The IZA Discussion Paper Series (ISSN: 2365-9793) disseminates high-quality research by IZA network members to the scientific community and the interested public worldwide before they are later published in academic journals. Comprising more than 17,000 papers, IZA's publication flagship is the most influential working paper series in labor economics.

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4,260 IZA Discussion Papers
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17580
Werther at Work: Intra-Firm Spillovers of Suicides
Martin Halla, Bernhard Schmidpeter
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17579
Immigrant Age at Arrival and the Intergenerational Transmission of Ethnic Identification Among Mexican Americans
Brian Duncan, Stephen J. Trejo
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17574
Beliefs on Children's Human Capital Formation and Mothers at Work
Césarine Boinet, Jonathan Norris, Agnese Romiti, Zhan Shi, Paul Telemo
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17573
The Making of a Ghetto Place-Based Policies, Labeling, and Impacts on Neighborhoods and Individuals
Yajna Govind, Jack Melbourne, Sara Signorelli, Edith Zink
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17572
Gravity Predictions of International Migration Flows
Jesús Fernández-Huertas Moraga, Gonzalo López Molina
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17570
From Parents' Cradle to Children's Career: Intergenerational Effects of Parental Investments
Sander de Vries, Nadine Ketel, Maarten Lindeboom
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17569
The Long-Term Fiscal Impact of Immigrants in the Netherlands, Differentiated by Motive, Source Region and Generation
Jan van de Beek, Joop Hartog, Gerrit Kreffer, Hans Roodenburg
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17565
Nuisance Ordinances and Domestic Violence
Sarah Kroeger, Giulia La Mattina
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17564
Gender Identity and Economic Decision Making
Anne Ardila Brenøe, Zeynep Eyibak, Lea Heursen, Eva Ranehill, Roberto A. Weber
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17562
Migrants from Afghanistan on the Swedish Labour Market
Fredrik W. Andersson, Eskil Wadensjö
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17560
Not Just for Kids: Child and Dependent Care Credit Benefits for Adult Care
Gabrielle Pepin, Yulya Truskinovsky
forthcoming in: National Tax Journal
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17558
Gender Inequality in the Labor Market: Continuing Progress?
Francine D. Blau
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17550
The Learning Crisis: Three Years After COVID-19
Tomasz Gajderowicz, Maciej Jakubowski, Alec Kennedy, Christian Christrup, Harry Anthony Patrinos, Rolf Strietholt
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17543
The Causal Impact of Gender Norms on Mothers' Employment Attitudes and Expectations
Henning Hermes, Marina Krauß, Philipp Lergetporer, Frauke Peter, Simon Wiederhold
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17539
Disruptive Peers and Academic Performance: Short- and Long-Term Outcomes
Sofoklis Goulas, Silvia Griselda, Rigissa Megalokonomou, Yves Zenou
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17538
What Is the Value of the Child and Dependent Care Credit?
Gabrielle Pepin
published in: AEA Papers and Proceedings, 2025, 115, 120-125
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17531
The Company You Keep: The Positive Peer Effects of Kindergarten on Learning and Mental Health
Yanan Li, Nidhiya Menon, Naveen Sunder
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17530
Pensions and Depression: Gender-Disaggregated Evidence from the Elderly Poor in India
Amanda Guimbeau, Nidhiya Menon
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17529
Climate Shocks, Intimate Partner Violence, and the Protective Role of Climate-Resilience Projects
Amanda Guimbeau, Xinde James Ji, Nidhiya Menon
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17528
The Effects of Gender Integration on Men: Evidence from the U.S. Military
Kyle Greenberg, Melanie Wasserman, E. Anna Weber
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17509
The Short- and Long-Term Effects of Family-Friendly Policies on Mothers' Employment
Alicia De Quinto, Libertad González
published in: Labour Economics, 2025, 92, 102672
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17505
Twenty-Five Hours in a Day: On Job Flexibility and the Intrahousehold Allocation of Time and Money
Iris Kesternich, Frederic Vermeulen, Alexander Wintzéus
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17502
Minority Inflation, Unemployment, and Monetary Policy
Munseob Lee, Claudia Macaluso, Felipe Schwartzman
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17501
Born at the Right Time: Examining the Effect of Relative Age on Mental Health in Adulthood
Petri Böckerman, Mika Haapanen, Jani Kuhakoski, Tiina Kuuppelomäki, Juuso Villanen
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17500
The Fertility Impacts of Development Programs
Aletheia Donald, Markus Goldstein, Tricia Koroknay-Palicz, Mathilde Sage
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17494
Does Early Timing of First Birth Lead to Lower Earnings in Midlife in Britain?
Jessica Nisén, Johanna Tassot, Francesco Iacoella, Peter Eibich
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17493
Are Men's Preferences for Couple Equity Misperceived? Evidence from Six Countries
Teodora Boneva, Ana Brás-Monteiro, Marta Golin, Christopher Rauh
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17491
Unified Growth Theory: Engines of Growth and Inequality in the Wealth of Nations
Oded Galor
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17490
The Hidden Value of Adult Informal Care in Europe
Joan Costa-Font, Cristina Vilaplana-Prieto
published in: Health Economics, 2025, 34 (4), 791-812
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17480
Designing Gender Equity: Evidence from Hiring Practices
Tatiana Mocanu
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17473
Subsidized Small Jobs and Maternal Labor Market Outcomes in the Long Run
Matthias Collischon, Kamila Cygan-Rehm, Regina T. Riphahn
published online in: Socio-Economic Review, 28 February 2025
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17471
Baby Bumps and Abortion Drop: Unpacking Fertility Trends During COVID-19 in Germany
Martin Bujard, Mathias Huebener
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17466
School Racial Segregation and Late-Life Cognition
Zhuoer Lin, Yi Wang, Thomas M. Gill, Xi Chen
published in: JAMA Network Open, 2025, 8 (1), e2452713
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17462
Autonomous Schools, Achievement, and Segregation
Natalie Irmert, Jan Bietenbeck, Linn Mattisson, Felix Weinhardt
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17456
Universal Child Benefit and Child Poverty: The Role of Fertility Adjustments
Jan Gromadzki
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17455
Child Penalties, Child Outcomes, and Family Culture
Eric D. Gould, Guy Lichtinger
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17451
Parental Leave and Discrimination in the Labor Market
Julia Schmieder, Doris Weichselbaumer, Clara Welteke, Katharina Wrohlich
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17450
Female Empowerment and Male Backlash: Experimental Evidence from India
Claire Cullen, Sarthak Joshi, Joseph Vecci, Julia Talbot-Jones
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17446
Gritty Peers
Effrosyni Adamopoulou, Yaming Cao, Ezgi Kaya
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17443
Peer Effects and Marriage Formation
Abigail Wozniak, Michael T. Baker, Susan P. Carter
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17441
The Military VSL
Thomas J. Kniesner, Ryan Sullivan, W. Kip Viscusi
forthcoming in: Journal of Benefit Cost Analysis. 2025
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17438
Birth Timing and Spacing: Implications for Parental Leave Dynamics and Child Penalties
Abi Adams-Prassl, Mathias Fjællegaard Jensen, Barbara Petrongolo
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17437
The Reversal of the Gender Gap in Education: Exploring its Consequences for Partnering, Employment and Voting Behaviour
Martin Nordin, Maria Stanfors
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17435
Fertility, Pregnancy, and Parenthood Discrimination in the Labour Market: A Systematic Review
Morien El Haj, Stijn Baert, Luc Van Ootegem, Elsy Verhofstadt, Louis Lippens
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17434
Gender Differences in Preferences for Flexible Work Hours: Experimental Evidence from an Online Freelancing Platform
Rakesh Banerjee, Tushar Bharati, Adnan Fakir, Yiwei Qian, Naveen Sunder
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17430
Effects of Center-Based Child Care on Disadvantaged Children: Evidence from a Randomized Research Design
Chris M. Herbst
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17429
Can Children's Education Enhance Formal Female Labor Force Participation?
Gustavo J. Canavire Bacarreza, Gunnar Poppe Yanez
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17427
On the Limits of Chronological Age
Rainer Kotschy, David E. Bloom, Andrew Scott
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17422
Caring Dads? Universal Childcare, Paternity Leave and Fathers' Involvement
Mathias Huebener, Malin K. Mahlbacher, Sophia Schmitz
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17420
Matching on Gender and Sexual Orientation
Edoardo Ciscato, Marion Goussé
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17419
Income and Fertility of Female College Graduates in the United States
Zhengyu Cai, John V. Winters
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17410
Can the Law Affect Attitudes and Behaviour in the Absence of Strict Enforcement? Experimental Evidence from a Child Marriage Reform in Bangladesh
Amrit Amirapu, Niaz Asadullah, Zaki Wahhaj
forthcoming in: Journal of Law, Economics and Organization
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17408
Incorporating Changes in Race, Gender, and Academic Field at Colleges and Universities - A Comment on 'The Ebbing Tide: How Will Higher Education Adapt to Demographic Change?'
Francisca M. Antman
forthcoming in: John Y. Campbell and Kaye Husbands Fealing (eds.), Financing Institutions of Higher Education, University of Chicago Press for NBER.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17405
Do Women Pay for Working from Home? Exploring Gender Gaps in Pay and Wellbeing by Work Location in the UK Cohort Studies
Bożena Wielgoszewska, Alex Bryson, Heather Joshi, David Wilkinson
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17404
Does Restricting Access to Credit Affect Learning Outcomes? Evidence from a Regulatory Shock to Microfinance in India
Muneer Kalliyil, Soham Sahoo
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17401
Do Women on Boards Matter? Network and Spillover Effects on Gender Gaps within Firms
Emma von Essen, Nina Smith
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17397
Colorism and Immigrant Earnings in the United States, 2015–2024
Joni Hersch
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17396
Minority Salience and Criminal Justice Decisions
Kyra Hanemaaijer, Nadine Ketel, Olivier Marie
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17393
The Effects of a Statewide Ban on School Suspensions
Jane Arnold Lincove, Catherine Mata, Kalena E. Cortes
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17391
Family Planning and Ethnic Heritage: Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa
Graziella Bertocchi, Arcangelo Dimico, Chiara Falco
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17386
Under Pressure: Electoral Competition and Women's Representation
Pamela Campa, Perihan Saygin, Semih Tumen
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17384
Youngism: Discrimination and Stereotypes
Vojtech Bartos, Michal Bauer, Jana Cahlíková, Julie Chytilová
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17382
The Labor Market Attainment of Immigrants in the Antebellum United States
Barry R. Chiswick, RaeAnn Halenda Robinson
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17381
The Rules of the Game: Local Wage Bargaining and the Gender Pay Gap
Maria Olsson, Oskar Nordström Skans
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17380
Educational Hypogamy Is Associated with a Smaller Child Penalty on Women's Earnings
Nadia Steiber, Lara Lebedinski, Bernd Liedl, Rudolf Winter-Ebmer
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17379
Child Penalties in Labour Market Skills
Jonas Jessen, Lavinia Kinne, Michele Battisti
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17377
Nonbinary Gender Identities and Earnings: Evidence from a National Census
Christopher S. Carpenter, Donn. L. Feir, Krishna Pendakur, Casey Warman
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17376
Do Americans Favor Female or Male Politicians? Evidence from Experimental Elections
Panu Poutvaara, Andreas Graefe
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17375
Hard Times, Hard Attitudes? The Effect of Economic Downturns on Gender Norms
Inés Berniell, Leonardo Gasparini, Mariana Marchionni, Mariana Viollaz
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17372
Shaken, Not Stunted? Global Evidence on Natural Disasters, Child Growth and Recovery
John Cruzatti C., Matthias Rieger
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17371
School Closures and Parental Labor Supply: Differential Effects of Anticipated and Unanticipated Closures
Sofia Schroeter, Rafael Lalive, Kalaivani Karunanethy
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17370
Dividing Housework between Partners: Individual Preferences and Social Norms
Danilo Cavapozzi, Marco Francesconi, Cheti Nicoletti
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17368
The Demand-Side Story: Structural Change and the Decline in Female Labour Force Participation in India
Ashwini Deshpande, Jitendra Singh
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17360
Entry Conditions and the Transition from Tertiary Education to Employment: A Cross-Country Perspective
John Moffat, Duncan H.W. Roth
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17359
Affordable Housing and Individual Labor Market Outcomes
Wolfgang Dauth, Andreas Mense, Matthias Wrede
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17354
Spousal Labor Supply: Decoupling Gender Norms and Earning Status
Elliott Isaac
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17351
The Declining Relative Quality of the Child Care Workforce
Chris M. Herbst
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17343
Immigration Shocks and Shifting Social Group Boundaries
Zohal Hessami, Sebastian Schirner
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17341
Discrimination and Health Outcomes in England's Black Communities amid the Cost-of-Living Crisis: Evaluating the Role of Inflation and Bank Rates
Nick Drydakis
published online in: Ethnic and Racial Studies, 23 October 2024
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17335
Job Displacement, Remarriage, and Marital Sorting
Hanno Foerster, Tim Obermeier, Bastian Schulz
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17334
The Motherhood Penalty: Gender Norms, Occupational Sorting, and Labor Supply
Césarine Boinet, Jonathan Norris, Agnese Romiti
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17330
Who Benefits from Single-Sex Schooling? Evidence on Mental Health, Peer Relationships, and Academic Achievements
Dain Jung, Jun Hyung Kim, Do Won Kwak
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17324
Wealth Creators or Inheritors? Unpacking the Gender Wealth Gap from Bottom to Top and Young to Old
Charlotte Bartels, Eva Sierminska, Carsten Schröder
published in: Economics Letters, 2025, 246, 111997
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17320
Contraceptive Access Creates Positive Selection in Infant Health
James Flynn
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17318
Women's Sexual Orientation and Occupational Tasks: Partners, Prejudice, and Motherhood
Raquel Carrasco, Ana Nuevo-Chiquero
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17313
The Returns to Education over Time and the Effect of COVID-19
Harry Anthony Patrinos, Angelica Rivera-Olvera
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17310
Temperature and Sex Ratios at Birth
Jasmin Abdel Ghany, Joshua Wilde, Anna Dimitrova, Ridhi Kashyap, Raya Muttarak
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17309
Child Penalties and Parental Role Models: Classroom Exposure Effects
Henrik Jacobsen Kleven, Giulia Olivero, Eleonora Patacchini
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17299
Navigating Unemployment without Unemployment Insurance: Evidence from Singapore
Seonghoon Kim, Lanjie Wang
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17295
50 Years of Breakthroughs and Barriers: Women in Economics, Policy, and Leadership
Francine D. Blau, Lisa M. Lynch
published as 'Fifty Years of Breakthroughs and Barriers: Women in Economics, Policy, and Leadership' in: ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 2024, 711 (1), 225-244
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17293
Unraveling the Gender Wage Gap: Exploring Early Career Patterns among University Graduates
Malte Sandner, Ipek Yükselen
published in: Scottish Journal of Political Economy, 2025, 72 (2), e12405
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17290
Productivity Signals and Disability-Related Hiring Discrimination: Evidence from a Field Experiment
Armenak Antinyan, Ian Burn, Melanie K. Jones
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17288
Fetal Pollution Exposure, Cognitive Ability, and Gender-Specific Parental Investment
Xin Zhang, Yixuan Wang, Xingyi Hu, Xi Chen
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17285
Unequal Hiring Wages and Their Impact on the Gender Pay Gap
Tho Pham, Daniel Schaefer, Carl Singleton
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17284
The Effects of Civil War and Forced Migration on Intimate Partner Violence among Syrian Refugee Women in Jordan
Merve Betül Gökçe, Murat Güray Kirdar
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17282
He Said, She Said: Who Gets Believed When Spreading (Mis)Information
Nuzaina Khan, David Rand, Olga Shurchkov
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17281
Aggregate Implications of Barriers to Female Entrepreneurship
Gaurav Chiplunkar, Pinelopi Koujianou Goldberg
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17271
Gender Role Models in Education
Sofoklis Goulas, Bhagya N. Gunawardena, Rigissa Megalokonomou, Yves Zenou
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17265
Family Stress and the Intergenerational Correlation in Self-Control
Deborah A. Cobb-Clark, Haniene Tayeb
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17261
The Impact of Role Models on Youths' Aspirations, Gender Attitudes and Education in Somalia
Elijah Kipchumba, Catherine Porter, Danila Serra, Munshi Sulaiman
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