The IZA Discussion Paper Series (ISSN: 2365-9793) disseminates high-quality research by IZA network members to the scientific community and the interested public worldwide before they are later published in academic journals. Comprising more than 17,000 papers, IZA's publication flagship is the most influential working paper series in labor economics.

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473 IZA Discussion Papers
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15058
Universal Basic Income: Inspecting the Mechanisms
Nir Jaimovich, Itay Saporta-Eksten, Ofer Setty, Yaniv Yedid-Levi
published online in: Review of Economics and Statistics, 2024
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15034
The (Un)Importance of Inheritance
Sandra E. Black, Paul J. Devereux, Fanny Landaud, Kjell G. Salvanes
published in: Journal of the European Economic Association, 2025, 23 (3), 1060–1094
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15028
Selection and the Distribution of Female Hourly Wages in the U.S.
Iván Fernández-Val, Aico van Vuuren, Francis Vella, Franco Peracchi
published as 'Selection and the distribution of female real hourly wages in the United States' in: Quantitative Economics, 2023, 14 (2), 571-607
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14982
Young Adults and Labor Markets in Africa
Oriana Bandiera, Ahmed Elsayed, Andrea Smurra, Celine Zipfel
published in: Journal of Economic Perspectives, 2022, 36 (1), 81-100
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14927
Did Pandemic Unemployment Benefits Reduce Employment? Evidence from Early State-Level Expirations in June 2021
Harry J. Holzer, Glenn Hubbard, Michael R. Strain
published in: Economic Inquiry, 2024, 62 (1), 24-38
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14872
Monopsony in the Labor Market: New Empirical Results and New Public Policies
Orley Ashenfelter, David Card, Henry S Farber, Michael R. Ransom
published in: Journal of Human Resources, 2022, 57 (S), S1-S10
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14859
Did the Australian Jobkeeper Program Save Jobs by Subsidizing Temporary Layoffs?
Jeff Borland, Jennifer Hunt
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14793
What Works for Whom? Youth Labour Market Policy in Poland
Karol Madoń, Iga Magda, Marta Palczyńska, Mateusz Smoter
published in: Gospodarka Narodowa / Polish Journal of Economics. 2024, 318 (2), 1-34.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14778
Gender Differences in Economics PhD Field Specializations with Correlated Choices
Eva Sierminska, Ronald L. Oaxaca
published in: Labour Economics, 2022, 79, 102289
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14767
How Effective Are Hiring Subsidies to Reduce Long-Term Unemployment among Prime-Aged Jobseekers? Evidence from Belgium
Sam Desiere, Bart Cockx
published in: IZA Journal of Labor Policy, 2022, 12(1)
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14763
Measuring the Child Penalty Early in a Career: The Case of Young Adults in France
Stephen Bazen, Xavier Joutard, Hélène Périvier
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14756
Gene-Environment Effects on Female Fertility
Nicola Barban, Elisabetta De Cao, Marco Francesconi
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14747
The Heterogeneous Effects of Large and Small Minimum Wage Changes: Evidence over the Short and Medium Run Using a Pre-analysis Plan
Jeffrey Clemens, Michael R. Strain
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14699
The Early Effect of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Labour Market Outcomes of Natives and Migrants in the UK
Greta Morando
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14676
Bye Bye Ms. American Sci: Women and the Leaky STEM Pipeline
Jamin D. Speer
published in: Economics of Education Review, 2023, 93, 102371
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14661
The Impact of Short-Term Employment for Low-Income Youth: Experimental Evidence from the Philippines
Emily A. Beam, Stella Quimbo
published in: Review of Economics and Statistics, 2023, 105 (6), 1379–1393.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14613
Employment Protection, Workforce Mix and Firm Performance
Chiara Ardito, Fabio Berton, Lia Pacelli, Filippo Passerini
published in: B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis and Policy, 2022, 22 (3), 611-621
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14543
Job Displacement, Unemployment Benefits and Domestic Violence
Sonia R. Bhalotra, Diogo Britto, Paolo Pinotti, Breno Sampaio
forthcoming in: Review of Economic Studies
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14532
Firms' Margins of Adjustment to Wage Growth: The Case of Italian Collective Bargaining
Francesco Devicienti, Bernardo Fanfani
published in: Economica, 2025, 92 (365), 107 - 149
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14486
Active Labour Market Policies for the Long-Term Unemployed: New Evidence from Causal Machine Learning
Daniel Goller, Tamara Harrer, Michael Lechner, Joachim Wolff
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14483
Labor Market Signaling and the Value of College: Evidence from Resumes and the Truth
Daniel Kreisman, Jonathan Smith, Bondi Arifin
published in: Journal of Human Resources, 2023, 58 (6), 1820-1849
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14465
What Does Codetermination Do?
Simon Jäger, Shakked Noy, Benjamin Schoefer
published in: ILR Review, 2022, 75 (4), 857-890.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14380
California's Paid Family Leave Law and the Employment of 45-64 Year Old Adults
Ann P. Bartel, Soohyun Kim, Christopher J. Ruhm, Jane Waldfogel
published in: Work, Aging and Retirement, 2023, 9 (2), 169–178
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14372
Women, Violence and Work: Threat of Sexual Violence and Women's Decision to Work
Tanika Chakraborty, Nafisa Lohawala
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14367
Are Temporary Jobs Stepping Stones or Dead Ends? A Meta-Analytical Review of the Literature
Mattia Filomena, Matteo Picchio
published in: International Journal of Manpower, 2022, 43 (9), 60 - 74.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14275
Do Parents Expect Too Much or Is It All about Grades? The Discrepancy between Parents' Aspirations and Child's Academic Performance, and Parental Satisfaction with the School
Stefani Milovanska-Farrington
published in: Cogent Economics and Finance, 2022, 10 (1), 2079178
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14272
The Effect of a Health and Economic Shock on the Gender, Ethnic and Racial Gap in Labor Market Outcomes: Evidence from COVID-19
Stefani Milovanska-Farrington
updated version published as 'The Effect of Covid-19 as an Economic Shock on the Gender and Ethnic Gap in Labor Market Outcomes' in: Studies in Microeconomics, 2021, 9 (2), 227–255
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14271
The Effect of Parental and Grandparental Supervision Time Investment on Children's Early-Age Development
Stefani Milovanska-Farrington
published in: Research in Economics, 2021, 75 (3), 286 - 304
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14163
Voice at Work
Jarkko Harju, Simon Jäger, Benjamin Schoefer
revise and resubmit: American Economic Journal: Applied Economics
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14158
The Role of Labor Market Institutions in the Impact of Immigration on Wages and Employment
Mette Foged, Linea Hasager, Vasil Yasenov
published in: Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 2022, 124 (1), 164-213
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14156
Measuring Research Excellence Amongst Economics Lecturers in the UK
Richard McManus, Karen A. Mumford, Cristina Sechel
pubished in: Bulletin of Economic Research, 2022, 74 (2), 386 - 404
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14135
The Making and Unmaking of Opportunity: Educational Mobility in 20th Century-Denmark
Kristian B. Karlson, Rasmus Landersø
published online in: Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 17 May 2024
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14133
Bride Kidnapping and Labour Supply Behaviour of Married Kyrgyz Women
Reza Arabsheibani, Alma Kudebayeva, Altay Mussurov
published as 'A note on bride kidnapping and labour supply behaviour of Kyrgyz women' in: Economic Systems, 2021, 45 (4), 00885
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14108
The COVID-19 Pandemic's Evolving Impacts on the Labor Market: Who's Been Hurt and What We Should Do
Brad J. Hershbein, Harry J. Holzer
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13971
Do Disability Benefits Hinder Work Resumption after Recovery?
Pierre Koning, Paul Muller, Roger Prudon
published in: Journal of Health Economics, 2022, 82, 102593
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13929
The Effects of Working While in School: Evidence from Uruguayan Lotteries
Thomas Le Barbanchon, Diego Ubfal, Federico Araya
revised version published as 'The Effects of Working While in School: Evidence from Employment Lotteries in: American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 2023, 14 (1), 383 - 410
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13922
The Gender Aspect of Immigrants' Assimilation in Europe
Taehoon Lee, Giovanni Peri, Martina Viarengo
published in: Labour Economics, 2022, 78, 102180
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13808
Has the Paycheck Protection Program Succeeded?
Glenn Hubbard, Michael R. Strain
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13747
Do Public Subsidies of Union Membership Increase Union Membership Rates?
Erling Barth, Alex Bryson, Harald Dale-Olsen
published in: Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 2025, 229, 106855
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13734
STEM Occupations and the Gender Gap: What Can We Learn from Job Tasks?
Jamin D. Speer
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13672
Industrial Robots, Workers' Safety, and Health
Rania Gihleb, Osea Giuntella, Luca Stella, Tianyi Wang
published in: Labour Economics, 2022, 78, 102205
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13605
How Robots Change Within-Firm Wage Inequality
Erling Barth, Marianne Roed, Pal Schone, Janis Umblijs
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13572
Obstacles to Labour Market Participation among Arab Women in Israel
Sami H. Miaari, Nabil Khattab, Maha Sabbah-Karkabi
published in: International Labour Review 2023, 162 (4), 587 - 614
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13544
Subsidizing Domestic Services as a Tool to Fight Unemployment: Effectiveness and Hidden Costs
Elisabeth Leduc, Ilan Tojerow
published as 'Home work: Exploring the labor market effects of subsidizing domestic services' in: Labour Economics, 2024, 90, 102595
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13529
Labour Markets in the Time of Coronavirus: Measuring Excess
Jonathan Wadsworth
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13512
The Iceberg Decomposition: A Parsimonious Way to Map the Health of Labour Markets
Stijn Baert
revised version published in: Economic Analysis and Policy , 2021, 69, 350 - 365
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13482
Robots and the Gender Pay Gap in Europe
Cevat Giray Aksoy, Berkay Özcan, Julia Philipp
revised version published in: European Economic Review, 2021, 134, 103693
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13478
Can Subsidized Employment Tackle Long-Term Unemployment? Experimental Evidence from North Macedonia
Alex Armand, Pedro Carneiro, Federico Tagliati, Yiming Xia
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13459
Exploratory Data Analysis on Large Data Sets: The Example of Salary Variation in Spanish Social Security Data
Catia Nicodemo, Albert Satorra
published in: BRQ Business Research Quarterly, 2022, 25 (3), 283–294
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13408
Working at Home in Greece: Unexplored Potential at Times of Social Distancing?
Konstantinos Pouliakas
published in: Monastiriotis, V. and Katsinas, P. (eds.) The Economic Impact of Covid-19 in Greece, Hellenic Observatory, LSE, 2020, 70 - 128
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13354
Short-Term Impact of COVID-19 on Consumption and Labor Market Outcomes: Evidence from Singapore
Seonghoon Kim, Kanghyock Koh, Xuan Zhang
published in: Canadian Journal of Economics, 2022, 55 (Suppl. 1), 115–134.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13336
The Gender Dimension of Occupational Exposure to Contagion in Europe
Piotr Lewandowski, Katarzyna Lipowska, Iga Magda
published in: Feminist Economics, 2021, 27 (1-2), 48 - 65
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13315
Turning Vietnam's COVID-19 Success into Economic Recovery: A Job-Focused Analysis of Individual Assessments on Their Finance and the Economy
Hai-Anh H Dang, Long T. Giang
published in: Sustainability, 2021, 13 (19), 10664
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13286
Minimum Wage Analysis Using a Pre-Committed Research Design: Evidence through 2018
Jeffrey Clemens, Michael R. Strain
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13284
The Impact of Inflation Targeting on Inflation and Growth: How Robust Is the Evidence?
Pramod N. (Raja) Junankar, Chun Yee Wong
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13281
EU Jobs at Highest Risk of COVID-19 Social Distancing: Will the Pandemic Exacerbate Labour Market Divide?
Konstantinos Pouliakas, Jiri Branka
also available as Cedefop working paper No. 6201, 2020
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13230
Six-Country Survey on COVID-19
Michèle Belot, Syngjoo Choi, Julian C. Jamison, Nicholas W. Papageorge, Egon Tripodi, Eline van den Broek-Altenburg
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13227
Occupational Exposure to Contagion and the Spread of COVID-19 in Europe
Piotr Lewandowski
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13213
Commuting Time and the Gender Gap in Labor Market Participation
Lídia Farré, Jordi Jofre-Monseny, Juan Torrecillas
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13170
Improving Job Search Skills: A Field Experiment on Online Employment Assistance
Guglielmo Briscese, Giulio Zanella, Veronica Quinn
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13112
What Makes Work Meaningful and Why Economists Should Care about It
Milena Nikolova, Femke Cnossen
published in: Labour Economics, 2020, 65, 101847
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13109
The Impact of One Parent Family Payment Reforms on the Labour Market Outcomes of Lone Parents
Paul Redmond, Seamus McGuinness, Claire Keane
revised version published in: Oxford Economic Papers, 2023, 75 (2), 346 - 370
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13107
Income Taxation and Dual Job Labour Supply
Chung Choe, Ronald L. Oaxaca, Francesco Renna
published online as 'Income taxation and dual job labour supply among male workers in the UK' in: Applied Economics, 11 November 2024
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13028
The Economic Impact of Organized Crime Infiltration in the Legal Economy: Evidence from the Judicial Administration of Organized Crime Firms
Francesca Calamunci, Francesco Drago
published in: Italian Economic Journal, 2020, 6, 275 - 297
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13016
Hours Worked and the U.S. Distribution of Real Annual Earnings 1976–2016
Iván Fernández-Val, Franco Peracchi, Aico van Vuuren, Francis Vella
published in: Journal of Applied Economics, 2024, 39 (4), 659 - 678
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12941
Former Homeland Areas and Unemployment in South Africa: A Decomposition Approach
Prudence Magejo, Miracle Benhura, Gibson Mudiriza
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12939
Vaccines at Work
Manuel Hoffmann, Roberto Mosquera, Adrian Chadi
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12921
Enhancing Employability by Responding to Work Motives: Lessons from a Field Experiment among Israeli Ultra-Religious Women
Yael Goldfarb, Shoshana Neuman
published as 'Labour-Market Integration by Responding to Work Motives: Lessons from a Study of Israeli Ultra-Orthodox Women' in: Journal of Economics, Management and Religion, 2020, 1 (1)
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12839
Understanding Program Complementarities: Estimating the Dynamic Effects of a Training Program with Multiple Alternatives
Antonio Dalla-Zuanna, Kai Liu
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12799
Labor in the Boardroom
Simon Jäger, Benjamin Schoefer, Jörg Heining
published in: Quarterly Journal of Economics, 2021, 136 (2), 669-725.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12776
Improving Employment and Earnings in 21st Century Labor Markets: An Introduction
Erica L. Groshen, Harry J. Holzer
published in: RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences, 2019, 5 (1), 1-19;
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12748
Combined and Distributional Effects of EPL Reduction and Hiring Incentives: An Assessment Using Non-Linear DiD
Chiara Ardito, Fabio Berton, Lia Pacelli
published in: Journal of Economic Inequality, 2023, 21, 925–954
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12715
New Imported Inputs, Wages and Worker Mobility
Italo Colantone, Alessia Matano, Paolo Naticchioni
published in: Industrial and Corporate Change, 2020, 29 (2), 423–457.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12699
Taxing Billionaires: Estate Taxes and the Geographical Location of the Ultra-Wealthy
Enrico Moretti, Daniel Wilson
published in: American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, 2023, 15 (2), 424 - 466
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12617
The Effects of the Affordable Care Act on Workplace Absenteeism of Overweight and Obese Workers
Ethan Grumstrup, Md. Mobarak Hossain, Sankar Mukhopadhyay, Olga Shapoval
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12610
The Effect of High-Tech Clusters on the Productivity of Top Inventors
Enrico Moretti
published in: American Economic Review, 2021, 111 (10), 3328 - 3375
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12575
Missing Data in Imputed Highest Grade Completed in the 2015 -2018 NBER CPS Extracts
Joni Hersch, Fernando Mendoza Lopez, Jennifer Bennett Shinall
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12500
Labour Supply and Childcare: Allowing Both Parents to Choose
Karen A. Mumford, Antonia Parera-Nicolau, Yolanda Pena-Boquete
published in: Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 2020, 82(3), 577-602.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12496
The Political Economy of a Northern Ireland Border Poll
Seamus McGuinness, Adele Bergin
published in: Cambridge Journal of Economics, 2020, 44 (4), 781 - 812
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12487
The Effectiveness of Interventions to Reduce Informality in Low- and Middle Income Countries
Jonas Jessen, Jochen Kluve
revised version published in: World Development, 2021, 138, 105256
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12478
Do Internships Pay Off? The Effects of Student Internships on Earnings
Shushanik Margaryan, Nils Saniter, Mathias Schumann, Thomas Siedler
published in: Journal of Human Resources, 2022, 57(4), 1242-1275
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12443
Publication, Compensation, and the Public Affairs Discount: Does Gender Play a Role?
Lori L. Taylor, Kalena E. Cortes, Travis C. Hearn
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12425
Is There a Business Cycle Effect on the Incidence of Dual Job Holding?
Chung Choe, Ronald L. Oaxaca, Francesco Renna
published online in: B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy, 07 March 2023
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12397
Pay and Job Rank Amongst Academic Economists in the UK: Is Gender Relevant?
Karen A. Mumford, Cristina Sechel
published in: British Journal of Industrial Relations, 2020, 58 (1), 82-113
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12388
Minimum Wage Analysis Using a Pre-Committed Research Design: Evidence through 2017
Jeffrey Clemens, Michael R. Strain
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12167
Understanding 'Wage Theft': Evasion and Avoidance Responses to Minimum Wage Increases
Jeffrey Clemens, Michael R. Strain
published in: Labour Economics, 2022, 79, 102285
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12146
Universal Childcare for the Youngest and the Maternal Labour Supply
Astrid Kunze, Xingfei Liu
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12138
Not Everyone Is Engaged: An Innovative Approach to Measure Engagement Levels on the Labor Market
Carole Chartouni, Robert Holzmann, Gustavo N. Paez
published in: IZA Journal of Labor Policy 2020 10:10.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12082
Scaring or Scarring? Labour Market Effects of Criminal Victimisation
Anna Bindler, Nadine Ketel
published in: Journal of Labor Economics, 2022, 40 (4), 939-970
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12079
On Event Study Designs and Distributed-Lag Models: Equivalence, Generalization and Practical Implications
Kurt Schmidheiny, Sebastian Siegloch
published as 'On event studies and distributed-lags in two-way fixed effects models: Identification, equivalence, and generalization' in: Journal of Applied Econometrics, 2023, 38 (5), 695-713
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12044
Decomposing Real Wage Changes in the United States
Iván Fernández-Val, Aico van Vuuren, Francis Vella
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12024
Great Depression and the Rise of Female Employment: A New Hypothesis
Andriana Bellou, Emanuela Cardia
published in: Explorations in Economic History, 2021, 80, 101383
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12020
Connecting to Economic Opportunity? The Role of Public Transport in Promoting Women's Employment in Lima
Daniel Martinez, Oscar A. Mitnik, Edgar Salgado, Lynn Scholl, Patricia Yanez-Pagans
revised version published in: Journal of Economics, Race, and Policy, 2020, 3, 1-23
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12019
A Rapid Road to Employment? The Impacts of a Bus Rapid Transit System in Lima
Lynn Scholl, Daniel Martinez, Oscar A. Mitnik, Daniel Oviedo, Patricia Yanez-Pagans
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11985
Who's Minding the Kids? Experimental Evidence on the Demand for Child Care Quality
James Gordon, Chris M. Herbst, Erdal Tekin
published in: Economics of Education Review, 2021, 80, 102076
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11894
Wages, Creative Destruction, and Union Networks
Harald Dale-Olsen
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11870
Vocational Training for Unemployed Youth in Latvia: Evidence from a Regression Discontinuity Design
Massimiliano Bratti, Corinna Ghirelli, Enkelejda Havari, Giulia Santangelo
revised version published as 'Vocational training for unemployed youth in Latvia' in: Journal of Population Economics, 2022, 35, 677 - 717
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11858
The German Labor Market during the Great Recession: Shocks and Institutions
Britta Gehrke, Wolfgang Lechthaler, Christian Merkl
published in: Economic Modelling, 2019, 78, 192-208
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11829
Determinants of Automation Risk in the EU Labour Market: A Skills-Needs Approach
Konstantinos Pouliakas
published as 'Risks posed by automation to the European Labour Market ' in: Hogarth, T. (ed) Economy, employment and skills: European, regional and global perspectives in an age of uncertainty, Rome, 2018, 45 - 74
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11748
A Database on the Passage and Enactment of Recent State Minimum Wage Increases
Jeffrey Clemens, Duncan Hobbs, Michael R. Strain
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