The IZA Discussion Paper Series (ISSN: 2365-9793) disseminates high-quality research by IZA network members to the scientific community and the interested public worldwide before they are later published in academic journals. Comprising more than 17,000 papers, IZA's publication flagship is the most influential working paper series in labor economics.

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1,011 IZA Discussion Papers
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15184
Best and Brightest? The Impact of Student Visa Restrictiveness on Who Attends College in the US
Mingyu Chen, Jessica Howell, Jonathan Smith
published in: Labour Economics 2023, 84, 102385
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15148
Return versus Onward Migration: Go Back or Move On?
Govert Bijwaard, Jackline Wahba
published in: Review of Income and Wealth, 2023, 69 (3), 640-667
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15134
Facing Displacement and a Global Pandemic: Evidence from a Fragile State
Michele Di Maio, Francesco Fasani, Valerio Leone Sciabolazza, Vasco Molini
published online in: Journal of Demographic Economics, 25 October 2023
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15123
Place-Based Policies and Agglomeration Economies: Firm-Level Evidence from Special Economic Zones in India
Holger Görg, Alina Mulyukova
published in: European Economic Review, 2024, 165, 104752
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15119
Forced Displacement in History: Some Recent Research
Sascha O. Becker
published in: Australian Economic History Review, 2022, 62 (1), 2-25
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15063
Limbo or Leverage? Asylum Waiting and Refugee Integration
Olof Aslund, Mattias Engdahl, Olof Rosenqvist
published in: Journal of Public Economics, 2024, 234, 105118
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15049
Life Out of the Shadows: Impacts of Amnesties in the Lives of Migrants
Ana Maria Ibanez, Andres Moya, María Adelaida Ortega, Sandra V. Rozo, Maria José Urbina
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15045
Migration on the Rise, a Paradigm in Decline: The Last Half-Century of Global Mobility
Michael A. Clemens
published in: AEA Papers and Proceedings, 2022, 112, 257-261
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15004
Labor Mobility and Innovation in Africa
Linguère Mously Mbaye, Assi Okara, Massimiliano Tani
published in: Journal of African Economies, 2024, 23 (5), 457–488
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14994
How Do Firms Adjust to Negative Labor Supply Shocks? Evidence from Migration Outflows
Emanuele Dicarlo
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14973
The Labor Market Integration of Syrian Refugees in Turkey
Murat Demirci, Murat Güray Kirdar
published in: World Development, 2023, 162, 106138
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14962
Scared Straight? Threat and Assimilation of Refugees in Germany
Philipp Jaschke, Sulin Sardoschau, Marco Tabellini
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14945
Information, Intermediaries, and International Migration
Samuel Bazzi, Lisa A. Cameron, Simone G. Schaner, Firman Witoelar
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14934
Opening Heaven's Door: Public Opinion and Congressional Votes on the 1965 Immigration Act
Giovanni Facchini, Timothy J. Hatton, Max F. Steinhardt
published in: Journal of Economic History, 2024, 84 (1), 232-270.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14914
Trade and Inequality in Europe and the US
David Dorn, Peter Levell
published in: Oxford Open Economics, 2024, 3, 1042-1068
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14867
Rethinking Border Enforcement, Permanent and Circular Migration
Arnab K. Basu, Nancy H. Chau, Brian Park
revised version published in: Economic Modelling, 2022, 108, 105733
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14848
Labour Mobility with Vocational Skill: Australian Demand and Pacific Supply
Satish Chand, Michael A. Clemens
published in: Australian Economic Review, 2023, 56 (4), 462-486
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14817
Borrowing Constraints and the Dynamics of Return and Repeat Migration
Joseph-Simon Goerlach
published in: Journal of Labor Economics, 2023, 41 (1), 205 - 243
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14783
Membership in Employers' Associations and Collective Bargaining Coverage in Germany
Uwe Jirjahn
revised version published in: Economic and Industrial Democracy, 2023, 44 (3), 798-826
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14772
Migration and Cultural Change
Hillel Rapoport, Sulin Sardoschau, Arthur Silve
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14750
Immigrant Supply of Marketable Child Care and Native Fertility in Italy
Rama Dasi Mariani, Furio C. Rosati
published in: Journal of Demographic Economics, 2022, 88 (4), 503 - 533
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14717
Testing Classic Theories of Migration in the Lab
Catia Batista, David McKenzie
published in: Journal of International Economics, 2023, 145, 103826
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14716
School Integration of Refugee Children: Evidence from the Largest Refugee Group in Any Country
Murat Güray Kirdar, Ismet Koc, Meltem Dayioglu-Tayfur
published as 'School Integration of Syrian Refugee Children in Turkey' in: Labour Economics, 2023, 85 102448.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14699
The Early Effect of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Labour Market Outcomes of Natives and Migrants in the UK
Greta Morando
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14606
Estimating Poverty among Refugee Populations: A Cross-Survey Imputation Exercise for Chad
Theresa Beltramo, Hai-Anh H Dang, Ibrahima Sarr, Paolo Verme
published in: Oxford Development Studies, 2024, 52 (1), 94-113
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14538
Migration and Labor Market Integration in Europe
David Dorn, Josef Zweimüller
published in: Journal of Economic Perspectives, 2021, 35(2), 49-76
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14513
Keeping Refugee Children in School and Out of Work: Evidence from the World's Largest Humanitarian Cash Transfer Program
Aysun Hızıroğlu Aygün, Murat Güray Kirdar, Murat Koyuncu, Quentin Stoeffler
published in: Journal of Development Economics, 2024, 168, 103266.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14492
Return Migrants and the Wage Premium: Does the Legal Status of Migrants Matter?
Nelly Elmallakh, Jackline Wahba
published in: Journal of Population Economics, 2022, 35, 1631-1685
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14460
A Political Economy and Voicing Model of the Institutional Impact of Brain Drain, Human Capital, Inequality and Country Size
Frédéric Docquier, Maurice Schiff
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14450
From Stocks to Flows – Evidence for the Climate-Migration-Nexus
Michael Berlemann, Erik Haustein, Max F. Steinhardt
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14389
Population Aging and Migration
Panu Poutvaara
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14374
Do International Study Programmes Pay off for Local Students?
Zhiling Wang, Francesco Pastore, Bas Karreman, Frank van Oort
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14344
The Economics of Diversity: Innovation, Productivity, and the Labour Market
Ceren Ozgen
published in: Journal of Economic Surveys, 2021, 35 (4), 1168-1216
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14337
How Has COVID-19 Affected the Intention to Migrate via the Backway to Europe and to a Neighboring African Country? Survey Evidence and a Salience Experiment in the Gambia
Tijan L. Bah, Catia Batista, Flore Gubert, David McKenzie
published as 'COVID-19 and Changes in Intentions to Migrate from The Gambia' in: Journal of African Economies, 2024, 33 (1), 1–19
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14333
The Dynamics of Return Migration, Human Capital Accumulation, and Wage Assimilation
Jérôme Adda, Christian Dustmann, Joseph-Simon Goerlach
published in: Review of Economic Studies, 2022, 89 (6), 2841 - 2871
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14319
Attitudes Towards Migrants during Crisis Times
Marisol Rodríguez Chatruc, Sandra V. Rozo
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14303
How Does It Feel to Be Part of the Minority? Impacts of Perspective-Taking on Prosocial Behaviors
Marisol Rodríguez Chatruc, Sandra V. Rozo
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14267
Development Level of Hosting Areas and the Impact of Refugees on Natives' Labor Market Outcomes
Doğu Tan Aracı, Murat Demirci, Murat Güray Kirdar
published in: European Economic Review, 2022, 145, 104132.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14261
Gender, Selection into Employment, and the Wage Impact of Immigration
George J. Borjas, Anthony Edo
forthcoming in: Journal of Labor Economics, 2026
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14255
The Impact of Robot Adoption on Global Sourcing
Akin A. Cilekoglu, Rosina Moreno, Raul Ramos
published in: Research Policy, 2024, 53 (3), 104953
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14247
International Student Applications in the United Kingdom after Brexit
Catalina Amuedo-Dorantes, Agnese Romiti
published in: Journal of Economic Geography, 2024, 24 (5), 637–662,
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14233
Another Brick in the Wall. Immigration and Electoral Preferences: Direct Evidence from State Ballots
Olivier B. Bargain, Victor Stephane, Jérôme Valette
published in: Review of International Economics, 2022, 30 (5), 1452-1477
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14232
Returns to International Migration: Evidence from a Bangladesh-Malaysia Visa Lottery
Ahmed Mushfiq Mobarak, Iffath Sharif, Maheshwor Shrestha
published in: American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 2023, 15 (4), 353–388
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14215
Immigration and Crime: The Role of Self-Selection and Institutions
Fabio Mariani, Marion Mercier
published in: Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 2021, 185, 538-564
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14191
Forced Migration, Staying Minorities, and New Societies: Evidence from Post-War Czechoslovakia
Jakub Grossmann, Štepán Jurajda, Felix Roesel
published in: American Journal of Political Science, 2024, 68 (2), 751-766
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14164
Immigration and Voting Patterns in the European Union: Evidence from Five Case Studies and Cross-Country Analysis
Ethan Grumstrup, Todd A. Sorensen, Jan Misiuna, Marta Pachocka
published in: Migration Letters, 2021, 18 (5), 573–589.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14159
The Consequences of Hosting Asylum Seekers for Citizens' Policy Preferences
Severin Zimmermann, Alois Stutzer
revised version published in: European Journal of Political Economy, 2022, 73, 102130
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14155
Why Do Migrants Stay Unexpectedly? Misperceptions and Implications for Integration
Marc Kaufmann, Joël Machado, Bertrand Verheyden
substantially revised version published in: Journal of Mathematical Economics, 2025, 117, 103099.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14123
Ethnic Identity and Immigrants' Labour Market Outcomes
Matloob Piracha, Massimiliano Tani, Zhiming Cheng, Ben Zhe Wang
revised version published as 'Social Assimilation and Immigrants' Labour Market Outcomes' in: Journal of Population Economics, 2023, 36, 37 - 67
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14090
New York, Abu Dhabi, London or Stay at Home? Using a Cross-Nested Logit Model to Identify Complex Substitution Patterns in Migration
Michel Beine, Michel Bierlaire, Frédéric Docquier
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14087
Immigration, Crime, and Crime (Mis)Perceptions
Nicolas Ajzenman, Patricio Dominguez-Rivera, Raimundo Undurraga
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14084
The Refugee Crisis and Right-Wing Populism: Evidence from the Italian Dispersal Policy
Francesco Campo, Sara Giunti, Mariapia Mendola
published in: European Economic Review, 2024, 168, 104826
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14066
Female Employment and Intimate Partner Violence: Evidence from Syrian Refugee Inflows to Turkey
Bilge Erten, Pinar Keskin
pubished in: Journal of Development Economics, 2021, 150, 102607
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14016
Why U.S. Immigration Barriers Matter for the Global Advancement of Science
Ruchir Agarwal, Ina Ganguli, Patrick Gaule, Geoff Smith
published in: Research Policy, 2023, 52 (1), 104669
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13963
Being on the Frontline? Immigrant Workers in Europe and the COVID-19 Pandemic
Francesco Fasani, Jacopo Mazza
published in: ILR Review, 2023, 76 (5), 890-918
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13952
Network Sorting and Labor Market Outcomes: Evidence from the Chaotic Dispersal of the Viet Kieu
Christopher Parsons, Tyler Reysenbach, Jackline Wahba
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13917
Left Behind, but Not Alone: Changes in Living Arrangements and the Effects of Migration and Remittances in Mexico
Simone Bertoli, Elsa Gautrain, Elie Murard
revised version published as 'Left behind, but not immobile: Living arrangements of Mexican transnational households' in :Economic Development and Cultural Change, 2023, 71(4), 1359-1395
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13914
First Time around: Local Conditions and Multi-Dimensional Integration of Refugees
Cevat Giray Aksoy, Panu Poutvaara, Felicitas Schikora
revised version published in: Journal of Urban Economics, 2023, 137, 103588
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13892
Buying Lottery Tickets for Foreign Workers: Search Cost Externalities Induced by H-1B Policy
Rishi Sharma, Chad Sparber
published as 'Buying lottery tickets for foreign workers: Lost quota rents induced by H-1B policy' in: Journal of International Economics, 2024, 150, 103932
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13889
Empowering Migrants: Impacts of a Migrant's Amnesty on Crime Reports
Ana Maria Ibanez, Sandra V. Rozo, Dany Bahar
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13842
Who Does Not like Migrants? Individual Demographics and Attitudes Towards Migration
Sandra V. Rozo, Maria José Urbina
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13755
An Introduction to the Economics of Immigration in OECD Countries
Anthony Edo, Lionel Ragot, Hillel Rapoport, Sulin Sardoschau, Andreas Steinmayr, Arthur Sweetman
published in: Canadian Journal of Economics, 2020, 53, 1365-1403. .
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13743
Give Me Your Tired and Your Poor: Impact of a Large-Scale Amnesty Program for Undocumented Refugees
Dany Bahar, Ana Maria Ibanez, Sandra V. Rozo
published in: Journal of Development Economics, 2021, 151, 102652
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13730
International Student Enrollments and Selectivity: Evidence from the Optional Practical Training Program
Catalina Amuedo-Dorantes, Kevin Y. Shih, Huanan Xu
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13728
English Skills and Early Labour Market Integration of Humanitarian Migrants
Zhiming Cheng, Ben Zhe Wang, Zhou Jiang, Lucy Taksa, Massimiliano Tani
published online as 'English skills and early labour market integration: Evidence from humanitarian migrants in Australia' in: International Migration, 19 June 2021,
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13676
Immigration and Redistribution
Benjamin Elsner, Jeff Concannon
published in: Robert M. Sauer (ed.):World Scientific Handbook of Global Migration, 2024, 5-54
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13668
The Effect on Foreign Direct Investment of Membership in the European Union
Randolph Luca Bruno, Nauro F. Campos, Saul Estrin
published in: Journal of Common Market Studies, 2021, 59 (4), 802-821
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13663
Immigration, Working Conditions, and Compensating Differentials
Chad Sparber, Madeline Zavodny
published in: ILR Review, 2022, 75, 1054-1081
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13614
The Emigration Life Cycle: How Development Shapes Emigration from Poor Countries
Michael A. Clemens
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13612
Migration from Developing Countries: Selection, Income Elasticity, and Simpson's Paradox
Michael A. Clemens, Mariapia Mendola
published in: Journal of Development Economics, 2024, 171, 103359
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13574
Social Learning along International Migrant Networks
Yuan Tian, Maria Esther Caballero, Brian K. Kovak
published in: Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 2022, 195, 103-121
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13435
Changes in the Forsaken Schooling and Migration Relationship in Tajikistan
Ilhom Abdulloev
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13422
Foreign Direct Investment and Knowledge Diffusion in Poor Locations
Girum Abebe, Margaret McMillan, Michel Serafinelli
published in: Journal of Development Economics, 2022, 158, 102926
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13420
Offshoring to a Developing Nation with a Dual Labor Market
Subhayu Bandyopadhyay, Arnab K. Basu, Nancy H. Chau, Devashish Mitra
published in: Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Review, 2020, 102 (3), 237-253
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13381
Immigrant Inventors and Diversity in the Age of Mass Migration
Francesco Campo, Mariapia Mendola, Andrea Morrison, Gianmarco Ottaviano
published in: Journal of European Economic Association, 2022, 20 (5), 1971-2021
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13236
Immigration and Work Schedules: Theory and Evidence
Timothy N. Bond, Osea Giuntella, Jakub Lonsky
published in: European Economic Review, 2023, 152, 104358
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13195
Immigrant Franchise and Immigration Policy: Evidence from the Progressive Era
Costanza Biavaschi, Giovanni Facchini
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13181
Elementary Facts about Immigration in Italy: What Do We Know about Immigration and Its Impact?
Rama Dasi Mariani, Alessandra Pasquini, Furio C. Rosati
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13149
Lift the Ban? Initial Employment Restrictions and Refugee Labour Market Outcomes
Francesco Fasani, Tommaso Frattini, Luigi Minale
published in: Journal of the European Economic Association, 2021, 19 (5), 2803 - 2854
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13145
Local Governance Quality and the Environmental Cost of Forced Migration
Cevat Giray Aksoy, Semih Tumen
revised version published in: Journal of Development Economics, 2021, 149, 102603
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13130
Exposure to Transit Migration, Public Attitudes and Entrepreneurship
Nicolas Ajzenman, Cevat Giray Aksoy, Sergei Guriev
revised version published in: Journal of Development Economics, 2022, 158, 102899
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13122
Human Capital as Engine of Growth the Role of Knowledge Transfers in Promoting Balanced Growth within and across Countries
Isaac Ehrlich, Yun Pei
published in: Asian Development Review, 2020, 37 (2), 225 - 263
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13095
Pioneering a New Approach to Improving Working Conditions in Developing Countries: Better Factories Cambodia
Raymond Robertson
published in: Handbook on Globalisation and Labour Standards, Edward Elgar Publishing, 2022
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13084
Shaking Things Up: On the Stability of Risk and Time Preferences
Michel Beine, Gary Charness, Arnaud Dupuy, Majlinda Joxhe
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13083
Rational Inattention and Migration Decisions
Simone Bertoli, Jesús Fernández-Huertas Moraga, Lucas Guichard
published in: Journal of International Economics, 2020, 126, 103364
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13078
Does Birthplace Diversity Affect Economic Complexity? Cross-Country Evidence
Dany Bahar, Hillel Rapoport, Riccardo Turati
published as 'Birthplace diversity and economic complexity: Cross-country evidence' in: Research Policy, 2022, 51 (8), 103991
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13049
The Economic Impact of Migrants from Hurricane Maria
Giovanni Peri, Derek Rury, Justin C. Wiltshire
published in: Journal of Human Resources, 2024, 59 (6), 1795-1829
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13040
Wage Gains from Foreign Ownership: Evidence from Linked Employer-Employee Data
János Köllő, István Boza, László Balázsi
published in: Journal for Labor Market Research, 2021, 55, 3 (2021)
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13030
Educational and Skills Mismatches among Immigrants: The Impact of Host Language Proficiency
Santiago Budría, Carlos Martínez de Ibarreta
published as 'Education and skill mismatches among immigrants: The impact of host language proficiency' in: Economics of Education Review 2021, 84, 102145.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13018
Do Processing Times Affect the Distribution of Asylum Seekers across Europe?
Simone Bertoli, Herbert Brücker, Jesús Fernández-Huertas Moraga
revised version published as 'Do applications respond to changes in asylum policies in European countries?' in: Regional Science and Urban Economics, 2022, 93, 103771
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13001
The Determinants of China's International Portfolio Equity Allocations
Isha Agarwal, Grace Weishi Gu, Eswar Prasad
published in: IMF Economic Review, 2020, 68, 643 - 692
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12994
Migrant Inventors and the Technological Advantage of Nations
Dany Bahar, Prithwiraj Choudhury, Hillel Rapoport
published in: Research Policy, 2020, 49 (9), 103947
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12984
Does Emigration Affect Pro-Environmental Behaviour Back Home? A Long-Term, Local-Level Perspective
Artjoms Ivlevs
published in: Kyklos, 2021, 74(1): 48-76
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12910
On the Precarious Link between the Gini Coefficient and the Incentive to Migrate
Oded Stark, Lukasz Byra, Grzegorz Kosiorowski
published in: Economics Letters, 2020, 187, 108880
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12903
Ethnic Networks and the Employment of Asylum Seekers: Evidence from Germany
Felix Stips, Krisztina Kis-Katos
published as 'The impact of co-national networks on asylum seekers' employment: Quasi-experimental evidence from Germany.' in: PLOS One, 2020, 15 (8), e0236996
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12901
It's the Way People Move! Labour Migration as an Adjustment Device in Russia
Francesco Pastore, Elena Semerikova
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12860
Refugees and Foreign Direct Investment: Quasi-Experimental Evidence from U.S. Resettlements
Anna Maria Mayda, Christopher Parsons, Han Pham, Pierre-Louis Vézina
published in: Journal of Development Economics, 2022, 156, 102818
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12858
Cooperation in a Fragmented Society: Experimental Evidence on Syrian Refugees and Natives in Lebanon
Michalis Drouvelis, Bilal Malaeb, Michael Vlassopoulos, Jackline Wahba
published in: Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 2021, 187, 176-191.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12803
The Social Preferences of the Native Inhabitants, and the Decision How Many Asylum Seekers to Admit
Oded Stark, Marcin Jakubek, Krzysztof Szczygielski
published in: Review of World Economics, 2023, 156, 133-152
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12800
Refugees' and Irregular Migrants' Self-Selection into Europe: Who Migrates Where?
Cevat Giray Aksoy, Panu Poutvaara
revised version published as 'Refugees' and irregular migrants' self-selection into Europe' in: Journal of Development Economics, 2021, 152, 102681
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