The IZA Discussion Paper Series (ISSN: 2365-9793) disseminates high-quality research by IZA network members to the scientific community and the interested public worldwide before they are later published in academic journals. Comprising more than 17,000 papers, IZA's publication flagship is the most influential working paper series in labor economics.

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244 IZA Discussion Papers
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17929
The Work-Habit Premium: How Daily Routines Predict CEO Remuneration in the S&P 500
Michael Jan Kendzia, Cyrill Diaz de la Rosa, Jeremy Dela Cruz
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17778
On the Role of Legislation as a Driver of Incentive Management Practices in Europe
John T. Addison, Paulino Teixeira
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17727
Managing Skills in Organizations - Evidence from a Field Experiment
Leonhard Grabe, Dirk Sliwka
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17655
Workers' Job Prospects and Young Firm Dynamics
Seula Kim
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17401
Do Women on Boards Matter? Network and Spillover Effects on Gender Gaps within Firms
Emma von Essen, Nina Smith
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17385
Job Search, Efficiency Wages and Taxes
Alex Bryson, Harald Dale-Olsen
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17350
Employee Performance and Mental Well-Being: The Mitigating Effects of Transformational Leadership During Crisis
Kristina Czura, Florian Englmaier, Hoa Ho, Lisa Spantig
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17346
Do Big Inequalities in Executive Pay Hurt Firm Performance?
Richard Yiu-Ming Chung, Jed DeVaro, Scott Fung
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17327
The Importance of Luck in Executive Promotion Tournaments: Theory and Evidence
Jed DeVaro, Scott Fung
published in: JBFA Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, 2025, 52 (3), 1349-1373
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17243
CEO Pay Disclosure and Within-Firm Wage Inequality
Agata Maida, Vincenzo Pezone
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17233
Sharing Is Caring: Employee Stock Ownership Plans and Employee Well-Being in U.S. Manufacturing
Adrianto Adrianto, Avner Ben-Ner, Jason Sockin, Ainhoa Urtasun
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17171
"Should CEOs' Salaries Be Capped?" A Survey Experiment on Limitarian Preferences
João V. Ferreira, Stratos Ramoglou, Foivos Savva, Michael Vlassopoulos
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17138
Prison Norms and Society beyond Bars
Maxim Ananyev, Mikhail Poyker
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17137
Impact of Prison Experience on Anti-gay Sentiments: Longitudinal Analysis of Inmates and Their Families
Maxim Ananyev, Mikhail Poyker
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17123
Beyond Borders: Do Gender Norms and Institutions Affect Female Businesses?
Holger Görg, Ina C. Jäkel
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16930
Long-Term Effects of Shocks on New Opportunity and Necessity Entrepreneurship
Emilio Congregado, Frank M. Fossen, Nicola Rubino, David Troncoso
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16876
Complements or Substitutes? Examining the Relationship between Teamwork and Selection Intensity
Alberto Bayo-Moriones, Jose Enrique Galdon-Sanchez, Sara Martinez-de-Morentin
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16748
Heavy Is the Crown: CEOs' Social Interactions and Layoff Decisions
Andrea Bassanini, Eve Caroli, Kevin Geay, Antoine Rebérioux
published in: Industrial and Corporate Change, 2024, 33 (5), 1253–1270
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16721
Birds of a Feather Earn Together. Gender and Peer Effects at the Workplace
Julián Messina, Anna Sanz-de-Galdeano, Anastasia Terskaya
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16623
The Hidden Costs of Choice in the Labor Market
Pak Hung Au, King King Li, Qing Zhang, Rong Zhu
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16443
Divergent Thinking and Post-Launch Entrepreneurial Outcomes: Non-Linearities and the Moderating Role of Experience
Marco Caliendo, Daniel Rodriguez
published in: Small Business Economics, 2024, 62, 1523-1553
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16383
Female Leadership and Workplace Climate
Sule Alan, Gozde Corekcioglu, Mustafa Kaba, Matthias Sutter
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16366
CEO Stress, Aging, and Death
Mark Borgschulte, Marius Guenzel, Canyao Liu, Ulrike Malmendier
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16361
Are Managers More Machiavellian than Other Employees?
Mehrzad B. Baktash, Uwe Jirjahn
revised version forthcoming in: Industrial and Labor Relations Review
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16360
We've Got You Covered: Employer and Employee Responses to Dobbs v. Jackson
Pawel Adrjan, Svenja Gudell, Emily Nix, Allison Shrivastava, Jason Sockin, Evan Starr
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16268
What Makes Hiring Difficult? Evidence from Linked Survey-Administrative Data
Antoine Bertheau, Birthe Larsen, Zeyu Zhao
this version: December 2023
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16203
Managerial Practices and Student Performance: Evidence from Changes in School Principals
Adriana Di Liberto, Ludovica Giua, Fabiano Schivardi, Marco Sideri, Giovanni Sulis
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16147
Helping and Antisocial Behavior in the Workplace
Michael Haylock, Patrick Kampkötter, Michael Kosfeld, Ferdinand von Siemens
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16122
Labour Costs and the Decision to Hire the First Employee
Bart Cockx, Sam Desiere
published in: European Economic Review, 2024, 170, 104859
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15946
State-Based Conflict and Entrepreneurship: Empirical Evidence
Wim Naudé, Ernesto Amorós, Tilman Brück
published in: W. Naudé and B. Power, Handbook of Research on Entrepreneurship and Conflict, Edward Elgar, 2024, 106–140
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15903
Globalization and Firm Performance
Luis A. V. Catão, Pedro de Faria, António Martins, Miguel Portela
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15848
Self-Efficacy and Entrepreneurial Performance of Start-Ups
Marco Caliendo, Alexander S. Kritikos, Daniel Rodriguez, Claudia Stier
published in: Small Business Economics, 2023, 61, 1027–1051
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15690
Microentrepreneurs' Gender Difference in Labor Demand
Oluwasheyi S. Oladipo, Hyoung Suk Shim
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15585
Expansions in Paid Parental Leave and Mothers' Economic Progress
Gozde Corekcioglu, Marco Francesconi, Astrid Kunze
published in: European Economic Review, 2024, 169, 104845
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15491
Information and Communication Technology, Hierarchy, and Job Design
Elisa Gerten, Michael Beckmann, Matthias Kräkel
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15316
The Interplay between Organizational Structure, Culture and Employees’ Socio-Emotional Skills within Their Social Capital
Somayeh Koohborfardhaghighi, Jörn Altmann, Almas Heshmati
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15014
Firm Pay Dynamics
Niklas Engbom, Christian Moser, Jan Sauermann
published in: Journal of Econometrics, 2023, 233 (1), 396 - 423
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14922
The Effect of Age Diversity in Groups on Peer Evaluations and Individual Performance
Katja Görlitz, Tim Sels
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14909
Being Your Own Boss and Bossing Others: The Moderating Effect of Managing Others on Work Meaning and Autonomy for the Self-Employed and Employees
Milena Nikolova, Boris Nikolaev, Christopher Boudreaux
published in: Small Business Economics. 2023, 60, 463–483
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14803
The Market for CEOs: Building Legacy and Feeling Empowered Matter
Arnaud Dupuy, John Kennes, Ran Sun Lyng
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14726
Improving Workplace Climate in Large Corporations: A Clustered Randomized Intervention
Sule Alan, Gozde Corekcioglu, Matthias Sutter
published in: Quarterly Journal of Economics, 2023, 138 (1), 151-203
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14535
Self-Employment in Rural China: Its Development, Characteristics, and Relation to Income
Björn Anders Gustafsson, Yudan Zhang
published in: China & World Economy, 2022, 30 (1), 136-165
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14465
What Does Codetermination Do?
Simon Jäger, Shakked Noy, Benjamin Schoefer
published in: ILR Review, 2022, 75 (4), 857-890.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14437
An Optimal Split of School Classes
Oded Stark
published in: Economic Analysis and Policy, 2021, 69, 668-675
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14115
Kinks as Goals: Accelerating Commissions and the Performance of Sales Teams
Peter J. Kuhn, Lizi Yu
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14050
Turning Relative Deprivation into a Performance Incentive Device
Oded Stark, Grzegorz Kosiorowski
published in: Journal of Mathematical Sociology, 2021, 45 (1), 22-36
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14029
Escaping Social Pressure: Fixed-Term Contracts in Multi-Establishment Firms
Andrea Bassanini, Eve Caroli, Francois Fontaine, Antoine Rebérioux
published in: Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 2021, 188, 697-715
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13956
Using Social Recognition to Address the Gender Difference in Volunteering for Low Promotability Tasks
Ritwik Banerjee, Priyoma Mustafi
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13945
The Role of Employees' Age for the Relation between Job Autonomy and Sickness Absence
Christian Grund, Maike Rubin
published in: Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2021, 63 (9), 800-807.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13898
Workplace Incentives and Organizational Learning
Francesco Amodio, Miguel A. Martinez-Carrasco
published in: Journal of Labor Economics 2023, 41 (2), 453-478
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13835
Extreme Events, Entrepreneurial Start-Ups, and Innovation: Theoretical Conjectures
Thomas Gries, Wim Naudé
published in: Economics of Disaster and Climate Change, 2021, 5, 329–353
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13717
Corporate Hierarchies under Employee Representation
Filippo Belloc, Gabriel Burdin, Fabio Landini
published as 'Corporate hierarchies and workplace voice' in: Journal of Institutional Economics, 2023, 19 (6), 729 - 746
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13667
Digital Entrepreneurship Research: A Concise Introduction
Wim Naudé, Werner Liebregts
published as 'Digital Entrepreneurship' in: Liebregts, W., van den Heuvel, WJ., van den Born, A. (eds), Data Science for Entrepreneurship. Classroom Companion: Business. Springer, Cham, 2023, 279-303
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13491
Cognitive Performance in the Home Office - Evidence from Professional Chess
Steffen Künn, Christian Seel, Dainis Zegners
published in: Economic Journal, 2022, 132 (643), 1218 - 1232
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13471
Dream Jobs
Giordano Mion, Luca David Opromolla, Gianmarco Ottaviano
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13436
Entrepreneurial Recovery from COVID-19: Decentralization, Democratization, Demand, Distribution, and Demography
Wim Naudé
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13390
Does Emigration Drain Entrepreneurs?
Massimo Anelli, Gaetano Basso, Giuseppe Ippedico, Giovanni Peri
published as 'Emigration and Entrepreneurial Drain' in: American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 2023, 15 (2), 218–252
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13275
Do Generous Parental Leave Policies Help Top Female Earners?
Gozde Corekcioglu, Marco Francesconi, Astrid Kunze
published in: Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 2020, 36(4), 882-902
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13216
Gender-Specific Duration of Parental Leave and Current Earnings
Benedikt Gerst, Christian Grund
published in: Work, Employment & Society, 2023, 37, 215 - 235
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13173
Tenancy by the Entirety and the Value of Wealth Insurance for Entrepreneurs
Jeffrey Traczynski
published in: Journal of Law, Finance and Accounting, 2020, 5 (2), 337 - 359
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12840
Inputs, Incentives, and Self-Selection at the Workplace
Francesco Amodio, Miguel A. Martinez-Carrasco
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12726
Female Workers, Male Managers: Gender, Leadership, and Risk-Taking
Ulf Rinne, Hendrik Sonnabend
published in: Southern Economic Journal, 2022, 88 (3), 906 - 930
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12690
Catching up or Lagging Behind? The Long-Term Business and Innovation Potential of Subsidized Start-Ups out of Unemployment
Marco Caliendo, Steffen Künn, Martin Weissenberger
published in: Research Policy, 2020, 49 (10), 1-14
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12670
Works Councils and Performance Appraisals
Christian Grund, Dirk Sliwka, Krystina Titz
published in: Journal of Participation & Employee Ownership, 2020, 3, 29-50
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12607
Entrepreneurial Persistence beyond Survival: Measurement and Determinants
Marco Caliendo, Maximilian Göthner, Martin Weißenberger
published in: Journal of Small Business Management, 2020, 58 (3), 617-647.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12499
Entrepreneurship over the Business Cycle in the United States: A Decomposition
Frank M. Fossen
revised version published in: Small Business Economics, 2021, 57, 1837-1855
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12398
Business Culture: The Role of Personal and Impersonal Business Relationships on Market Efficiency
Manuel Munoz-Herrera, Ernesto Reuben
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12325
The Impact of Soft-Skills Training for Entrepreneurs in Jamaica
Diego Ubfal, Irani Arraiz, Diether Beuermann, Michael Frese, Alessandro Maffioli, Daniel Verch
published in: World Development, 2022, 152, 105787
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12189
Transitioning from Solo Self-Employed to Microbusiness Employer: Local Economic Environment or Owner Characteristics?
Andrew Henley
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11889
Employee Absence: An Organizational Perspective
Jacob Kjær Eskildsen, Anders Frederiksen, Ann-Kristina Løkke
published as 'Employee Absence in Public and Private Organizations' in: Applied Economics, 2021, 53 (21), 2416-2432
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11861
Teamwork, Leadership and Gender
Maria De Paola, Francesca Gioia, Vincenzo Scoppa
published as 'Female leadership: effectiveness and perception' in: Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 2022, 201, 134-162.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11650
Skills, Scope, and Success: An Empirical Look at the Start-up Process in Creative Industries in Germany
Karsten Kohn, Solvejg A. Wewel
published in: Creativity and Innovation Management, 2018, 27 (3), 295-318
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11403
Further Training and Affective Commitment
Christian Grund, Krystina Titz
revised version published as 'Affective Commitment through Further Training: The Roles of Firm Provision and Employee Participation' in: Review of Managerial Science, 2022, 16, 1195-1226.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11399
The Impact of Management Practices on SME Performance
John Forth, Alex Bryson
published as 'Management practices and SME performance' in: Scottish Journal of Political Economy, 2019, 66 (4), 527 - 558
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11228
Team Incentives, Task Assignment, and Performance: A Field Experiment
Josse Delfgaauw, Robert Dur, Michiel Souverijn
published in: The Leadership Quarterly, 2020, 31 (3), 101241
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11195
Cities and Entrepreneurs over Time: Like a Horse and Carriage?
Wim Naudé
revised version published as 'Urbanisation and Entrepreneurship in Development: Like a Horse and Carriage? 'in: Dastbaz,M., Naudé, W. and Manoochehri, J. (eds.), Smart Futures, Challenges of Urbanisation, and Social Sustainability, Springer, 2018, 29 - 47
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11155
How Does Firm Survival Differ between Business Takeovers and New Venture Start-ups?
Guoqian Xi, Jörn Block, Frank Lasch, Frank Robert, Roy Thurik
published as 'The survival of business takeovers and new venture start-ups' in: Industrial and Corporate Change, 2020, 29 (3), 797 - 826
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11153
The Determinants of Virtue: Modelling Changes in the CSR Ratings of Chinese Firms
Shuangqi Wu, Simon Appleton, Lina Song, Jinmin Wang
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11112
Mutual Gains? Is There a Role for Employee Engagement in the Modern Workplace?
Alex Bryson
published in: Bosio, G., Minola, T., Origio, F., and Tomelleri, S. (eds), Rethinking Entrepreneurial Human Capital, Springer, 2018
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10967
Management, Supervision, and Health Care: A Field Experiment
Felipe A. Dunsch, David K. Evans, Ezinne Eze-Ajoku, Mario Macis
published in: Journal of Economics and Management Strategy, 2023, 32 (3), 583-606
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10788
Women in the Workplace and Management Practices: Theory and Evidence
Takao Kato, Naomi Kodama
published in: Susan L. Averett, Laura M. Argys and Saul D. Hoffman (eds.), Oxford Handbook on the Economics of Women, New York: OUP, 2018
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10779
Run For Your Life? The Effect of Close Elections on the Life Expectancy of Politicians
Mark Borgschulte, Jacob Vogler
published in: Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 2019, 167, 18 - 32
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10722
Working Hours and Productivity
Marion Collewet, Jan Sauermann
published in: Labour Economics, 2017, 47, 96-106
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10716
Do Women in Highly Qualified Positions Face Higher Work-to-Family Conflicts in Germany Than Men?
Anne Busch-Heizmann, Elke Holst
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10579
Short Notice, Big Difference? The Effect of Temporary Employment on Firm Competitiveness across Sectors
Romina Giuliano, Stephan Kampelmann, Benoît Mahy, François Rycx
published in: British Journal of Industrial Relations, 2017, 55 (2), 421-449
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10497
On the Effectiveness of Elected Male and Female Leaders and Team Coordination
Ernesto Reuben, Krisztina Timko
published in: Journal of the Economic Science Association, 2018, 4, 123-135
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10458
Teacher Assessments versus Standardized Tests: Is Acting
Adriana Di Liberto, Laura Casula
published as 'Grading practices, gender bias and educational outcomes: evidence from Italy' in: Education Economics, 2022, 30 (5), 481 - 508
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10240
More Female Manager Hires through More Female Managers? Evidence from Germany
Mario Bossler, Alexander Mosthaf, Thorsten Schank
published as 'Are Female Managers More Likely to Hire More Female Managers? Evidence from Germany' in: ILR Review, 2020, 73 (3), 676-704
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10153
How Do Labor Representatives Affect Incentive Orientation of Executive Compensation?
Katharina Dyballa, Kornelius Kraft
published in: CESifo Economic Studies, 2020, 66 (1), 60 - 90
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10045
Chinese Returnees and High-tech Sector Outward FDI: The Case of Changzhou
Zhao Chen, Tony Fang
published in: Asian Economic Papers, 2016, 15 (3), 195-215
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10042
What Role Did Management Practices Play in SME Growth Post-Recession?
Alex Bryson, John Forth
published as 'Management Practices and SME Performance' in: Scottish Journal of Political Economy, 2019, 66 (4), 527 - 558
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10041
Competitive Strategy, Performance Appraisal and Firm Results
Alberto Bayo-Moriones, Jose Enrique Galdon-Sanchez, Sara Martinez-de-Morentin
published as: 'Business Strategy, Performance Appraisal and Firm Performance' in: Personnel Review, 2021, 50 (2), 515-534.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 9984
Gendered Entrepreneurship Networks
Simen Markussen, Knut Røed
revised version published as 'The Gender Gap in Entrepreneurship - The Role of Peer Effects' in: Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 2017, 134, 356-373
IZA Discussion Paper No. 9919
Entrepreneurial Choices of Initial Human Capital Endowments and New Venture Success
Vera Rocha, Mirjam C. van Praag, Timothy B. Folta, Anabela Carneiro
IZA Discussion Paper No. 9855
How Do Agents React to Dynamic Wage Increases? An Experimental Study
Dirk Sliwka, Peter Werner
revised version published as 'Wage Increases and the Dynamics of Reciprocity' in: Journal of Labor Economics, 2017, 35 (2), 299-344
IZA Discussion Paper No. 9817
Is European Entrepreneurship in Crisis?
Wim Naudé
IZA Discussion Paper No. 9806
Size of Training Firms: The Role of Firms, Luck, and Ability in Young Workers' Careers
Steffen Müller, Renate Neubäumer
published in: International Journal of Manpower, 2018, 39 (5), 658-673
IZA Discussion Paper No. 9744
The Entrepreneurship Beveridge Curve
Thomas Gries, Stefan Jungblut, Wim Naudé
published in: International Journal of Economic Theory, 2016, 12 (2), 151-165
IZA Discussion Paper No. 9743
Business in Genocide: Understanding and Avoiding Complicity
Nora Stel, Wim Naudé
published in: Charles H. Anderton and Jurgen Brauer (eds.), Economic Aspects of Genocides, Other Mass Atrocities, and Their Preventions, Oxford University Press, 2016, 591–612
IZA Discussion Paper No. 9739
The Effect of Announced Downsizing on Workplace Performance: Evidence from a Retail Chain
Guido Friebel, Matthias Heinz, Nick Zubanov
published in: S.W. Polachek, K. Tatsiramos, G. Russo, and G. van Houten (Eds.) Workplace Productivity and Management Practices, Research in Labor Economics, 49, Emerald Publishing Limited, Bingley, 2021, 79-205.
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