The IZA Discussion Paper Series (ISSN: 2365-9793) disseminates high-quality research by IZA network members to the scientific community and the interested public worldwide before they are later published in academic journals. Comprising more than 17,000 papers, IZA's publication flagship is the most influential working paper series in labor economics.

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4,270 IZA Discussion Papers
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15113
Can Public Policy Increase Paternity Acknowledgment? Evidence from Earnings-Related Parental Leave
Anna Raute, Andrea Weber, Galina Zudenkova
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15106
Beauty, Underage Drinking, and Adolescent Risky Behaviours
Colin P. Green, Luke B. Wilson, Anwen Zhang
published in: Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 2023, 215, 153 - 166
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15098
Social Distancing, Stimulus Payments, and Domestic Violence: Evidence from the US during COVID-19
Bilge Erten, Pinar Keskin, Silvia Prina
published in: AEA Papers and Proceedings, 2022, 112, 262 - 266
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15095
Reducing Racial Inequality in Access to the Ballot Reduces Racial Inequality in Children's Later-Life Outcomes
Daniel Jones, Ying Shi
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15094
Early Life Access to Polio Vaccines and Declining Disability Rates in India
Mayanka Ambade, Nidhiya Menon, S. V. Subramanian
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15092
American Older Adults in the Time of COVID-19: Vulnerability Types, Aging Attitudes, and Emotional Responses
Mingqi Fu, Jing Guo, Xi Chen, Boxun Han, Farooq Ahmed, Muhammad Shahid, Qilin Zhang
published in: Frontiers in Public Health, 2022, 9, 778084
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15091
The COVID-19 Pandemic in Latin American and Caribbean Countries: The Labor Supply Impact by Gender
Mariana Viollaz, Mauricio Salazar-Saenz, Luca Flabbi, Monserrat Bustelo, Mariano Bosch
published in: IZA Journal of Development and Migration, 2023, 14 (1)
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15078
The Political Economy of Propaganda: Evidence from US Newspapers
Sebastian Ottinger, Max Posch
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15076
Wheels of Change: Transforming Girls' Lives with Bicycles
Nathan Fiala, Ana Garcia-Hernandez, Kritika Narula, Nishith Prakash
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15072
Remote Work, Children's Health and the Racial Gap in Female Wages
Amairisa Kouki, Robert M. Sauer
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15067
A Bridge to Graduation: Post-secondary Effects of an Alternative Pathway for Students Who Fail High School Exit Exams
Jane Arnold Lincove, Catherine Mata, Kalena E. Cortes
published in: Education Finance and Policy, 2024, 19 (4), 665–691
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15066
An Impact Assessment of ESF Training Courses for Unemployed in the Province of Bolzano
Francesco Pastore, Marco Pompili
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15063
Limbo or Leverage? Asylum Waiting and Refugee Integration
Olof Aslund, Mattias Engdahl, Olof Rosenqvist
published in: Journal of Public Economics, 2024, 234, 105118
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15062
The Long-Term Effects of In-Utero Exposure to Rubella
Irene Mosca, Anne Nolan
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15055
Gender Differences in Reference Letters: Evidence from the Economics Job Market
Markus Eberhardt, Giovanni Facchini, Valeria Rueda
published in: Journal of Economic Literature, 2023, 61 (1), 144–180
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15054
Culture, Gender, and Financial Literacy
Maddalena Davoli, Núria Rodríguez-Planas
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15050
The Demand for Gratitude as a Restraint on the Use of Child Labor: A Hypothesis
Oded Stark, Wiktor Budzinski
published in: JODE - Journal of Demographic Economics, 2023, 89 (1), 137-147
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15048
What's the Risk from Competing? Competition Aversion and the Gender Wage Gap
Chung Choe, SeEun Jung, Ronald L. Oaxaca
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15047
The Economics of Internal Migration: Advances and Policy Questions
Ning Jia, Raven Molloy, Christopher L. Smith, Abigail Wozniak
published in: Journal of Economic Literature, 2021, 61 (1), 144–180
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15042
Strangers and Foreigners: Trust and Attitudes toward Citizenship
Graziella Bertocchi, Arcangelo Dimico, Gian Luca Tedeschi
published in: World Bank Economic Review, 2025, 39, 42-60
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15034
The (Un)Importance of Inheritance
Sandra E. Black, Paul J. Devereux, Fanny Landaud, Kjell G. Salvanes
published in: Journal of the European Economic Association, 2025, 23 (3), 1060–1094
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15029
Women in Paid Employment: A Role for Public Policies and Social Norms in Guatemala
Rita K. Almeida, Mariana Viollaz
published in: Oxford Development Studies, 2023, 51 (3), 252-279
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15022
Earmarked Paternity Leave and Well-Being
Pontus Korsgren, Max van Lent
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15019
The Long-Run Impacts of Mexican-American School Desegregation
Francisca M. Antman, Kalena E. Cortes
published in: Journal of Economic Literature American, 2023, 61 (3), 888–905
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15013
Gendered Impacts of COVID-19 in Developing Countries
Titan Alon, Matthias Doepke, Kristina Manysheva, Michèle Tertilt
published in: AEA Papers and Proceedings, 2022, 112, 272 - 276
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15012
Fathering Daughters and Personality
Max van Lent
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15010
The Effects of Advanced Degrees on the Wage Rates, Hours, Earnings and Job Satisfaction of Women and Men
Joseph G. Altonji, John Eric Humphries, Ling Zhong
published in: Polachek, S.W. and Tatsiramos, K. (ed.) 50th Celebratory Volume (Research in Labor Economics, Vol. 50), Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, 2023, 25-81
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15009
Public School Access or Stay-at-Home Partner: Factors Mitigating the Adverse Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Academic Parents
Tatyana Deryugina, Olga Shurchkov, Jenna Stearns
published in: AEA Papers and Proceedings, 2022, 112, 267 - 271
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15007
Impacts of State Paid Family Leave Policies for Older Workers with Spouses or Parents in Poor Health
Breno Braga, Barbara A. Butrica, Stipica Mudrazija, H.E. Peters
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15002
Updates on Returns to Education in India: Analysis Using PLFS 2018-19 Data
Jie Chen, Sanghamitra Kanjilal-Bhaduri, Francesco Pastore
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14998
Reducing Sexual-Orientation Discrimination: Experimental Evidence from Basic Information Treatments
Cevat Giray Aksoy, Christopher S. Carpenter, Ralph De Haas, Mathias Dolls, Lisa Windsteiger
revised version published in: Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 2023, 42 (1), 35 - 59
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14993
Parental Separation and the Formation of Economic Preferences
Sarah C. Dahmann, Nathan Kettlewell, Jack Lam
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14990
Health and Labor Market Impacts of Twin Birth: Evidence from a Swedish IVF Policy Mandate
Sonia R. Bhalotra, Damian Clarke, Hanna Mühlrad, Mårten Palme
revised version available from the authors
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14983
Human Capital Investments and Family Size in Italy: IV Estimates Using Twin Births as an Instrument
Michela Ponzo, Vincenzo Scoppa
published in: B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis and Policy, 2024, 24 (2), 425-461.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14981
The Gender Recontest Gap in Elections
Thushyanthan Baskaran, Zohal Hessami
published in: European Economic Review, 2022, 145, 104111
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14975
Estimating the Effects of Milk Inspections on Infant and Child Mortality, 1880-1910
D. Mark Anderson, Kerwin Kofi Charles, Michael McKelligott, Daniel I. Rees
published in: American Economic Association Papers and Proceedings, 2022, 112, 188-192.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14966
The State of Hiring Discrimination: A Meta-Analysis of (Almost) All Recent Correspondence Experiments
Louis Lippens, Siel Vermeiren, Stijn Baert
revised version published in: European Economic Review, 2023, 151, 104315
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14962
Scared Straight? Threat and Assimilation of Refugees in Germany
Philipp Jaschke, Sulin Sardoschau, Marco Tabellini
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14961
Conforming with Peers in Honesty and Cooperation
Ozan Isler, Simon Gächter
published in: Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 2022, 195, 75-86,
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14960
Firm Productivity and Immigrant-Native Earnings Disparity
Olof Aslund, Cristina Bratu, Stefano Lombardi, Anna Thoresson
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14958
Dynamic Impacts of Lockdown on Domestic Violence: Evidence from Multiple Policy Shifts in Chile
Sonia R. Bhalotra, Emilia Brito, Damian Clarke, Pilar Larroulet, Francisco J. Pino
published online in: Review of Economics and Statistics, 9 February 2024
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14950
Men Are from Mars, and Women Too: A Bayesian Meta-Analysis of Overconfidence Experiments
Oriana Bandiera, Nidhi Parekh, Barbara Petrongolo, Michelle Rao
published in: Economica, 2022, 89 (S1), 38 - 70
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14949
The Effect of Alimony Reform on Married Women's Labor Supply: Evidence from the American Time Use Survey
Daniel Fernández-Kranz, Jennifer Louise Roff
published online in: Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 25 November 2024
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14948
Partisan Fertility and Presidential Elections
Gordon B. Dahl, Runjing Lu, William Mullins
published in: American Economic Review: Insights, 2022, 4 (4), 473-493
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14936
Specialized Courts and the Reporting of Intimate Partner Violence: Evidence from Spain
Jorge Garcia-Hombrados, Marta Martínez Matute
published in: Journal of Public Economics, 2024, 239, 105243
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14935
Uncovering the Roots of Obesity-Based Wage Discrimination: The Role of Job Characteristics
Juan J. Dolado, Airam Guerra
published in: Labour Economics, 2023, 85, 102425
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14929
COVID-19 Government Responses to Labour Market Disruptions and Economic Impacts: The New Zealand Model
Sholeh A. Maani
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14926
Did the Minimum Wage Reduce the Gender Wage Gap in Germany?
Marco Caliendo, Linda Wittbrodt
published in: Labour Economics, 2022, 78, 102228
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14922
The Effect of Age Diversity in Groups on Peer Evaluations and Individual Performance
Katja Görlitz, Tim Sels
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14919
Willingness to Pay for Workplace Safety
Massimo Anelli, Felix Koenig
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14918
Trade-Offs? The Impact of WTO Accession on Intimate Partner Violence in Cambodia
Bilge Erten, Pinar Keskin
published in: Review of Economics and Statistics, 2024, 106 (2), 322–333.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14917
Discontinuities in the Age-Victimization Profile and the Determinants of Victimization
Anna Bindler, Randi Hjalmarsson, Nadine Ketel, Andreea Mitrut
published in: Economic Journal, 2024, 134 (657), 95–134
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14915
US Presidential Party Switches Are Mirrored in Global Maternal Mortality
Sonia R. Bhalotra, Damian Clarke, Hanna Mühlrad, Manuel Fernandez Sierra
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14911
Adams and Eves: The Gender Gap in Economics Majors
Graziella Bertocchi, Luca Bonacini, Marina Murat
published as 'Adams and Eves: High school math and the gender gap in Economics majors' in: Economic Inquiry, 2023, 61 (4), 798-817
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14907
Do Police Make Too Many Arrests? The Effect of Enforcement Pullbacks on Crime
Sungwoo Cho, Felipe Gonçalves, Emily Weisburst
This version: 8/2022; First version (IZA Working Paper): 12/2021.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14898
Gender Norms and the Motherhood Employment Gap
Simone Moriconi, Núria Rodríguez-Planas
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14897
Gender Discrimination
Kailing Shen
published online in: Handbook of Labor, Human Resources and Population Economics, Springer, Cham, 28 January 2022
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14893
The Effects of an Increase in the Retirement Age on Health – Evidence from Administrative Data
Mara Barschkett, Johannes Geyer, Peter Haan, Anna Hammerschmid
published in: Journal of the Economics of Ageing, 2022, 23, 100403
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14887
Dreaming of Leaving the Nest? Immigration Status and the Living Arrangements of DACAmented
Rania Gihleb, Osea Giuntella, Jakub Lonsky
published in: European Economic Review, 2023, 156, 104447
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14886
Testing for Ethnic Discrimination in Outpatient Health Care: Evidence from a Field Experiment in Germany
Martin Halla, Christopher Kah, Rupert Sausgruber
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14882
Older Immigrants' New Poverty Risk in Scandinavian Welfare States?
Björn Anders Gustafsson, Vibeke Jakobsen, Hanna Mac Innes, Peder J. Pedersen, Torun Österberg
published in: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 2022, 48 (19), 4648 - 4669
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14881
Home Alone: Widows' Well-Being and Time
Maja Adena, Daniel S. Hamermesh, Michal Myck, Monika Oczkowska
revised version published in: Journal of Happiness Studies, 2023, 24, 813 - 838
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14880
Access to Head Start and Maternal Labor Supply: Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Evidence
Jocelyn Wikle, Riley Wilson
published in: Journal of Labor Economics, 2023, 41 (4), 1081–1127
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14877
Commitments and the Marital Match: The Effect of Alimony Reform on Assortative Matching
Daniel Fernández-Kranz, Jennifer Louise Roff
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14874
Discrimination and Daycare Choice: Evidence from a Randomized Survey
Mongoljin Batsaikhan, Mette Gørtz, John Kennes, Ran Sun Lyng, Daniel Monte, Norovsambuu Tumennasan
published online in: Journal of Human Resources, 08 January 2024
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14861
Increasing Women's Empowerment: Implications for Family Welfare
Kate Ambler, Kelly M. Jones, Michael O’Sullivan
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14854
The Intergenerational Transmission of Cognitive Skills: An Investigation of the Causal Impact of Families on Student Outcomes
Eric A. Hanushek, Babs Jacobs, Guido Schwerdt, Rolf Van der Velden, Stan Vermeulen, Simon Wiederhold
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14851
Center-Based Care and Parenting Activities
Jonas Jessen, C. Katharina Spieß, Sevrin Waights
revised version published in: Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 2022, 84 (6), 1356 - 1379
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14850
The Differential Impacts of Contingent Employment on Fertility: Evidence from Australia
Mark Wooden, Trong-Anh Trinh, Irma Mooi-Reci
published in: Social Forces, 2023, 102 (1), 330–352
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14848
Labour Mobility with Vocational Skill: Australian Demand and Pacific Supply
Satish Chand, Michael A. Clemens
published in: Australian Economic Review, 2023, 56 (4), 462-486
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14845
The Economics of Being LGBT. A Review: 2015-2020
Nick Drydakis
published in: Julie. A. Gedro and Tonette. S. Rocco (eds), The Routledge Handbook of LGBTQ Identity in Organizations and Society, London: Routledge, 2024
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14841
Motherhood, Pregnancy or Marriage Effects?
Inés Berniell, Lucila Berniell, Dolores De la Mata, María Edo, Yarine Fawaz, Matilde P. Machado, Mariana Marchionni
published in: Economics Letters, 2022, 214, 110462
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14840
Asylum Recognition Rates in Europe: Persecution, Policies and Performance
Timothy J. Hatton
published in: European Journal of Political Economy, 2023, 76, 102267
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14837
TRAP'd Teens: Impacts of Abortion Provider Regulations on Fertility & Education
Kelly M. Jones, Mayra Pineda-Torres
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14832
The Duration of the School-To-Work Transition in Italy and in Other European Countries: A Flexible Baseline Hazard Interpretation
Francesco Pastore, Claudio Quintano, Antonella Rocca
published in: International Journal of Manpower, 2022, 43 (7), 1579-1600.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14829
Unpacking the Post-lockdown Employment Recovery of Young Women in the Global South
Douglas Scott, Richard Freund, Marta Favara, Catherine Porter, Alan Sanchez
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14815
Multi-Dimensional Identities of the Hispanic Population in the United States
Francisca M. Antman
published in: Advancing Anti-racist Economic Research and Policy, Perspectives and Resources on Race, Ethnicity, and the Economy, Economic Policy Institute, 2022.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14813
Wage Effects of Educational Mismatch According to Workers' Origin: The Role of Demographics and Firm Characteristics
Valentine Jacobs, François Rycx, Mélanie Volral
published in: De Economist, 2022, 170 (4), 459-501
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14812
Flexibility of Working Time Arrangements and Female Labor Market Outcome
Iga Magda, Katarzyna Lipowska
published in: J.A. Molina (ed.) Mothers in the Labor Market, Springer, May 2022
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14811
The Evolving Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Gender Inequality in the U.S. Labor Market: The COVID Motherhood Penalty
Kenneth A. Couch, Robert W. Fairlie, Huanan Xu
published in: Economic Inquiry, 2022, 60 (2), 485 - 507
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14809
Childhood Adversity and Energy Poverty
Zhiming Cheng, Liwen Guo, Russell Smyth, Massimiliano Tani
published in: Energy Economics, 2022, 111, 106101
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14800
The Origins of Gender Differences in Competitiveness and Earnings Expectations: Causal Evidence from a Mentoring Intervention
Teodora Boneva, Thomas Buser, Armin Falk, Fabian Kosse
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14795
Does Grandparenting Pay off for the Next Generations? Intergenerational Effects of Grandparental Care
Mara Barschkett, C. Katharina Spieß, Elena Ziege
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14789
Severe Prenatal Shocks and Adolescent Health: Evidence from the Dutch Hunger Winter
Gabriella Conti, Stavros Poupakis, Peter Ekamper, Govert Bijwaard, Lambert H. Lumey
published in: Economics and Human Biology, 2024, 53, 101372
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14787
Online Teaching and Gender Bias
Sara Ayllón
published in: Economics of Education Review, 2022, 89, 102280
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14781
Closing the Gender Profit Gap?
Catia Batista, Sandra Sequeira, Pedro C. Vicente
published in: Management Science, 2022, 68 (12), 8515 - 9218,
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14778
Gender Differences in Economics PhD Field Specializations with Correlated Choices
Eva Sierminska, Ronald L. Oaxaca
published in: Labour Economics, 2022, 79, 102289
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14775
Civil War, Famine and the Persistence of Human Capital: Evidence from Tajikistan
Louise Grogan
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14774
Does Being 'Left–Behind' in Childhood Lead To Criminality in Adulthood? Evidence from Data on Rural-Urban Migrants and Prison Inmates in China
Lisa A. Cameron, Xin Meng, Dandan Zhang
published in: Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 2022, 202, 675 - 693
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14771
Comparing Receipt of Social Assistance in Urban and Rural China and the Role of Ethnicity
Björn Anders Gustafsson, Ding Sai
published in: China: An International Journal (CIJ), 2022, 20 (3), 122 - 139
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14770
Sunset Long Shadows: Time, Crime, and Perception of Change
Pavel Jelnov
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14767
How Effective Are Hiring Subsidies to Reduce Long-Term Unemployment among Prime-Aged Jobseekers? Evidence from Belgium
Sam Desiere, Bart Cockx
published in: IZA Journal of Labor Policy, 2022, 12(1)
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14766
Do Refugees with Better Mental Health Better Integrate? Evidence from the Building a New Life in Australia Longitudinal Survey
Hai-Anh H Dang, Trong-Anh Trinh, Paolo Verme
published in: Health Economics, 2023, 32 (12), 2819-2835
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14763
Measuring the Child Penalty Early in a Career: The Case of Young Adults in France
Stephen Bazen, Xavier Joutard, Hélène Périvier
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14760
Measuring Youth Empowerment: An Illustration Using the Example of Tunisia
Micheline Goedhuys, Michael Grimm, Aline Meysonnat, Eleonora Nillesen, Ann-Kristin Reitmann
published as 'Measuring youth empowerment: An application to Tunisia' in: Journal of International Development, 2024, 36 (4), 1945-1964
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14758
Gender Preferences in Job Vacancies and Workplace Gender Diversity
David Card, Fabrizio Colella, Rafael Lalive
published online in: Review of Economic Studies, 21 August 2024
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14756
Gene-Environment Effects on Female Fertility
Nicola Barban, Elisabetta De Cao, Marco Francesconi
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14752
Two Decades of Welfare Reforms in Australia: How Did They Affect Single Mothers and Their Children?
Alexandra de Gendre, Stefanie Schurer, Angela Zhang
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14750
Immigrant Supply of Marketable Child Care and Native Fertility in Italy
Rama Dasi Mariani, Furio C. Rosati
published in: Journal of Demographic Economics, 2022, 88 (4), 503 - 533
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14743
Inequality in Early Care Experienced by U.S. Children
Sarah Flood, Joel McMurry, Aaron Sojourner, Matthew Wiswall
published in: Journal of Economic Perspectives, 2022, 36 (2), 199–222
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