The IZA Discussion Paper Series (ISSN: 2365-9793) disseminates high-quality research by IZA network members to the scientific community and the interested public worldwide before they are later published in academic journals. Comprising more than 17,000 papers, IZA's publication flagship is the most influential working paper series in labor economics.

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4,256 IZA Discussion Papers
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17245
Measuring Bias in Job Recommender Systems: Auditing the Algorithms
Shuo Zhang, Peter J. Kuhn
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17244
Unintended Consequences of Welfare Cuts on Children and Adolescents
Christian Dustmann, Rasmus Landersø, Lars Højsgaard Andersen
revised version published in: American Economic Journal, 2024, 16 (4), 161–185
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17242
The Economics of Abduction Marriage: Evidence from Ethiopia
Jorge Garcia-Hombrados, Lindsey Novak
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17240
Gendered Language in Academic Evaluations: Evidence from the Italian University System
Matilde Casamonti, Natalia Zinovyeva
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17239
Parental Health, Adolescents' Mental Distress and Non-cognitive Skills
Apostolos Davillas, Victor Hugo de Oliveira, Athina Raftopoulou
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17238
The Effects of Child Care Subsidies on Paid Child Care Participation and Labor Market Outcomes: Evidence from the Child and Dependent Care Credit
Gabrielle Pepin
published in: ILR Review, 2025, 78 (4), 645-666
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17237
Statistical Discrimination and Optimal Mismatch in College Major Selection
Mary Kate Batistich, Timothy N. Bond, Sebastian Linde, Kevin J. Mumford
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17236
Children of the Revolution: Women's Liberation and Children's Success
Eric Maurin, Florentine Oliveira
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17235
Intersectional Analysis of the Labour Market Impacts of COVID: The Triple-Whammy of Females, Children, and Lower Skill
Tony Fang, Morley Gunderson, Viet Hoang Ha, Hui Ming
published online as 'Intersectional analysis of the labour market impacts of COVID on women with young children and in low-skilled jobs' in: International Journal of Manpower, 19 September 2024
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17232
Effects of Health Shocks on Adult Children's Labor Market Outcomes and Well-Being
Eduardo Ramirez Lizardi, Elisabeth Fevang, Knut Røed, Henning Øien
published online in: Health Economics, 25 June 2025
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17228
Free Schooling Reverses Sibling Rivalry
João R. Ferreira, Wayne Aaron Sandholtz
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17225
Age Discrimination, Apprenticeship Training and Hiring: Evidence from a Scenario Experiment
Axana Dalle, Toon Wybo, Stijn Baert, Dieter Verhaest
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17221
The Black-White Lifetime Earnings Gap
Ezra Karger, Anthony Wray
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17219
Closing the Gender Gap: Promoting Labour Market Participation
Jorgen M. Harris, Eleonora Patacchini
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17216
Beyond the Degree: Fertility Outcomes of 'First in Family' Graduates
Anna Adamecz, Anna Lovász, Suncica Vujic
published online in: Review of Economics of the Household, 23 July 2025
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17215
Long-Term Pre-Conception Exposure to Local Violence and Infant Health
Eunsik Chang, Sandra Orozco-Aleman, María Padilla-Romo
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17214
Inter-Institutional Cooperation and Migrants' Financial Education: An Italian Case Study
Samuel Nocito, Alessandra Venturini
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17210
Parental Leave: Economic Incentives and Cultural Change
James Albrecht, Per-Anders Edin, Raquel Fernández, Jiwon Lee, Peter Skogman Thoursie, Susan Vroman
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17196
The Effect of Export Market Access on Labor Market Power: Firm-Level Evidence from Vietnam
Trang Hoang, Devashish Mitra, Hoang Pham
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17195
Ethnic Identity and Anti-immigrant Sentiment: Evidence from Proposition 187
Francisca M. Antman, Brian Duncan
forthcoming in: Randall Akee, Lawrence F. Katz, and Mark Loewenstein (eds.), Race, Ethnicity, and Economic Statistics for the 21st Century, University of Chicago Press, 2026
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17194
Fast Internet, Women Identity, and Female Genital Mutilation
Jorge Garcia-Hombrados, Daniel Pérez-Parra, Ricardo Ciacci
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17192
Supply-Side Drug Policy, Polydrug Use, and the Economic Effects of Withdrawal Symptoms
Alexander Ahammer, Analisa Packham
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17190
The Impact of Children's Access to Public Health Insurance on Their Cognitive Development and Behavior
Marie C. Hull, Ji Yan
published in: Journal of Health Economics, 2024, 98, 102935
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17181
Unlocking Potential: Childcare Services and Refugees' Integration, Employment and Well-Being
Ludovica Gambaro, Mathias Huebener, Sophia Schmitz, C. Katharina Spieß
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17175
Can Term Limits Accelerate Women's Access to Top Political Positions? Quasi-Experimental Evidence from Italy
Carolina Kansikas, Manuel Bagues
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17172
Natural Disasters and Acceptance of Intimate Partner Violence: The Global Evidence
Astghik Mavisakalyan, Vladimir Otrachshenko, Olga Popova
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17169
The Long-Run Impacts of Banning Affirmative Action in US Higher Education
Francisca M. Antman, Brian Duncan, Michael F. Lovenheim
published in: Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 2024, 40 (3), 607–628
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17154
(Don't) Walk This Way: The Econometrics of Crosswalks
Daniel L. Millimet
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17151
Gender Gaps in Time Use: Pan-European Evidence from School Closures during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Benjamin Elsner, Manvi Jindal, Massimiliano Mascherini, Sanna Nivakoski
forthcoming in: Economic and Social Review
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17147
Place of Birth and Cognitive Function among Older Americans: Findings from the Harmonized Cognitive Assessment Protocol
Zhuoer Lin, Xi Chen
published in: Journals of Gerontology: Series B, 2024, 79 (9), gbae126,
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17146
Can Expanding Contraceptive Access Reduce Adverse Infant Health Outcomes?
James Flynn
published online in: Journal of Human Resources, 8 May 2024
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17143
How Important Are Mental and Physical Health in Career and Family Choices?
Guido Cozzi, Noemi Mantovan, Robert M. Sauer
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17138
Prison Norms and Society beyond Bars
Maxim Ananyev, Mikhail Poyker
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17137
Impact of Prison Experience on Anti-gay Sentiments: Longitudinal Analysis of Inmates and Their Families
Maxim Ananyev, Mikhail Poyker
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17134
Separate Housework Spheres
Jonas Jessen, Sebastian Schweighofer-Kodritsch, Felix Weinhardt, Jan Berkes
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17130
Impacts of Integrating Early Childhood with Health Services: Experimental Evidence from the Cresça Com Seu Filho Home Visiting Program
Florencia López Bóo, Maria de la Paz Ferro, Pedro Carneiro
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17129
Motherhood and Domestic Violence: A Longitudinal Study Using Population-Wide Administrative Data
Sanna Bergvall, Núria Rodríguez-Planas
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17127
Effects of Parental Death on Labor Market Outcomes and Gender Inequalities
Mathias Fjællegaard Jensen, Ning Zhang
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17126
The Labor Market Effects of Drug-Related Violence in a Transit Country
Andres Ham Gonzalez, Juanita Ruiz
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17123
Beyond Borders: Do Gender Norms and Institutions Affect Female Businesses?
Holger Görg, Ina C. Jäkel
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17122
Education, Gender, and Family Formation
Hanna Virtanen, Mikko Silliman, Tiina Kuuppelomäki, Kristiina Huttunen
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17121
Alternative Measures of Teachers' Value Added and Impact on Short and Long-Term Outcomes: Evidence from Random Assignment
Victor Lavy, Rigissa Megalokonomou
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17115
The #Metoo Movement and Judges' Gender Gap in Decisions
Xiqian Cai, Shuai Chen, Zhengquan Cheng
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17109
Reducing the Child Penalty by Incentivizing Maternal Part-Time Work?
Laurenz Baertsch, Malte Sandner
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17107
Labor Market Outcomes of Same-Sex Couples in Countries with Legalized Same-Sex Marriage
Honorata Bogusz, Jan Gromadzki
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17098
It's a Bird, It's a Plane, It's Superman! Using Mass Media to Fight Intolerance
Alex Armand, Paul Atwell, Joseph Gomes, Giuseppe Musillo, Yannik Schenk
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17091
Starting School and ADHD: When Is It Time to Fly the Nest?
Catia Nicodemo, Cheti Nicoletti, Joaquim Vidiella-Martin
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17089
The Intergenerational Health Effects of Child Marriage Bans
Dung D. Le, Teresa Molina, Yoko Ibuka, Rei Goto
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17087
Do Beliefs in the Model Minority Stereotype Reduce Attention to Inequality That Adversely Affects Asian Americans?
Shuai Chen, Nattavudh Powdthavee, Juliane V. Wiese
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17083
The Effects of Childhood Immunization Program on Health and Education: Micro-Evidence from India
Santosh Kumar Gautam
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17082
The Impact of Peer Performance and Relative Rank on Managerial Career Attainment: Evidence from College Students
Rafael Perez Ribas, Breno Sampaio, Giuseppe Trevisan
pubished in: Management Science, 2025, 71 (5), 4510–4531
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17081
Gender Bias in the Reelection of Politicians (When a Crisis Strikes)
Zohal Hessami, Temurbek Khasanboev
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17080
Breastfeeding and Child Development Outcomes across Early Childhood and Adolescence: Doubly Robust Estimation with Machine Learning
Md Mohsan Khudri, Andrew Hussey
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17077
Decoding Gender Bias: The Role of Personal Interaction
Abdelrahman Amer, Ashley C Craig, Clémentine Van Effenterre
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17076
Fathers Taking Leave: Evaluating the Impact of Shared Parental Leave in the UK
Joanna Clifton-Sprigg, Eleonora Fichera, Ezgi Kaya, Melanie K. Jones
forthcoming in: Fiscal Studies, 2025
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17073
Citizenship Question Effects on Household Survey Response
J. David Brown, Misty L. Heggeness
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17067
The Lives of Intersex People: Socio-Economic and Health Disparities in Mexico
Ercio A. Muñoz, Melanie Saavedra, Dario Sansone
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17066
Shattered Dreams: The Economic Impact of Eliminating DACA
Francesc Ortega, Phillip Connor
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17063
The Gender Pay Gap at the Early Stages of Academic Careers
Iga Magda, Jacek Bieliński, Marzena Feldy, Anna Knapińska
published online in: Journal of Economic Inequality, 27 January 2025
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17054
Teacher Value-Added and the Test Score Gender Gap
Andrés García-Echalar, Sebastián Poblete, Tomas Rau
published in: Labour Economics, 2024, 89, 102588
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17046
Machine Learning and Multiple Abortions
Pradeep Kumar, Catia Nicodemo, Sonia Oreffice, Climent Quintana-Domeque
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17040
Early-Life Circumstances and Racial Disparities in Cognition for Older Americans: The Importance of Educational Quality and Experiences
Zhuoer Lin, Justin Ye, Heather Allore, Thomas M. Gill, Xi Chen
published as 'Early-Life Circumstances and Racial Disparities in Cognition Among Older Adults in the US' in: JAMA Internal Medicine, 2024, 184 (8), 904-914
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17038
Unsettled: Job Insecurity Reduces Home-Ownership
Anthony Lepinteur, Andrew E. Clark, Conchita D'Ambrosio
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17035
Intergenerational Mobility of Immigrants in the Netherlands
Roel van Elk, Egbert L. W. Jongen, Patrick Koot, Alice Zulkarnain
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17029
Do Female Experts Face an Authority Gap? Evidence from Economics
Hans Henrik Sievertsen, Sarah Smith
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17027
Immigrant Overeducation across Generations: The Role of Gender and Part-Time Work
Kevin Pineda-Hernández, François Rycx, Mélanie Volral
published in: Oxford Economic Papers, 2025, 77 (2), 445-465
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17024
Live Longer and Healthier: Impact of Pension Income for Low-Income Retirees
Chiara Malavasi, Han Ye
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17018
Family and Career: An Analysis across Europe and North America
Luis Guirola, Laura Hospido, Andrea Weber
published in: Fiscal Studies, 2024, 45 (2), 243 - 257
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17017
News, Emotions, and Policy Views on Immigration
Elena Manzoni, Elie Murard, Simone Quercia, Sara Tonini
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17016
The Economics of Gender-Specific Minimum Wage Legislation
Riccardo Marchingiglio, Mikhail Poyker
forthcoming in: Journal of Labor Economics
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17009
Young versus Old Politicians in Local Politics
Thushyanthan Baskaran, Zohal Hessami, Sebastian Schirner
published in: Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 2024, 225, 88-106
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16997
Children's Residential Proximity, Spousal Presence and Dementia Risk
Zhuoer Lin, Xuecheng Yin, Becca R. Levy, Yue Yuan, Xi Chen
published as 'Association of Children's Residential Proximity and Spousal Presence with Lower Modifiable Risk Factors for Dementia among Older Adults with Cognitive Impairment' in: American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 2024, 32 (10), 1187-1199
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16993
Soft Skills, Competition, and Hiring Discrimination
Christian Valencia, Sarah Janzen, Yashodhan Ghorpade, Amanina Abdur Rahman
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16991
What Works for Working Couples? Work Arrangements, Maternal Labor Supply, and the Division of Home Production
Ludovica Ciasullo, Martina Uccioli
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16990
Effects of Mandatory Residencies on Female Physicians' Specialty Choices: Evidence from Japan's New Medical Residency Program
Tsunao Okumura, Yuko Ueno, Emiko Usui
published in: Labour Economics, 2024, 90, 102566
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16987
The Dire Consequences of Untamed Population Growth in the Netherlands
Joop Hartog
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16985
Navigating Educational Disruptions: The Gender Divide in Parental Involvement and Children's Learning Outcomes
Matías Ciaschi, Johanna Fajardo-Gonzalez, Mariana Viollaz
published online in: Review of Economics of the Household, 08 November 2024
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16984
Discrimination in the General Population
Silvia Angerer, Hanna Brosch, Daniela Glätzle-Rützler, Philipp Lergetporer, Thomas Rittmannsberger
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16981
Do Empty Beds Cause Cesarean Deliveries?
Florian Bachner, Martin Halla, Gerald J. Pruckner
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16980
Half Empty and Half Full? Women in Economics and the Rise in Gender-Related Research
Francisca M. Antman, Kirk Doran, Xuechao Qian, Bruce A. Weinberg
published in: AEA Papers and Proceedings, 2024, 114, 226-231
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16979
Demographic Diversity and Economic Research: Fields of Specialization and Research on Race, Ethnicity, and Inequality
Francisca M. Antman, Kirk Doran, Xuechao Qian, Bruce A. Weinberg
published in: AEA Papers and Proceedings, 2024, 114, 528-534
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16977
The Parental Wage Gap and the Development of Socio-Emotional Skills in Children
Paul Hufe
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16974
Examining the Long-Run Impacts of Racial Terror with Data on Historical Lynchings of Mexicans in Texas
Francisca M. Antman, Brian Duncan
published in: AEA Papers and Proceedings, 2024, 114, 215–220
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16973
The Economic Consequences of Being Widowed by War: A Life-Cycle Perspective
Sebastian Till Braun, Jan Stuhler
published in: Journal of Public Economics, 2024, 239, 16973
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16968
DACA, Mobility Investments, and Economic Outcomes of Immigrants and Natives
Jimena Villanueva Kiser, Riley Wilson
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16966
Changing Fertility and Heterogeneous Motherhood Effects: Revisiting the Effects of a Parental Benefits Reform
Bernd Fitzenberger, Arnim Seidlitz
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16965
The Effect of Ukrainian Refugees on the Local Labour Markets: The Case of Czechia
Agnieszka Postepska, Anastasiia Voloshyna
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16962
The Effect of Conflict on Refugees' Return and Integration: Evidence from Ukraine
Joop Adema, Cevat Giray Aksoy, Yvonne Giesing, Panu Poutvaara
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16961
Forced Displacement, Mental Health, and Child Development: Evidence from the Rohingya Refugees
Asadul Islam, Tanvir Ahmed Mozumder, Tabassum Rahman, Tanvir Shatil, Abu Siddique
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16959
Is There Really a Child Penalty in the Long Run? New Evidence from IVF Treatments
Petter Lundborg, Erik Plug, Astrid Würtz Rasmussen
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16955
Are Parents an Obstacle to Gender-Atypical Occupational Choices?
Stefan C. Wolter, Thea Zöllner
forthcoming in: Journal of Population Economics, 2025
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16954
Honesty of Groups: Effects of Size and Gender Composition
Gerd Muehlheusser, Timo Promann, Andreas Roider, Niklas Wallmeier
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16953
Birth Order in the Very Long-Run: Estimating Firstborn Premiums between 1850 and 1940
Angela Cools, Jared Grooms, Krzysztof Karbownik, Siobhan O'Keefe, Joseph Price, Anthony Wray
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16950
What Works in Supporting Women-Led Businesses?
Diego Ubfal
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16949
Sick of Your Poor Neighborhood? Quasi-Experimental Evidence on Neighborhood Effects on Health
Linea Hasager, Mia Jørgensen
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16942
Time of Change: Health Effects of Motherhood
Fabian T. Dehos, Marie Elina Paul, Wiebke Schäfer, Karolin Süß
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16941
Do Female–Owned Employment Agencies Mitigate Discrimination and Expand Opportunity for Women?
Jennifer Hunt, Carolyn Moehling
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16936
Demography, Human Capital Investment, and Lifetime Earnings for Women and Men
Joyce P. Jacobsen, Melanie Khamis, Mutlu Yuksel
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16927
Estimating the Lifecycle Fertility Consequences of WWII Using Bunching
Esmée Zwiers
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16918
Gender Differences in Graduate Degree Choices
Judith M. Delaney, Paul J. Devereux
published in: Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 2025, 230, 106882
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