The IZA Discussion Paper Series (ISSN: 2365-9793) disseminates high-quality research by IZA network members to the scientific community and the interested public worldwide before they are later published in academic journals. Comprising more than 17,000 papers, IZA's publication flagship is the most influential working paper series in labor economics.

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116 IZA Discussion Papers
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18139
Upholding Unions – How Colleagues Shape Union Membership?
Harald Dale-Olsen, Henning Finseraas, Kristine Nergaard, Elin Svarstad
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17764
China’s Import Competition, Innovation and the Role of Unions
Alessia Matano, Paolo Naticchioni
published in: Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 2025, 73, 423-433
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17116
Offshoring and the Decline of Unions
Jakob R. Munch, William W. Olney
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16870
Slouching Towards Decentralization. An Equilibrium Approach for Collective Bargaining.
Gabriele Cardullo
published online in: Italian Economic Journal, 28 February 2025
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16588
The Impact of Right-to-Work Laws on Long Hours and Work Schedules
Rania Gihleb, Osea Giuntella, Jian Qi Tan
published in: Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 2024, 43 (3), 696-713
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16362
Contested Transparency: Digital Monitoring Technologies and Worker Voice
Filippo Belloc, Gabriel Burdin, Stefano Dughera, Fabio Landini
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16254
Unpacking Name-Based Race Discrimination
Martin Abel, Rulof Burger
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15962
Does Offshoring Shape Labor Market Imperfections? A Comparative Analysis of Belgian and Dutch Firms
Sabien Dobbelaere, Catherine Fuss, Mark Vancauteren
substantially revised version forthcoming as 'Offshoring and labor market power: Comparing Belgian and Dutch firms' in: Industrial Relations
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15898
On the Emergence of Cooperative Industrial and Labor Relations
Gabriele Cardullo, Maurizio Conti, Andrea Ricci, Sergio Scicchitano, Giovanni Sulis
published in: British Journal of Industrial Relations, 2024, 62 (3), 568 - 590
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15880
Employee-Owned Firms and the Careers of Young Workers
Gabriel Burdin, Jose Garcia-Louzao
revised version published in: Labour Economics, 2025, 93, 102686
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15801
Staggered Contracts and Unemployment during Recessions
Effrosyni Adamopoulou, Luis Díez-Catalán, Ernesto Villanueva
published online in: Journal of Monetary Economics, 24 September 2025, 103830
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15660
Decent Wage Floors in Europe: Does the Minimum Wage Directive Get It Right?
Henri Haapanala, Ive Marx, Zachary Parolin
published in: Journal of European Social Policy, 2023, 33 (4), 421 - 435
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15467
How Should We Think About Employers' Associations?
Alex Bryson, Paul Willman
published in: British Journal of Industrial Relations, 2024, 62 (2), 193-205
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15370
How Representative Are Social Partners in Europe? The Role of Dissimilarity
Marta Martínez Matute, Pedro S. Martins
published in: Labour, 2022, 36, 424 - 444
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15293
Monopsony Makes Firms Not Only Small but Also Unproductive: Why East Germany Has Not Converged
Rüdiger Bachmann, Christian Bayer, Heiko Stüber, Felix Wellschmied
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14290
Worker Commitment and Establishment Performance
John T. Addison, Paulino Teixeira
revised version published as 'Worker Commitment and Establishment Performance in Europe' in: Manchester School, 2024, 92 (1), 40-66.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14204
Optimal Regional Labor Market Policies
Philip Jung, Philipp Korfmann, Edgar Preugschat
published in: European Economic Review, 2023, 152, 104318
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13909
Organised Labour, Labour Market Imperfections, and Employer Wage Premia
Sabien Dobbelaere, Boris Hirsch, Steffen Müller, Georg Neuschaeffer
substantially revised version published in: Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 2024, 77 (3), 396 - 427
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13871
The Effect of Manager Gender and Performance Feedback: Experimental Evidence from India
Martin Abel, Daniel Buchman
published in: Economic Development and Cultural Change, 2024, 73 (1), 307–338
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13799
Robots and Worker Voice: An Empirical Exploration
Filippo Belloc, Gabriel Burdin, Fabio Landini
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13747
Do Public Subsidies of Union Membership Increase Union Membership Rates?
Erling Barth, Alex Bryson, Harald Dale-Olsen
published in: Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 2025, 229, 106855
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13615
The Persistence of Union Membership within the Coalfields of Britain
Huw Beynon, Helen Blakely, Alex Bryson, Rhys Davies
published in: British Journal of Industrial Relations, 2021, 59 (4), 1131-1152
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13576
Do Unions and Works Councils Really Dampen the Gender Pay Gap? Discordant Evidence from Germany
Michael Oberfichtner, Claus Schnabel, Marina Töpfer
published in: Economics Letters, 2020, 196, 109509
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13285
Management Practices, Worker Commitment, and Workplace Representation
John T. Addison, Paulino Teixeira
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12795
Productivity, Wages and Profits: Does Firms' Position in the Value Chain Matter?
Benoît Mahy, François Rycx, Guillaume Vermeylen, Mélanie Volral
published as 'Productivity and Wage Effects of Firm-level Upstreamness: Evidence from Belgian Linked Panel Data' in: World Economy, 2022, 45 (7), 2222 - 2250
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12787
Climbing the Ladders of Job Satisfaction and Employees' Organizational Commitment: A Semi-Nonparametric Approach
José António Cabral Vieira
published as 'Climbing the ladders of job satisfaction and employee organizational commitment: cross-country evidence using a semi-nonparametric approach' in: Journal of Applied Economics, 2023, 26 (1), 2163581.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12714
The Institutional Adjustment Margin to Import Competition: Evidence from Italian Minimum Wages
Alessia Matano, Paolo Naticchioni, Francesco Vona
published as 'The institutional wage adjustment to import competition: evidence from the Italian collective bargaining system' in: Oxford Economic Papers, 2023, 75 (3), 631 - 651
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12611
Do Workers Discriminate against Female Bosses?
Martin Abel
published in: Journal of Human Resources, 2024, 59 (2), 470 - 501
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12216
Trust and Workplace Performance
John T. Addison, Paulino Teixeira
revised version published in: British Journal of Industrial Relations, 2020, 58 (4), 874-903.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12169
Rent Sharing in China: Magnitude, Heterogeneity and Drivers
Wenjing Duan, Pedro S. Martins
published in: British Journal of Industrial Relations, 2022, 60(1), 176-219
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12113
Works Councils and Workplace Health Promotion in Germany
Uwe Jirjahn, Jens Mohrenweiser, Stephen C. Smith
revised version published in: Economic and Industrial Democracy, 2022, 43 (3), 1059-1094
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11894
Wages, Creative Destruction, and Union Networks
Harald Dale-Olsen
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11788
The Impact of Employment Protection on the Industrial Wage Structure
John S. Heywood, Mary O'Mahony, W. Stanley Siebert, Ana Rincon-Aznar
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11616
Do German Works Councils Counter or Foster the Implementation of Digital Technologies?
Sabrina Genz, Lutz Bellmann, Britta Matthes
published in: Jahrbücher für Nationalökonomie und Statistik, 2019, 239 (3), 523 - 564
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11225
Labor Market Imperfections, Markups and Productivity in Multinationals and Exporters
Sabien Dobbelaere, Kozo Kiyota
published in: Labour Economics, 2018, 53, 198-212
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11128
Measuring Indirect Effects of Unfair Employer Behavior on Worker Productivity: A Field Experiment
Matthias Heinz, Sabrina Jeworrek, Vanessa Mertins, Heiner Schumacher, Matthias Sutter
published in: Economic Journal, 2020, 130(632), 2546-2568
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11111
Union Density, Productivity and Wages
Erling Barth, Alex Bryson, Harald Dale-Olsen
published in: Economic Journal, 2020, 130 (631), 1898 - 1936
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11066
Nonunion Employee Representation: Theory and the German Experience with Mandated Works Councils
Uwe Jirjahn, Stephen C. Smith
published in: Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics, 2018, 89 (1), 201-234
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11064
The German Model of Industrial Relations: (Where) Does It Still Exist?
Michael Oberfichtner, Claus Schnabel
published in: Journal of Economics and Statistics (Jahrbücher für Nationalökonomie und Statistik), 2019, 239 (1), 5-37
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10437
Employee Representation and Flexible Working Time
Gabriel Burdin, Virginie Pérotin
revised version published in: Labour Economics, 2019, 61, 101755
IZA Discussion Paper No. 9587
Collective Bargaining Systems and Macroeconomic and Microeconomic Flexibility: The Quest for Appropriate Institutional Forms in Advanced Economies
John T. Addison
published in: IZA Journal of Labor Policy, 2016, 5: 19
IZA Discussion Paper No. 9389
Labour Market Institutions and Inflation Differentials in the EU
Gaetano D'Adamo, Riccardo Rovelli
IZA Discussion Paper No. 9323
Pacts for Employment and Competitiveness as a Role Model? Their Effects on Firm Performance
John T. Addison, Paulino Teixeira, Katalin Evers, Lutz Bellmann
revised version published as 'Contract Innovation in Germany: An Economic Evaluation of Pacts for Competitiveness' in: British Journal of Industrial Relations, 2017, 55(3), 500-526.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 9278
Skill Gaps in the Workplace: Measurement, Determinants and Impacts
Seamus McGuinness, Luis Ortiz
published in: Industrial Relations Journal, 2016, 47 (3), 253-278
IZA Discussion Paper No. 9254
Wage Compression within the Firm
Marco Leonardi, Michele Pellizzari, Domenico Tabasso
published in: Economic Journal, 2019, 129, 3256-3291.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 9016
On the Potential Interaction Between Labour Market Institutions and Immigration Policies
Claudia Cigagna, Giovanni Sulis
published in: International Journal of Manpower, 2015, 36(4), 441 - 468
IZA Discussion Paper No. 8919
United, Yet Apart? A Note on Persistent Labour Market Differences between Western and Eastern Germany
Claus Schnabel
published in: Journal of Economics and Statistics (Jahrbücher für Nationalökonomie und Statistik), 2016, 236 (2), 157-180
IZA Discussion Paper No. 8416
Who Do Unions Target? Unionization over the Life-Cycle of U.S. Businesses
Emin Dinlersoz, Jeremy Greenwood, Henry R. Hyatt
published in: ILR Review, 2017, 70(3): 733-766
IZA Discussion Paper No. 8284
Employee Trust and Workplace Performance
Sarah Brown, Daniel Gray, Jolian McHardy, Karl Taylor
published in: Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 2015, 116, 361-378
IZA Discussion Paper No. 8242
Centralized vs. Decentralized Wage Formation: The Role of Firms' Production Technology
Boris Hirsch, Christian Merkl, Steffen Müller, Claus Schnabel
IZA Discussion Paper No. 8147
The Political Economy of Labor Market Regulation with R&D
Tapio K. Palokangas
IZA Discussion Paper No. 7964
Union Organizing Decisions in a Deteriorating Environment: The Composition of Representation Elections and the Decline in Turnout
Henry S Farber
published in: Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 2015, 68(5), 1126-1156
IZA Discussion Paper No. 7616
Labor Market Institutions and the Response of Inflation to Macro Shocks in the EU: A Two-Sector Analysis
Gaetano D'Adamo, Riccardo Rovelli
IZA Discussion Paper No. 7253
Product and Labor Market Imperfections and Scale Economies: Micro-Evidence on France, Japan and the Netherlands
Sabien Dobbelaere, Kozo Kiyota, Jacques Mairesse
published in: Journal of Comparative Economics, 2015, 43(2): 290-322
IZA Discussion Paper No. 7195
Investment under Company-Level Pacts
Lutz Bellmann, Hans-Dieter Gerner, Olaf Hübler
published in: Economic and Industrial Democracy, 2015, 36(3), 501-522
IZA Discussion Paper No. 6497
Works Councils, Collective Bargaining and Apprenticeship Training
Ben Kriechel, Samuel Mühlemann, Harald Pfeifer, Miriam Schuette
published in: Industrial Relations, 2014, 66 (5), 1095-1112
IZA Discussion Paper No. 6484
Minimum Wages as a Barrier to Entry: Evidence from Germany
Ronald Bachmann, Thomas K. Bauer, Hanna Kroeger
published in: Labour, 2014, 28 (3), 338-357
IZA Discussion Paper No. 6415
Testing a Forgotten Aspect of Akerlof's Gift Exchange Hypothesis: Relational Contracts with Individual and Uniform Wages
Martin G. Kocher, Wolfgang J. Luhan, Matthias Sutter
IZA Discussion Paper No. 6254
How Unjust! An Experimental Investigation of Supervisors' Evaluation Errors and Agents' Incentives
Lucia Marchegiani, Tommaso G. Reggiani, Matteo Rizzolli
revised version published as 'Loss Averse Agents and Lenient Supervisors in Performance Appraisal' in: Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 2016, 131, 183-197
IZA Discussion Paper No. 5987
The Structure of Collective Bargaining and Worker Representation: Change and Persistence in the German Model
John T. Addison, Paulino Teixeira, Alex Bryson, André Pahnke
revised version published as 'Collective Agreement Status and Survivability: Change and Persistence in the German Model' in: Labour, 2013, 27 (3), 288-309
IZA Discussion Paper No. 5978
Firm Heterogeneity, Informal Wage and Good Governance
Saibal Kar, Sugata Marjit
published in: Review of Development Economics, 2012, 16 (4), 527-539
IZA Discussion Paper No. 5875
Let's Take Bargaining Models Seriously: The Decline in Union Power in Germany, 1992-2009
Boris Hirsch, Claus Schnabel
substantially revised version published as 'What Can We Learn from Bargaining Models about Union Power? The Decline in Union Power in Germany, 1992-2009' in: Manchester School, 2014, 82 (3), 347-362
IZA Discussion Paper No. 5835
Wage Rigidity, Collective Bargaining and the Minimum Wage: Evidence from French Agreement Data
Sanvi Avouyi-Dovi, Denis Fougère, Erwan Gautier
published in: Review of Economics and Statistics, 2013, 95 (4), 1337-1351
IZA Discussion Paper No. 5503
Minu, Startu and All That: Pitfalls in Estimating the Sensitivity of a Worker's Wage to Aggregate Unemployment
Pedro S. Martins, Andy Snell, Jonathan P. Thomas
IZA Discussion Paper No. 5447
Workplace Performance, Worker Commitment and Loyalty
Sarah Brown, Jolian McHardy, Robert McNabb, Karl Taylor
published in: Journal of Economics and Management Strategy, 2011, 20 (3), 925-955
IZA Discussion Paper No. 5364
Der Aufstieg des Normalarbeitsverhältnisses in Deutschland – vom Ausbruch des Zweiten Weltkriegs bis zur Ölkrise 1973
Michael Jan Kendzia
IZA Discussion Paper No. 5342
Unions, Dynamism, and Economic Performance
Barry Hirsch
published in: Cynthia Estlund and Michael Wachter (eds.), Research Handbook on the Economics of Labor and Employment Law, Edward Elgar, 2012, pp. 107-145
IZA Discussion Paper No. 5293
The Direct Incidence of Corporate Income Tax on Wages
Wiji Arulampalam, Michael P. Devereux, Giorgia Maffini
published in: European Economic Review, 2012, 56 (6), 1038-1054
IZA Discussion Paper No. 5283
Globalised Labour Markets? International Rent Sharing across 47 Countries
Pedro S. Martins, Yong Yang
published in: British Journal of Industrial Relations, 2015, 53(4), 664–691
IZA Discussion Paper No. 5231
Der Institutionalisierungsprozess des Lohnarbeitsverhältnisses vom Ersten bis zum Zweiten Weltkrieg in Deutschland
Michael Jan Kendzia
IZA Discussion Paper No. 5107
Herausbildung erster Wesenszüge des Normalarbeitsverhältnisses in Deutschland
Michael Jan Kendzia
IZA Discussion Paper No. 5044
The Gender Wage Gaps, 'Sticky Floors' and 'Glass Ceilings' of the European Union
Louis N. Christofides, Alexandros Polycarpou, Konstantinos Vrachimis
published in: Labour Economics, 2013, 21, 86-102
IZA Discussion Paper No. 5030
The State of Collective Bargaining and Worker Representation in Germany: The Erosion Continues
John T. Addison, Alex Bryson, Paulino Teixeira, André Pahnke, Lutz Bellmann
IZA Discussion Paper No. 4962
Der vormoderne Allokationsprozess von Arbeit in Deutschland
Toni Pierenkemper, Michael Jan Kendzia
IZA Discussion Paper No. 4760
Slip Sliding Away: Further Union Decline in Germany and Britain
John T. Addison, Alex Bryson, Paulino Teixeira, André Pahnke
published in: Scottish Journal of Political Economy, 2011, 58 (4), 490-518
IZA Discussion Paper No. 4502
The Extent of Collective Bargaining and Workplace Representation: Transitions between States and their Determinants. A Comparative Analysis of Germany and Great Britain
John T. Addison, Alex Bryson, Paulino Teixeira, André Pahnke, Lutz Bellmann
revised version published in: Scottish Journal of Political Economy, 2013, 60 (2), 182-209.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 4488
The Institutional Context of an "Empirical Law": The Wage Curve under Different Regimes of Collective Bargaining
Uwe Blien, Wolfgang Dauth, Thorsten Schank, Claus Schnabel
published in: British Journal of Industrial Relations, 2013, 51 (1), 59-79
IZA Discussion Paper No. 4352
One-third Codetermination at Company Supervisory Boards and Firm Performance in German Manufacturing Industries: First Direct Evidence from a New Type of Enterprise Data
Joachim Wagner
published in: Schmollers Jahrbuch: Zeitschrift für Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaften /Journal of Applied Social Science Studies, 2011, 131 (1), 91-106
IZA Discussion Paper No. 4151
Policy, Institutional Factors and Earnings Mobility
Denisa M. Sologon, Cathal O'Donoghue
published in: The European Journal of Comparative Economics, 2011, 8(2), pp. 175-202
IZA Discussion Paper No. 4096
Integration, Labor Market Regulation, Lobbying, and Technological Change
Tapio K. Palokangas
IZA Discussion Paper No. 4091
Economic Growth with Political Lobbying and Wage Bargaining
Tapio K. Palokangas
revised version published in: IFAC Papers on Control Applications of Optimization 7 (2010)
IZA Discussion Paper No. 3918
Worker Directors: A German Product that Didn't Export?
John T. Addison, Claus Schnabel
published in: Industrial Relations, 2011, 50 (2), 354-374
IZA Discussion Paper No. 3786
Trade as a Wage Disciplining Device
Damiaan Persyn
IZA Discussion Paper No. 3680
Can Policy Interact with Culture? Minimum Wage and the Quality of Labor Relations
Philippe Aghion, Yann Algan, Pierre Cahuc
revised version published as 'Civil Society and the State: The Interplay Between Cooperation and Minimum Wage Regulation' in: Journal of the European Economic Association, 2011, 9 (1), 3 - 42
IZA Discussion Paper No. 3019
Performance Pay, Sorting, and Outsourcing
Fred Henneberger, Alfonso Sousa-Poza, Alexandre Ziegler
IZA Discussion Paper No. 2917
The Impact of Teams on Output, Quality and Downtime: An Empirical Analysis Using Individual Panel Data
Derek C. Jones, Takao Kato
published in: Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 2011, 64 (2), 215-240
IZA Discussion Paper No. 2865
Wage Structure and Labor Mobility in the Netherlands 1999-2003
Lex Borghans, Ben Kriechel
published in: Edward Lazear and Katryn Shaw (eds.), The Structure of Wages: An International Comparisons, NBER and University of Chicago Press, 2008
IZA Discussion Paper No. 2770
Employment Outcomes and the Interaction Between Product and Labor Market Deregulation: Are They Substitutes or Complements?
Giuseppe Fiori, Giuseppe Nicoletti, Stefano Scarpetta, Fabio Schiantarelli
published as "Employment Effects of Product and Labour Market Reforms: Are There Synergies?" in: Economic Journal, 2012, 122 (558), 79-104
IZA Discussion Paper No. 2581
Wage Flexibility and Labour Market Institutions: A Meta-Analysis
Miquel Clar, Christian Dreger, Raul Ramos
published in: Kyklos, 2007, 60(2), 145-163
IZA Discussion Paper No. 2556
Product Market Integration and Labour Markets: Aggregate Gains at the Cost of More Inequality?
Torben M. Andersen, Allan Sørensen
published as 'Product Market Integration, Rents and Wage Inequality' in: Review of International Economics, 2011, 19 (4), 595 - 608
IZA Discussion Paper No. 2474
Works Councils and the Anatomy of Wages
John T. Addison, Paulino Teixeira, Thomas Zwick
published as 'German Work Councils and the Anatomy of Wages' in: Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 2010, 63(2), 247-270
IZA Discussion Paper No. 2384
Wage Determination in the U.S. Airline Industry: Union Power under Product Market Constraints
Barry Hirsch
published in: D. Lee (ed.), Advances in Airline Economics, Vol. 2: The Economics of Airline Institutions, Operations and Marketing, Elsevier 2007
IZA Discussion Paper No. 1899
Macroeconomic Derivatives: An Initial Analysis of Market-Based Macro Forecasts, Uncertainty and Risk
Refet S. Gürkaynak, Justin Wolfers
published in: NBER International Seminar on Macroeconomics, 2005, 11 - 50
IZA Discussion Paper No. 1898
Cross-Sectional Heterogeneity in Price-Cost Margins and the Extent of Rent Sharing at the Sector and Firm Level in France
Sabien Dobbelaere, Jacques Mairesse
IZA Discussion Paper No. 1769
Competition and Well-Being
Jordi Brandts, Arno Riedl, Frans van Winden
published as "Competitive Rivalry, Social Disposition, and Subjective Well-Being: An Experiment" in: Journal of Public Economics, 2009, 93 (11-12), 1158-1167
IZA Discussion Paper No. 1757
German Works Councils and Productivity: First Evidence from a Nonparametric Test
Joachim Wagner
published in: Applied Economics Letters, 2008, 15 (9), 727-730
IZA Discussion Paper No. 1722
Bargaining Frictions and Hours Worked
Stéphane Auray, Samuel Danthine
revised published as "Bargaining Frictions, Labor Income Taxation and Economic Performance" in: European Economic Review, 2010, 54 (6), 778-802
IZA Discussion Paper No. 1592
Economic Integration, Market Power and Technological Change
Tapio K. Palokangas
IZA Discussion Paper No. 1474
Effort-Based Career Opportunities and Working Time
Massimiliano Bratti, Stefano Staffolani
revised version published in: International Journal of Manpower, 2007, 28 (6), 489-512
IZA Discussion Paper No. 1473
Do Works Councils Inhibit Investment?
John T. Addison, Thorsten Schank, Claus Schnabel, Joachim Wagner
published in: Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 2007, 60 (2), 187-203
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