders and Land Tenure in Sub-Saharan Africa
Emilio Depetris-Chauvin, Ömer Özak
published in: Economics Letters, 2024, 243, 111921
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16043
Africa's Industrialization Prospects: A Fresh Look
Wim Naudé, Fiona Tregenna
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15924
Extraterrestrial Artificial Intelligence: The Final Existential Risk?
Wim Naudé
published in: W. Naudé and T. Gries and N. Dimitri (eds.), Artificial Intelligence: Economic Perspectives and Models, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2024
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15853
Economic Growth and Pollutant Emissions: New Panel Evidence from the Union for the Mediterranean Countries
Mouna Ben Abdeljelil, Christophe Rault, Fateh Belaïd
published in: Economic Change and Restructuring, 2023, 56, 1537-1566
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15846
Political Economy of Industrialization and Industrial Parks in Ethiopia
Selamawit G. Kebede, Almas Heshmati
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15760
Import Competition, Formalization, and the Role of Contract Labor
Pavel Chakraborty, Rahul Singh, Vidhya Soundararajan
published in: World Bank Economic Review, 2024, 38 (4), 741–771,
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15722
How Do Immigrants Promote Exports? Networks, Knowledge, Diversity.
Gianluca Orefice, Hillel Rapoport, Gianluca Santoni
published in: Journal of Development Economics, 2025, 174, 103443
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15713
The Future Economics of Artificial Intelligence: Mythical Agents, a Singleton and the Dark Forest
Wim Naudé
published in: W. Naudé and T. Gries and N. Dimitri (eds.), Artificial Intelligence: Economic Perspectives and Models, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2024
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15669
A Measure of Well-Being Efficiency Based on the World Happiness Report
Francesco Sarracino, Kelsey J. O'Connor
published in: International Productivity Monitor, 2022, 43, 10-40.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15648
Global Universal Basic Skills: Current Deficits and Implications for World Development
Sarah Gust, Eric A. Hanushek, Ludger Woessmann
published in: Journal of Development Economics, 2024, 166, 103205
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15598
The Political U: New Evidence on Democracy and Income
Nauro F. Campos, Fabrizio Coricelli, Marco Frigerio
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15575
Demographic Transitions across Time and Space
Matthew J. Delventhal, Jesús Fernández-Villaverde, Nezih Guner
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15461
Regional Differences in Intersectoral Linkages and Diverse Patterns of Structural Transformation
Saumik Paul, Dhushyanth Raju
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15278
Do Educated Leaders Affect Economic Development? Evidence from India
Chandan Jain, Shagun Kashyap, Rahul Lahoti, Soham Sahoo
published as 'The impact of educated leaders on economic development: Evidence from India' in: Journal of Comparative Economics, 2023, 51 (3), 1068-1093
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15265
Mother Africa's Exceptionalism? Income and Fertility Redux
Mark Gradstein, Phoebe W. Ishak
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15185
The Long-Run Effects of Immigration: Evidence across a Barrier to Refugee Settlement
Antonio Ciccone, Jan Sebastian Nimczik
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15127
Demographic Changes, Labor Supplies, Labor Complementarities, Calendar Annual Wages of Age Groups, and Cohort Life Wage Incomes
Bjarne S. Jensen, Peder J. Pedersen, Ross Guest
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14974
Understanding Climate Damages: Consumption versus Investment
Gregory Casey, Stephie Fried, Matthew Gibson
published in: European Economic Review, 2024, 167, 104799
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14834
Institutional Integration and Productivity Growth: Evidence from the 1995 Enlargement of the European Union
Nauro F. Campos, Fabrizio Coricelli, Emanuele Franceschi
published in: European Economic Review, 2022, 142, 104014
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14804
On the Persistence of the China Shock
David Autor, David Dorn, Gordon H. Hanson
published in: Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 2021, 381-476
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14792
Education Quality, Green Technology, and the Economic Impact of Carbon Pricing
Kevin Macdonald, Harry Anthony Patrinos
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14610
The Productivity Puzzle in Business Services
Alexander S. Kritikos, Alexander Schiersch, Caroline Stiel
published as 'The productivity shock in business services' in: Small Business Economics, 2022, 59 (3), 1273 - 1299
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14407
Barriers to Growth-Enhancing Structural Transformation: The Role of Subnational Differences in Intersectoral Productivity Gaps
Saumik Paul, Dhushyanth Raju
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14341
The Race of Man and Machine: Implications of Technology When Abilities and Demand Constraints Matter
Thomas Gries, Wim Naudé
published in: W. Naudé and T. Gries and N. Dimitri (eds.), Artificial Intelligence: Economic Perspectives and Models, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2024
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14237
Left-Handedness and Economic Development
Fabio Mariani, Marion Mercier, Luca Pensieroso
published in: Journal of Economic Growth, 2023, 28, 79 - 123
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14171
Modelling Artificial Intelligence in Economics
Thomas Gries, Wim Naudé
published in: Journal for Labour Market Research, 2022, 56, 12 (2022)
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14047
Intra-Industry Trade, Involuntary Unemployment and Macroeconomic Stability
Antoine Le Riche, Teresa Lloyd-Braga, Leonor Modesto
published in: Journal of Mathematical Economics, 2022, 99, 102589
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13950
Worker Surveillance Capital, Labour Share and Productivity
Philippe Askenazy
published in: Oxford Economic Papers, 2022, 74 (1), 85–93
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13940
China's Great Boom as a Historical Process
Loren Brandt, Thomas G. Rawski
published in: In: Ma, D, and von Glahn, R. (eds.), The Cambridge Economic History of China, Cambridge University Press, 2022, 775-828
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13880
Working Time Reduction and Employment in a Finite World
Jean-François Fagnart, Marc Germain, Bruno Van der Linden
published in: Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 2023, 125 (1), 170 – 20.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13831
Winter Weather and Work Hours: Heterogeneous Effects and Regional Adaptation
Bo Liu, Barry Hirsch
published in: Contemporary Economic Policy, 2021, 39 (4), 867-881
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13736
Borderline Disorder: (De Facto) Historical Ethnic Borders and Contemporary Conflict in Africa
Emilio Depetris-Chauvin, Ömer Özak
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13710
Aggregate Effects from Public Works: Evidence from India
C. Justin Cook, Manisha Shah
published in: Review of Economics and Statistics, 2022, 104 (4), 797 - 806
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13706
Close Encounters of the European Kind: Economic Integration, Sectoral Heterogeneity and Structural Reforms
Nauro F. Campos, Vera Z. Eichenauer, Jan-Egbert Sturm
published in: European Economic Review, 2020, 129, 103511
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13679
Trade and Economic Growth: Theories and Evidence from the Southern African Development Community
Matias Jaime Farahane, Almas Heshmati
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13665
Long-Term Effects of Equal Sharing: Evidence from Inheritance Rules for Land
Charlotte Bartels, Simon Jäger, Natalie Obergruber
published in: Economic Journal, 2024, 134 (664), 3137–3172
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13625
Modern Infectious Diseases: Macroeconomic Impacts and Policy Responses
David E. Bloom, Michael Kuhn, Klaus Prettner
published in: Journal of Economic Literature, 2022, 60 (1), 85–131
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13606
Artificial Intelligence, Income Distribution and Economic Growth
Thomas Gries, Wim Naudé
published in: W. Naudé and T. Gries and N. Dimitri (eds.), Artificial Intelligence: Economic Perspectives and Models, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2024
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13577
Within-Country Poverty Convergence: Evidence from Mexico
Luis-Felipe López-Calva, Eduardo Ortiz-Juarez, Carlos Rodriguez Castelan
published in: Empirical Economics, 2022, 62, 2547–2586
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13267
Automation, Globalization and Vanishing Jobs: A Labor Market Sorting View
Ester Faia, Sébastien Laffitte, Maximilian Mayer, Gianmarco Ottaviano
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13075
The Ecological Impact of Place-Based Economic Policies
Teevrat Garg, Ajay Shenoy
published in: American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 2021, 103 (4), 1239-1250
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13039
Regional Convergence in Russia: Estimating a Neoclassical Growth Model
Hartmut Lehmann, Aleksey Oshchepkov, Maria Giulia Silvagni
revised version published as 'Regional Convergence in Russia: Estimating an Augmented Solow Model' in: Economic Systems, 2023, 47 (4), 101128
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12949
Unintended Consequences: Can the Rise of the Educated Class Explain the Revival of Protectionism?
Paolo E. Giordani, Fabio Mariani
published in: Journal of Economic Theory, 2022, 200, 105385.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12930
Agricultural Credits and Agricultural Productivity: Cross-Country Evidence
Unal Seven, Semih Tumen
published in: Singapore Economic Review, 2020, 65, 161-183
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12878
Selection and Absolute Advantage in Farming and Entrepreneurship
Francisco Alvarez-Cuadrado, Francesco Amodio, Markus Poschke
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12730
The Volatility of Survey Measures of Culture and Its Consequences
Giulio Zanella, Marina M. Bellani
published in: Economic Inquiry, 2024, 62 (2), 675-697
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12727
Baumol versus Engel: Accounting for 100 years (1885-1985) of Structural Transformation in Japan
Kyoji Fukao, Saumik Paul
published in: Economic History Review, 2021, 74 (1), 164-180
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12680
Untimely Destruction: Pestilence, War and Accumulation in the Long Run
Clive Bell, Hans Gersbach, Evgenij Komarov
published in: Macroeconomic Dynamics, 2024, 28 (7), 1451 - 1492
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12678
Three Varieties of Africa’s Industrial Future
Wim Naudé
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12609
Wage Fairness in a Subcontracted Labor Market
Arnab K. Basu, Nancy H. Chau, Vidhya Soundararajan
published in: Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 2019, 168, 24 - 42
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12602
The Decline in Entrepreneurship in the West: Is Complexity Ossifying the Economy?
Wim Naudé
published as ' From the entrepreneurial to the ossified economy' in: Cambridge Journal of Economics, 2022, 46 (1), 105 - 131
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12561
Institutional Responses to Aging Populations and Economic Growth: A Panel Data Approach
Patrick M. Emerson, Shawn D. Knabb, Anca-Ioana Sirbu
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12385
Nonlinearity between the Shadow Economy and Level of Development
Dong Frank Wu, Friedrich Schneider
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12379
Labor Productivity during the Great Depression in UK Manufacturing
Robert A. Hart
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12367
Wage Employment, Unemployment and Self-Employment across Countries
Markus Poschke
published online in: Journal of Monetary Economics, 12 September 2024, 103684
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12364
Accumulation of Human and Market Capital in the United States, 1975-2012: An Analysis by Gender
Barbara M. Fraumeni, Michael S. Christian
published in: Barbara M. Fraumeni (ed.), Measuring Economic Growth and Productivity: Foundations, KLEMS Production Models, and Extensions, Academic Press, 2020, 509-529
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12224
Human Capital and the Economic Convergence Mechanism: Evidence from China
Xiaobei Zhang, Haizheng Li, Xiaojun Wang, Belton M. Fleisher
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12218
The Race against the Robots and the Fallacy of the Giant Cheesecake: Immediate and Imagined Impacts of Artificial Intelligence
Wim Naudé
published as 'Artificial intelligence: neither Utopian nor apocalyptic impacts soon' in: Economics of Innovation and New Technology, 2021, 30 (1), 1-23.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12197
Monetary Policy, Growth and Employment in Developing Areas: A Review of the Literature
Pramod N. (Raja) Junankar
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12101
Labor Market Discrimination and the Macroeconomy
Muhammad Asali, Rusudan Gurashvili
revised version published in: Economics of Transition & Institutional Change, 2020, 28 (3), 515-533.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12018
Bright Investments: Measuring the Impact of Transport Infrastructure Using Luminosity Data in Haiti
Oscar A. Mitnik, Raul Sanchez, Patricia Yanez-Pagans
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