The IZA Discussion Paper Series (ISSN: 2365-9793) disseminates high-quality research by IZA network members to the scientific community and the interested public worldwide before they are later published in academic journals. Comprising more than 17,000 papers, IZA's publication flagship is the most influential working paper series in labor economics.

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531 IZA Discussion Papers
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17321
Business Disruptions Due to Social Vulnerability and Criminal Activities in Urban Areas
Nick Drydakis
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17319
Establishment Size and the Task Content of Jobs: Evidence from 46 Countries
Micole De Vera, Javier Garcia-Brazales
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17231
Entrepreneurs: Clueless, Biased, Poor Heuristics, or Bayesian Machines?
Thomas B. Astebro, Frank M. Fossen, Cédric Gutierrez
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17206
The Knowledge Spillover Theory of Entrepreneurship and Innovation (KSTE+I) Approach and the Advent of AI Technologies: Evidence from the European Regions
Francesco D’Alessandro, Enrico Santarelli, Marco Vivarelli
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17158
Entrepreneurship Is Dangerously Obsessed with Growth and Incompatible with Current Visions of a Post-growth Society
Wim Naudé
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17092
How Big Is Small? The Economic Effects of Access to Small Business Subsidies
J. David Brown, Matthew Denes, Ran Duchin, John Hackney
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17075
The African Entrepreneurial Ecosystem Index: Conceptual, Methodological and Empirical Flaws and the Way Forward
Wim Naudé
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17055
Artificial Intelligence and Entrepreneurship
Frank M. Fossen, Trevor McLemore, Alina Sorgner
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17031
Do Politicians Affect Firm Outcomes? Evidence from Connections to the German Federal Parliament
André Diegmann, Laura Pohlan, Andrea Weber
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16950
What Works in Supporting Women-Led Businesses?
Diego Ubfal
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16930
Long-Term Effects of Shocks on New Opportunity and Necessity Entrepreneurship
Emilio Congregado, Frank M. Fossen, Nicola Rubino, David Troncoso
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16916
Is the Scholarly Field of Entrepreneurship at Its End?
Wim Naudé
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16893
Mafias and Firms
Jaime Arellano-Bover, Marco De Simoni, Luigi Guiso, Rocco Macchiavello, Domenico J. Marchetti, Mounu Prem
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16705
The Role of Trainee Selection in the Effectiveness of Vocational Training: Evidence from a Randomized Controlled Trial in Nepal
Shyamal Chowdhury, Syed Hasan, Uttam Sharma
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16683
Income Taxation and Hours Worked in Different Types of Entrepreneurship
Ege Can, Frank M. Fossen
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16679
Access to Digital Finance: Equity Crowdfunding across Countries and Platforms
Saul Estrin, Susanna Khavul, Alexander S. Kritikos, Jonas Löher
published in: PLoS ONE, 2024, 19 (1), e0293292.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16606
System Relevance and Firm Performance Due to COVID-19
Michael Johannes Böhm, Pamela Qendrai
published in: German Economic Review, 2023, 24 (4), 349-410
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16593
Using Domain-Specific Word Embeddings to Examine the Demand for Skills
Sugat Chaturvedi, Kanika Mahajan, Zahra Siddique
forthcoming in: Research in Labor Economics
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16563
The Role of Regulation and Regional Government Quality for High Growth Firms: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly
Sara Amoroso, Benedikt Herrmann, Alexander S. Kritikos
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16534
Are Senior Entrepreneurs Happier than Who? The Role of Income and Health
Michael Fritsch, Alina Sorgner, Michael Wyrwich
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16491
Job Creation and Job Destruction in Turkey: 2006 - 2021
Sinem H. Ayhan, Hartmut Lehmann, Selin Pelek
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16487
Bottom-up Policies Trump Top-down Missions
Magnus Henrekson, Mikael Stenkula
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16483
Destructive Digital Entrepreneurship
Wim Naudé
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16456
Social Skills and the Individual Wage Growth of Less Educated Workers
Philippe Aghion, Antonin Bergeaud, Richard Blundell, Rachel Griffith
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16443
Divergent Thinking and Post-Launch Entrepreneurial Outcomes: Non-Linearities and the Moderating Role of Experience
Marco Caliendo, Daniel Rodriguez
published in: Small Business Economics, 2024, 62, 1523-1553
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16412
The Impacts of COVID-19 on Racial Inequality in Business Earnings
Robert W. Fairlie
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16408
Is Productive Entrepreneurship Getting Scarcer? A Reflection on the Contemporary Relevance of Baumol's Typology
Maria Minniti, Wim Naudé, Erik Stam
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16352
Bidding for Talent: A Test of Conduct in a High-Wage Labor Market
Nina Roussille, Benjamin Scuderi
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16319
Air Pollution and Entrepreneurship
Liwen Guo, Zhiming Cheng, Massimiliano Tani, Sarah Cook, Jiaqi Zhao, Xi Chen
forthcoming in: China Economic Review, 2024
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16283
Persistent Overconfidence and Biased Memory: Evidence from Managers
David B. Huffman, Collin Raymond, Julia Shvets
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16271
Wage Employment, Unemployment and Self-Employment across Countries
Markus Poschke
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16259
The Births of New Private-Owned Enterprises in an Environment of State-Owned Enterprises
Zhong Zhao, Liang Zheng
published as 'The effect of the spatial distribution of state-owned enterprises on the location of private-owned enterprise births' in: Journal of Regional Science, 2024, 64 (1), 136-175.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16203
Managerial Practices and Student Performance: Evidence from Changes in School Principals
Adriana Di Liberto, Ludovica Giua, Fabiano Schivardi, Marco Sideri, Giovanni Sulis
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16201
COVID-19 and Entrepreneurship
Alina Sorgner
published in: Zimmermann, K.F. (ed.) Handbook of Labor, Human Resources and Population Economics. Springer, Cham., 2023.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16160
Minimum Wages, Productivity, and Reallocation
Mirja Haelbig, Matthias Mertens, Steffen Müller
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16146
Who Is to Suffer? Quantifying the Impact of Sanctions on German Firms
Holger Görg, Anna Jacobs, Saskia Meuchelböck
forthcoming in: Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 2024
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16145
Prior Work Experience and Entrepreneurship: The Careers of Young Entrepreneurs
Nicolas Gendron-Carrier
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16122
Labour Costs and the Decision to Hire the First Employee
Bart Cockx, Sam Desiere
published in: European Economic Review, 2024, 170, 104859
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16007
Political Connections, Business Groups and Innovation
Simon Commander, Saul Estrin, Thamashi De Silva
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15946
State-Based Conflict and Entrepreneurship: Empirical Evidence
Wim Naudé, Ernesto Amorós, Tilman Brück
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15941
On the Validity of Using Webpage Texts to Identify the Target Population of a Survey: An Application to Detect Online Platforms
Piet Daas, Wolter Hassink, Bart Klijs
published in: Journal of Official Statistics, 2024, 40 (1), 190-211
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15903
Globalization and Firm Performance
Luis A. V. Catão, Pedro de Faria, António Martins, Miguel Portela
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15881
Implicit Contracts, Incentive Compatibility, and Involuntary Unemployment: Thirty Years On
W. Bentley MacLeod, James Malcomson
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15848
Self-Efficacy and Entrepreneurial Performance of Start-Ups
Marco Caliendo, Alexander S. Kritikos, Daniel Rodriguez, Claudia Stier
published in: Small Business Economics, 2023, 61, 1027–1051
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15793
The Influence of Start-up Motivation on Entrepreneurial Performance
Marco Caliendo, Alexander S. Kritikos, Claudia Stier
published in: Small Business Economics, 2023, 61, 869-889.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15779
Investment Grants and Firms' Productivity: How Effective Is a Grant Booster Shot?
Fernando Alexandre, Miguel Chaves, Miguel Portela
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15716
Revenue Drift, Incentives, and Effort Allocation in Social Enterprises
Theodor Vladasel, Simon C. Parker, Randolph Sloof, Mirjam C. van Praag
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15710
Investment and Subjective Uncertainty
Nicholas Bloom, Steven J. Davis, Lucia Foster, Scott Ohlmacher, Itay Saporta-Eksten
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15708
The Identification of Time-Invariant Variables in Panel Data Model: Exploring the Role of Science in Firms’ Productivity
Sara Amoroso, Randolph Luca Bruno, Laura Magazzini
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15691
Gender Diversity, Labour in the Boardroom and Gender Quotas
Astrid Kunze, Katrin Scharfenkamp
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15690
Microentrepreneurs' Gender Difference in Labor Demand
Oluwasheyi S. Oladipo, Hyoung Suk Shim
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15608
German Financial State Aid during COVID-19 Pandemic: Higher Impact among Digitalized Self-Employed
Irene Bertschek, Jörn Block, Alexander S. Kritikos, Caroline Stiel
published in: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 2024, 36 (1–2), 76–97
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15554
Organisational Leadership: How Much Does It Matter?
Getinet Astatike Haile
published online in: British Journal of Industrial Relations, 26 September 2022
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15540
Working from Home Around the World
Cevat Giray Aksoy, José María Barrero, Nicholas Bloom, Steven J. Davis, Mathias Dolls, Pablo Zarate
published in: Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, Fall 2022, 281–330
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15526
COVID-19 and Entrepreneurship Entry and Exit: Opportunity Amidst Adversity
Vladimir Otrachshenko, Olga Popova, Milena Nikolova, Elena Tyurina
published in: Technology in Society, 2022, 71, 102093
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15445
Were Small Businesses More Likely to Permanently Close in the Pandemic?
Robert W. Fairlie, Frank M. Fossen, Reid Johnsen, Gentian Droboniku
revised version published in: Small Business Economics, 2023, 60, 1613-1629
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15442
The Organizational Economics of School Chains
Lorenzo Neri, Elisabetta Pasini, Olmo Silva
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15370
How Representative Are Social Partners in Europe? The Role of Dissimilarity
Marta Martínez Matute, Pedro S. Martins
published in: Labour, 2022, 36, 424 - 444
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15344
Hybrid (Solo)Self-Employment and Upskilling: Is Online Platform Work a Path Towards Entrepreneurship?
Konstantinos Pouliakas, Antonio Ranieri
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15316
The Interplay between Organizational Structure, Culture and Employees’ Socio-Emotional Skills within Their Social Capital
Somayeh Koohborfardhaghighi, Jörn Altmann, Almas Heshmati
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15260
Pandemic Depression: COVID-19 and the Mental Health of the Self-Employed
Marco Caliendo, Daniel Graeber, Alexander S. Kritikos, Johannes Seebauer
published in: Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 2023, 47(3), 788–830
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15249
Who Wins and Who Loses from State Subsidies?
Jun Du, Sourafel Girma, Holger Görg, Ignat Stepanok
published in: Canadian Journal of Economics, 2023, 56 (3), 1007-1031
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15204
Improving Entrepreneurs' Digital Skills and Firms' Digital Competencies through Business Apps Training: A Study of Small Firms
Nick Drydakis
published in: Sustainability, 2022, 14 (8), 4417.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15160
Firms and Labor in Times of Violence: Evidence from the Mexican Drug War
Hale Utar
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15147
Employee Health and Firm Performance
Daniel A. Rettl, Alexander Schandlbauer, Mircea Trandafir
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15065
Artificial Intelligence and Reduced SMEs' Business Risks. A Dynamic Capabilities Analysis during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Nick Drydakis
published in: Information Systems Frontiers, 2022, 24, 1223 - 1247
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15064
Can Interactive Online Training Make High School Students More Entrepreneurial? Experimental Evidence from Rwanda
Jeanne Lafortune, Todd Pugatch, José Tessada, Diego Ubfal
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15059
Living in Rural Areas and Self-Employment
Ignacio Belloc, José Alberto Molina, Jorge Velilla
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15037
Caste, Courts and Business
Tanika Chakraborty, Anirban Mukherjee, Sarani Saha, Divya Shukla
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14986
Does Group-Based Incentive Pay Lead To Higher Productivity? Evidence from a Complex and Interdependent Industrial Production Process
Anders Frederiksen, Daniel Baltzer Schjødt Hansen, Colleen Flaherty Manchester
published as ' Group-based incentives and individual performance: Unpacking the effort response' in: ILR Review, 2024, 77 (2), 273-293.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14956
How Does the Position in Business Group Hierarchies Affect Workers' Wages?
Hartmut Egger, Elke J. Jahn, Stefan Kornitzky
revised version published in: Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 2022, 194 (2), 244-263
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14941
Too Cold to Venture There? January Temperature and Immigrant Self-Employment across the United States
Jun Yeong Lee, John V. Winters
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14928
A Procedural Perspective on Academic Spin-off Creation: The Changing Relevance of Academic and Commercial Logics
Uwe Cantner, Philip Doerr, Maximilian Göthner, Matthias Huegel, Martin Kalthaus
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14909
Being Your Own Boss and Bossing Others: The Moderating Effect of Managing Others on Work Meaning and Autonomy for the Self-Employed and Employees
Milena Nikolova, Boris Nikolaev, Christopher Boudreaux
published in: Small Business Economics. 2023, 60, 463–483
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14894
A Golden Opportunity: The Gold Rush, Entrepreneurship and Culture
Michael Stuetzer, Abel Brodeur, Martin Obschonka, David Audretsch, Peter J. Rentfrow, Jeff Potter, Samuel D. Gosling
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14891
The Cost of Health Insurance and Entry into Entrepreneurship
Frank M. Fossen, Mobarak Hossain, Sankar Mukhopadhyay, Peter Toth
revised version published online in: Small Business Economics, 9 May 2024
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14875
The Impact of a New Quality Management Practice on Firm Performance: Evidence from Pakistan
Mahvish Faran, Karl Taylor
forthcoming in: Economic Development and Cultural Change, 2024
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14858
Firm-Level Upgrading in Developing Countries
Eric Verhoogen
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14655
Does Education Enhance Entrepreneurship?
Kunwon Ahn, John V. Winters
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14630
Economic Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Entrepreneurship and Small Businesses
Maksim Belitski, Christina Guenther, Alexander S. Kritikos, Roy Thurik
published in: Small Business Economics, 2022, 58 (2), 593-609
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14586
Energy Poverty and Entrepreneurship
Zhiming Cheng, Massimiliano Tani, Haining Wang
published in: Energy Economics, 2021, 102, 105469
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14535
Self-Employment in Rural China: Its Development, Characteristics, and Relation to Income
Björn Anders Gustafsson, Yudan Zhang
published in: China & World Economy, 2022, 30 (1), 136-165
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14493
Give It Another Shot: Startup Experience and the Mobilization of Human Resources in New Ventures
Vera Rocha, Dario Pozzoli
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14458
Calling Baumol: What Telephones Can Tell Us about the Allocation of Entrepreneurial Talent in the Face of Radical Institutional Changes
Alina Sorgner, Michael Wyrwich
revised version published in: Journal of Business Venturing, 2022, 37(5), 106246
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14455
Complex Job Design and Layers of Hierarchy
Giovanni Russo, Gijs Van Houten
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14437
An Optimal Split of School Classes
Oded Stark
published in: Economic Analysis and Policy, 2021, 69, 668-675
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14350
Assessing Gender Gaps in Employment and Earnings in Africa: The Case of Eswatini
Zuzana Brixiova, Susumu Imai, Thierry Kangoye, Nadege Desiree Yameogo
published in: Development Southern Africa, 2021, 38 (4), 643–663
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14310
Does Higher Education Make You More Entrepreneurial? Causal Evidence from China
Bin Huang, Massimiliano Tani, Yu Zhu
published in: Journal of Business Research, 2021, 135, 543-558.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14255
The Impact of Robot Adoption on Global Sourcing
Akin A. Cilekoglu, Rosina Moreno, Raul Ramos
published in: Research Policy, 2024, 53 (3), 104953
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14216
Testing the Differential Impact of COVID-19 on Self-Employed Women and Men in the United Kingdom
Darja Reuschke, Andrew Henley, Elizabeth Daniel, Victoria Price
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14209
Design and Effectiveness of Start-up Subsidies: Evidence from a Policy Reform in Germany
Marco Caliendo, Stefan Tübbicke
published in: Economic Analysis and Policy, 2021, 70, 333 - 340
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14207
Does the Legal Form Matter for Firm Performance in the MENA Region?
Issam Abdo Ahmad, Ali Fakih
published in: Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics, 2022, 93 (2), 342-358
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14188
On Immigration and Native Entrepreneurship
Harriet Duleep, David A. Jaeger, Peter McHenry
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14170
Home Ownership and Home Equity Promote Entrepreneurial Activity
Wolter Hassink, Matteo Millone, Remco Mocking, Benedikt Vogt
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14169
Competitiveness of Entrepreneurs and Salaried Workers
Loukas Balafoutas, Mongoljin Batsaikhan, Matthias Sutter
revised version forthcoming in: Management Science (accepted January 2023)
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14154
The Rise and Fall of German Innovation
Wim Naudé, Paula Nagler
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14146
World Management Survey at 18: Lessons and the Way Forward
Daniela Scur, Raffaella Sadun, John Van Reenen, Renata Lemos, Nicholas Bloom
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14082
The Impact of Regulation on Innovation
Philippe Aghion, Antonin Bergeaud, John Van Reenen
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14050
Turning Relative Deprivation into a Performance Incentive Device
Oded Stark, Grzegorz Kosiorowski
published in: Journal of Mathematical Sociology, 2021, 45 (1), 22-36
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13981
Managerial Performance of a Female-Owned and Home-Based Firm
Oluwasheyi S. Oladipo, Katarzyna Platt, Hyoung Suk Shim
published online in: Small Business Economics, 17 January 2023
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