The IZA Discussion Paper Series (ISSN: 2365-9793) disseminates high-quality research by IZA network members to the scientific community and the interested public worldwide before they are later published in academic journals. Comprising more than 17,000 papers, IZA's publication flagship is the most influential working paper series in labor economics.

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4,256 IZA Discussion Papers
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17922
Who You Gonna Call? Gender Inequality in External Demands for Parental Involvement
Kristy Buzard, Laura Katherine Gee, Olga B. Stoddard
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17921
The Managerial Labor Market and Gender Gaps in Beliefs About Own Ability
Tor Eriksson, Nina Smith
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17920
Women Political Leaders as Agents of Environmental Change
Inés Berniell, Mariana Marchionni, Julián Pedrazzi, Mariana Viollaz
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17918
Only-Child Parents and the Language Cognitive Ability of Their Children in China
Hui Xu, Zheyuan Zhang, Zhong Zhao
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17916
Motherhood and Informality: Empirical Evidence from Russia
Arlan Musayir, Reza Arabsheibani
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17915
COVID-19 and Subjective Well-Being in the United States: Age Matters
Younghwan Song
published in: Journal of Happiness Studies, 2025, 26, 84 (2025)
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17914
DACA’s Uncertain Path: How Policy Threats Reshape Economic and Social Gains for Recipients
Catalina Amuedo-Dorantes, Chunbei Wang
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17912
Beyond Time: Unveiling the Invisible Burden of Mental Load
Francesca Barigozzi, Pietro Biroli, Chiara Monfardini, Natalia Montinari, Elena Pisanelli, Sveva Vitellozzi
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17911
Gender Norms and Female Labor Supply: Evidence from Export Shocks in Vietnam
Quynh Huynh, Hyejin Ku
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17910
The Effect of Abortion Policies on Fertility and Human Capital in Sub-Saharan Africa
Arcangelo Dimico
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17903
Empowerment Paradox? The Long-Run Impact of a Cycling Program for Girls in Zambia
Ana Garcia-Hernandez, Nishith Prakash, Janina Isabel Steinert
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17901
From Ethnic Prejudice to Employment Discrimination: The Role of Small Firms as Mediators
Gabor Kertesi, János Köllő, Róbert Károlyi, Lajos Tamás Szabó
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17897
Gene x Environment Interactions: Polygenic Scores and the Impact of an Early Childhood Intervention in Colombia
Orazio Attanasio, Gabriella Conti, Pamela Jervis, Costas Meghir, Aysu Okbay
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17896
Multidimensional Skills on LinkedIn Profiles: Measuring Human Capital and the Gender Skill Gap
David Dorn, Florian Schoner, Moritz Seebacher, Lisa Simon, Ludger Woessmann
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17894
The Impact of Physician-Patient Gender Match on Healthcare Quality: An Experiment in China
Yafei Si, Gang Chen, Zhongliang Zhou, Winnie Yip, Xi Chen
published in: Social Science & Medicine, 2025, 380, 118166
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17893
Parental Leave from the Firm’s Perspective
Gozde Corekcioglu, Marco Francesconi, Astrid Kunze
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17888
Identity Under Scrutiny: Media Attention and Rule Compliance
Sulin Sardoschau, Giorgio Gulino, Federico Masera
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17885
The Impact of Refugees on Crime: Evidence from Syrian Influx in Türkiye by Nativity of Perpetrators and Victims
Abdurrahman B. Aydemir, Abdullah Selim Öztek
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17883
Women’s Mobility and Labor Supply: Experimental Evidence from Pakistan
Robert Garlick, Erica Field, Kate Vyborny
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17877
Gender Differences in Performance Evaluations
Katja Görlitz, Tim Sels
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17876
Life Cycle Saving in a High-Informality Setting
Clement Joubert, Priyanka Kanth
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17873
Adjustments to Reduced Cash Transfers: Religious Safety Nets and Children’s Long-Term Outcomes
Naomi Gershoni, Rania Gihleb, Assaf Kott, Hani Mansour, Yannay Shanan
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17871
Breaking Barriers via Refugees: Cultural Transmission and Women’s Economic Empowerment
Mevlude Akbulut-Yuksel, Abdurrahman B. Aydemir, Murat Güray Kirdar, Belgi Turan
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17867
Big Sisters and Child Marriage in Sub-Saharan Africa
Erdal Asker, Daniel I. Rees, Jorge Agüero
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17859
Fast-Tracked Jobs Help Asylum Seekers Integrate Faster
Giovanni Abbiati, Erich Battistin, Paola Monti, Paolo Pinotti
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17857
Protection for Whom? The Political Economy of Protective Labor Laws for Women
Matthias Doepke, Hanno Foerster, Anne Hannusch, Michèle Tertilt
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17850
Balancing Work and Care: How Workplace Factors Can Mitigate the Gendered Impacts of Caregiving
Peyman Firouzi Naeim, David W. Johnston, Maryam Naghsh Nejad
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17849
When the Going Gets Tough: The Impact of Health Shocks on Divorce
Javier Adrián López Artero, Anna Sanz-de-Galdeano, Daniela Vuri
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17845
How Do Firms Respond to Parental Leave Absences?
Anne Ardila Brenøe, Ursa Krenk, Andreas Steinhauer, Josef Zweimüller
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17844
Out of School and into Trouble? Labor Market Impacts of Decreasing the School Leaving Age
Anna Adamecz, Daniel Prinz, Suncica Vujic, Agnes Szabo-Morvai
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17840
Gender Norms, Stereotypical Beliefs, and Competitiveness
Alexander K. Koch, Julia Nafziger
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17837
Gender Gaps in Early Childhood Development in Latin America and the Caribbean
Samuel Berlinski, Anna Sanz-de-Galdeano, Alba Sóñora-Noya
published in: Economics and Human Biology, 2025, 57, 101472
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17835
Jewish Occupational Attainment in the Antebellum United States: Filling a Gap in the Literature
Barry R. Chiswick, RaeAnn Halenda Robinson
forthcoming in: Social Science History
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17831
A Historical Note on the Assimilation Rates of Foreign-Born Men and Women in the U.S.
Harriet Duleep, Daniel J. Dowhan, Xingfei Liu, Mark Regets, Robert Gesumaria
forthcoming in: Research in Labor Economics.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17829
The Long-Run Impacts of Mentoring Underrepresented Minority Groups in Economics
Francisca M. Antman, Sheng Qu, Bruce A. Weinberg, Trevon D. Logan
published in: AEA Papers and Proceedings, 2025, 115, 522–28.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17824
Partisan Mortality Cycles
Daniel L. Millimet, Travis Whitacre
published in: Journal of Population Economics, 2025, 38, article 73
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17816
The Well-Being Costs of Immigration in Europe
Kelsey J. O'Connor
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17815
Long-term Effects of Phonics Approaches to the Development of Reading Skills
Carsten Elbro, Nicolai Kristensen, Peter Rohde Skov
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17813
How Tinted Are Your Glasses? Gender Views, Beliefs and Recommendations in Hiring
Anna Hochleitner, Fabio Tufano, Giovanni Facchini, Valeria Rueda, Markus Eberhardt
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17807
Gender, Perceived Discrimination and the Overruling of Roe v. Wade
Núria Rodríguez-Planas, Alan Secor
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17801
Female Representation and Talent Allocation in Entrepreneurship: The Role of Early Exposure to Entrepreneurs
Mikkel Mertz, Maddalena Ronchi, Viola Salvestrini
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17800
Planning for Family Succession
Ciprian Domnisoru, Robert A. Miller
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17795
For the Future of Our Grandchildren: Grandparenthood and Climate Change Concerns
Lieke Voorintholt, Gerard J. van den Berg, Adriaan R. Soetevent
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17793
The Menopause “Penalty”
Gabriella Conti, Rita Ginja, Petra Persson, Barton Willage
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17789
Beyond Hot Flashes: The Career Cost of Menopause
Sara Abrahamsson, Mara Barschkett, Martin Flatø
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17784
Comment on “Food Insecurity and Mental Health of Women During COVID-19: Evidence from a Developing Country” by Rahman et al.
Lenka Fiala, Anders Kjelsrud, Essi Kujansuu, Abel Brodeur
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17782
A Comment on “Improving Women’s Mental Health During a Pandemic”
Abel Brodeur, Lenka Fiala, Jack Fitzgerald, Essi Kujansuu, David Valenta, Ole Rogeberg, Gunther Bensch
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17777
Absence of Care Among Community-Living Older Persons with Dementia and Disabilities: A Cross-National Analysis of Population Survey from 22 Countries
Zhuoer Lin, Yuting Qian, Thomas M. Gill, Xiaohui Hou, Heather Allore, Shanquan Chen, Xi Chen
published in: Nature Aging, 2025, 5, 548–557
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17776
Interethnic Proximity and Political Development
Chun Chee Kok, Gedeon Lim, Danial Shariat, Abu Siddique, Shunsuke Tsuda
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17767
Global Evidence on Gender Gaps and Child Poverty in Consumption
Ulugbek Aminjonov, Olivier B. Bargain, Maira Colacce
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17765
Labor Migrants from Non-EEA Countries Moving from Sweden
Fredrik W. Andersson, Eskil Wadensjö
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17763
The Cost of Tolerating Intolerance: Right-Wing Protest and Hate Crimes
Sulin Sardoschau, Annalí Casanueva-Artís
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17760
From Access to Wellness: Early Life Exposure to Abortion Legalization and the Next Generation’s Health
Hamid Noghanibehambari, David Slusky, Hoa Vu
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17757
Quest for Talents: Attraction and Retention of Highly-Skilled Overseas Chinese in the United States and Canada
Tony Fang, Lilac Ge, John Hartley, Hui Ming
published in: Asian Economic Papers, 2025, 24 (1), 182–213
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17755
The Learning Crisis in the United States Three Years After COVID-19
Harry Anthony Patrinos, Maciej Jakubowski, Tomasz Gajderowicz
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17751
Seeing Stereotypes
Elisa Baldazzi, Pietro Biroli, Marina Della Giusta, Florent Dubois
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17750
Preferences for Gender Diversity in High-Profile Jobs
Celina Högn, Lea Mayer, Johannes Rincke, Erwin Winkler
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17747
Religion and Economic Development: Past, Present, and Future
Sascha O. Becker, Amma Panin, Steven Pfaff, Jared Rubin
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17743
Home-Country Internet and Immigrants' Well-Being
Alexander Yarkin
published in: AEA Papers and Proceedings, 2025, 115, 432–437
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17737
Where the Rubber Meets the Road: Examining Efficiency and Equity in Designing Summer Youth Employment Programs
Alicia Sasser Modestino, Mindy Marks, Hanna Hoover, Hitanshu Pandit
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17733
Top-Performing Girls Are More Impactful Peer Role Models than Boys, Teachers Say
Sofoklis Goulas, Rigissa Megalokonomou, Panagiotis Sotirakopoulos
published in: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2025, 122 (6), e2421436122
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17730
(Mis)Pricing in Loans to Businesses Owned by People of Color
William D. Bradford, Chunbei Wang, Magnus Lofstrom, Michael Verchot
short version published as 'Are Loans to Minority-Owned Firms Mispriced?' in: AEA Papers and Proceedings, 2025, 115, 477–482
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17729
Empirical Analysis of Racial Disparities in Policing
Deepak Premkumar, Magnus Lofstrom, Joseph Hayes, Brandon Martin, Sean Cremin
published in: Santa Clara Law Review, 2025, 65, 1
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17725
Reproductive Technology and the Child Care Sector: How Access to Oral Contraception and Abortion Shaped Workforce Composition and Quality
Chris M. Herbst, Erdal Tekin
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17714
Genetic Predictors of Cognitive Decline and Labor Market Exit
Anne Katrine Borgbjerg, Esben Agerbo, Nabanita Datta Gupta, Timothy J. Halliday
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17711
Intergenerational Mobility of Immigrants in 15 Destination Countries
Leah Platt Boustan, Mathias Fjællegaard Jensen, Ran Abramitzky, Elisa Jácome, Alan Manning, Santiago Perez, Analysia Watley, Adrian Adermon, Jaime Arellano-Bover, Olof Aslund, Marie Connolly, Nathan Deutscher, Anne C. Gielen, Yvonne Giesing, Yajna Govind, Martin Halla, Dominik Hangartner, Yuyan Jiang, Cecilia Karmel, Fanny Landaud, Lindsey Macmillan, Isabel Z. Martínez, Alberto Polo, Panu Poutvaara, Hillel Rapoport, Sara Roman, Kjell G. Salvanes, Shmuel San, Michael Siegenthaler, Louis Sirugue, Javier Soria Espín, Jan Stuhler, Giovanni L. Violante, Dinand Webbink, Andrea Weber, Jonathan Zhang, Angela Zhang, Tom Zohar
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17707
Working Hours and Workers' Health: Evidence from a National Experiment in Sweden
Nikolaos Prodromidis, Martin Karlsson, Daniel Kühnle
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17706
Gifts that Bind
Viola Angelini, Joan Costa-Font, Berkay Ozcan
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17700
From Retributive to Restorative: An Alternative Approach to Justice in Schools
Anjali Adukia, Benjamin Feigenberg, Fatemeh Momeni
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17698
The Impact of Non-mandatory Police Reporting on Domestic Violence
Esther Arenas-Arroyo
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17694
Estimating the Effect of Working from Home on Parents' Division of Childcare and Housework: A New Panel IV Approach
Simone Schüller
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17689
Guaranteed Employment in Rural India: Intra-Household Labor and Resource Allocation Consequences
Jorge Luis García
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17687
Revisiting the Dunning-Kruger Effect: Composite Measures and Heterogeneity by Gender
Anna Adamecz, Radina Ilieva, Nikki Shure
published in: Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics, 2025, 116, 102362
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17683
Combating LGBTphobia in Schools: Evidence from a Field Experiment in France
Stéphane Carcillo, Marie-Anne Valfort, Pedro Vergara Merino
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17674
The Long-Term Effects of Teachers' Gender Stereotypes on Labor Outcomes
Joan Jennifer Martinez
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17673
Unpacking the Child Penalty Using Personnel Data: How Promotion Practices Widen the Gender Pay Gap
Yoko Okuyama, Takeshi Murooka, Shintaro Yamaguchi
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17672
Long-Term and Lasting Impacts of Personal Initiative Training on Entrepreneurial Success
Francisco Campos, Michael Frese, Leonardo Iacovone, Hillary C. Johnson, David McKenzie, Mona Mensmann
forthcoming in: American Economic Review: Insights
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17666
Behind the Screen: Gender Differences in the Creator Economy
Francesca Gioia, Leo Morabito
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17665
Causal Effects of Education on Marriage
Kunwon Ahn, John V. Winters
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17658
Child Penalties and Marriage Dissolution
Sara Ayllón, Linda Kirkpatrick, Alexander T. Plum
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17649
The Delayed Acceptance of Female Research in Economics
Stephan B. Bruns, Anthony Doucouliagos, Chris Doucouliagos, Johannes König, T. D. Stanley, Katarina Zigova
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17642
Public Long-Term Care Insurance and Retirement Intentions of Urban Workers: Evidence from China
Tianli Yang, Zhong Zhao
published in: Health Economics, 2025, 34 (9), 1537-1559
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17641
The Only Child
Julius Ilciukas, Petter Lundborg, Erik Plug, Astrid Würtz Rasmussen
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17630
The Gendered Impact of Social Norms on Financial Access and Capital Misallocation
Arti Grover, Mariana Viollaz
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17626
The Bilingual Advantage: It's How You Measure It
Ainoa Aparicio Fenoll, Zoë Kuehn
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17624
Can Paternity Leave Reduce the Gender Earnings Gap?
Yaya Diallo, Fabian Lange, Laetitia Renée
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17621
One Cohort at a Time: A New Perspective on the Declining Gender Pay Gap
Jaime Arellano-Bover, Nicola Bianchi, Salvatore Lattanzio, Matteo Paradisi
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17620
The Economy, the Ghost in Your Gene and the Escape from Premature Mortality
Dora L. Costa, Lars Olov Bygren, Benedikt Graf, Martin Karlsson, Joseph Price
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17606
Do Stronger Employer Responsibilities Enhance Workplace Accommodation for Sick-Listed Workers? Evidence from a Dutch Reform
Laura Jansen, Viola Angelini, Max Groneck, Raun van Ooijen
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17603
Motherhood on Campus: Timing Childbirth during University Studies
Nicoline Josephine Bach, Astrid Würtz Rasmussen, Nina Smith
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17601
When Mothers Out-Earn Fathers: Effects on Fathers' Decisions to Take Paternity and Parental Leave
Paola Biasi, Maria De Paola, Francesca Gioia
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17593
The Power of Language: Educational and Mental Health Impacts of Language Training for Refugee Children
Semih Tumen, Michael Vlassopoulos, Jackline Wahba
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17589
School Entry Age Policy and Adolescent Risk–Taking
Cristina Lopez-Mayan, Giulia Montresor, Catia Nicodemo
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17585
Monopsony: Wages, Wage Bargaining and Job Requirements
Jasmin Anderlik, Malika Jumaniyozova, Bernhard Schmidpeter, Rudolf Winter-Ebmer
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17584
Inequality in the Economics Profession
Karan Singhal, Eva Sierminska
forthcoming in: Klaus F. Zimmermann (ed.), Handbook of Labor, Human Resources and Population Economics, Springer, Cham.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17583
The Impact of Overtime Limits on Firms and Workers: Evidence from Japan's Work Style Reform
Gabriel Burdin, Ryo Kambayashi, Takao Kato
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17580
Werther at Work: Intra-Firm Spillovers of Suicides
Martin Halla, Bernhard Schmidpeter
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17579
Immigrant Age at Arrival and the Intergenerational Transmission of Ethnic Identification Among Mexican Americans
Brian Duncan, Stephen J. Trejo
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17574
Beliefs on Children's Human Capital Formation and Mothers at Work
Césarine Boinet, Jonathan Norris, Agnese Romiti, Zhan Shi, Paul Telemo
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17573
The Making of a Ghetto Place-Based Policies, Labeling, and Impacts on Neighborhoods and Individuals
Yajna Govind, Jack Melbourne, Sara Signorelli, Edith Zink
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